balloon-tag-manufacturing-technique-for-sensor-fish-live-fish

Balloon Tag Manufacturing Technique for Sensor Fish and Live Fish Recovery

Fish may experience injuries and mortality when they pass through hydraulic conveyances at hydropower dams, even if these conveyances are designed to be ...

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

&#x82E5;&#x8981;&#x76D1;&#x89C6;&#x7684;&#x6C34;&#x4E0B;&#x58F0;&#x97F3;&#x548C;&#x6C34;&#x4E0B;&#x7206;&#x7834;&#x3001; &#x6253;&#x6869;&#x7B49;&#x4EBA;&#x4E3A;&#x6D3B;&#x52A8;&#x6240;&#x4EA7;&#x751F;&#x7684;&#x538B;&#x529B;&#x6CE2;&#xFF0C;&#x81EA;&#x6CBB;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x65E8;&#x5728;&#x8BB0;&#x5F55;&#x6C34;&#x58F0;&#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#x3002;&#x6C34;&#x4E0B;&#x58F0;&#x97F3;&#x5F55;&#x5236;&#x8BBE;&#x5907; (USR) &#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#x7684;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x6C34;&#x542C;&#x5668;&#x6216;&#x5176;&#x5B83;&#x52A8;&#x6001;&#x538B;&#x529B;&#x4F20;&#x611F;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x7B5B;&#x9009;&#x5668;&#x9AD8;&#x9891;&#x566A;&#x58F0;&#x4ECE;&#x6536;&#x96C6;&#x5230;&#x7684;&#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#xFF0C;&#x53EF;&#x4EE5;&#x4E3A;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x4F20;&#x611F;&#x5668;&#xFF0C;&#x72EC;&#x7ACB;&#x8BBE;&#x7F6E;&#x7684;&#x589E;&#x76CA;&#x5E76;&#x5141;&#x8BB8;&#x4E3A; 2 h &#x7684;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x6536;&#x96C6;&#x3002;&#x521B;&#x5EFA;&#x4E24;&#x4E2A;&#x7248;&#x672C;&#x7684; USR&#xFF1A; &#x90E8;&#x7F72;&#x5230; 300 &#x7C73;&#xFF0C;&#x6700;&#x5927;&#x6DF1;&#x5EA6;&#x6F5C;&#x6C34;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x548C;&#x6C34;&#x5BC6;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x4E0D;&#x662F;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x6F5C;&#x6C34;&#x7684;&#x6A21;&#x578B;&#x3002;&#x8BD5;&#x9A8C;&#x662F;&#x5728;&#x5B9E;&#x9A8C;&#x5BA4;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x91C7;&#x96C6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#x5C06;&#x5355;&#x4E00;&#x9891;&#x7387;&#x7684;&#x6B63;&#x5F26;&#x7535;&#x538B;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x53D1;&#x9001;&#x5230;&#x6BCF;&#x4E2A;&#x7EC4;&#x4EF6;&#x7684; USR &#x4E0A;&#x8FDB;&#x884C;&#x7684;&#x3002;&#x8FD9;&#x4E9B;&#x6D4B;&#x8BD5;&#x9A8C;&#x8BC1;&#x8BBE;&#x5907;&#x8FD0;&#x4F5C;&#x5982;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x548C;&#x6267;&#x884C;&#x4EE5;&#x53CA;&#x5927;&#x578B;&#x5546;&#x4E1A;&#x4E0A;&#x53EF;&#x7528;&#x7684;&#x6570;&#x636E;&#x91C7;&#x96C6;&#x7CFB;&#x7EDF;&#xFF0C;&#x5219;&#x4E0D;&#x9002;&#x5408;&#x91CE;&#x5916;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3002;&#x5E73;&#x5747;&#x800C;&#x8A00;&#xFF0C;&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x7684;&#x589E;&#x76CA;&#x503C;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x4E8E;&#x5B9E;&#x9645;&#x6D4B;&#x91CF;&#x7684;&#x589E;&#x76CA;&#x503C;&#x7531;&#x7EA6; 0.35 dB&#x3002;&#x8BBE;&#x5907;&#x7684;&#x539F;&#x578B;&#x5728;&#x6848;&#x4F8B;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4E2D;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x6D4B;&#x91CF;&#x65F6;&#x7684;&#x8C03;&#x67E5;&#x5F71;&#x54CD;&#x7684;&#x6C34;&#x4E0B;&#x5CA9;&#x77F3;&#x7206;&#x7834;&#x5BF9;&#x5C11;&#x5E74;&#x9646;&#x5927;&#x9A6C;&#x54C8;&#x9C7C;&#x548C;&#x8679;&#x9CDF;&#x9C7C;&#x7684;&#x55B7;&#x5C04;&#x538B;&#x529B;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x6848;&#x4F8B;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x4ECE;&#x7206;&#x70B8;&#x7684;&#x6700;&#x5927;&#x6B63;&#x538B;&#x5C06;&#x5927;&#x5927;&#x635F;&#x4F24;&#x4E2A;&#x522B;&#x9C7C;&#x7684;&#x9891;&#x7387;&#x4E0E;&#x5173;&#x8054;&#x8D77;&#x6765;&#x3002;&#x6848;&#x4F8B;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x4E5F;&#x8868;&#x660E;&#x8BE5;&#x8BBE;&#x5907;&#x7ECF;&#x53D7;&#x4F4F;&#x5728;&#x6076;&#x52A3;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x4E2D;&#xFF0C;&#x4F7F;&#x5176;&#x5B9D;&#x8D35;&#x7684;&#x5DE5;&#x5177;&#xFF0C;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x6536;&#x96C6;&#x5B9E;&#x5730;&#x6D4B;&#x91CF;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x3002;

&#x8BBE;&#x8BA1;&#x548C;&#x6267;&#x884C;&#x7684;&#x6C34;&#x4E0B;&#x58F0;&#x97F3;&#x5F55;&#x5236;&#x8BBE;&#x5907;&#x3002;

To monitor the underwater sound and pressure waves generated by anthropogenic activities such as underwater blasting and pile driving, an autonomous system was designed to record underwater acoustic signals. The underwater sound recording device (USR) allows for connections of two hydrophones or other dynamic pressure sensors, filters high frequency noise out of the collected signals, has a gain that can be independently set for each sensor, and allows for 2 h of data collection. Two versions of the USR were created: a submersible model deployable to a maximum depth of 300 m, and a watertight but not fully submersible model. Tests were performed on the USR in the laboratory using a data acquisition system to send single-frequency sinusoidal voltages directly to each component. These tests verified that the device operates as designed and performs as well as larger commercially available data acquisition systems, which are not suited for field use. On average, the designed gain values differed from the actual measured gain values by about 0.35 dB. A prototype of the device was used in a case study to measure blast pressures while investigating the effect of underwater rock blasting on juvenile Chinook salmon and rainbow trout. In the case study, maximum positive pressure from the blast was found to be significantly correlated with frequency of injury for individual fish. The case study also demonstrated that the device withstood operation in harsh environments, making it a valuable tool for collecting field measurements.

Design and implementation of an underwater sound recording device.

Pour surveiller le bruit sous-marin et des ondes de pression g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute;es par les activit&eacute;s anthropiques tels que le sous-marin de dynamitage et de battage, un syst&egrave;me autonome a &eacute;t&eacute; con&ccedil;u pour enregistrer des signaux acoustiques sous-marines. Le sous-marin permet de dispositif d&#39;enregistrement sonore (USR) pour les connexions de deux hydrophones ou d&#39;autres capteurs de pression dynamique, filtres bruit de haute fr&eacute;quence sur les signaux recueillis, a un gain qui peut &ecirc;tre d&eacute;fini ind&eacute;pendamment pour chaque capteur et permet pendant 2 h de collecte de donn&eacute;es. Deux versions de l&#39;USR ont &eacute;t&eacute; cr&eacute;&eacute;es : un mod&egrave;le de submersible d&eacute;ployable pour une profondeur maximale de 300 m et un mod&egrave;le &eacute;tanche, mais pas enti&egrave;rement submersible. Les tests ont &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;alis&eacute;s sur l&#39;USR en laboratoire au moyen d&#39;un syst&egrave;me d&#39;acquisition de donn&eacute;es pour envoyer des tensions sinuso&iuml;dales de fr&eacute;quence unique directement &agrave; chaque composant. Ces tests ont v&eacute;rifi&eacute; que l&#39;appareil fonctionne comme pr&eacute;vu et &agrave; celles de plus grands syst&egrave;mes d&#39;acquisition de donn&eacute;es disponibles dans le commerce, qui ne sont pas adapt&eacute;s pour l&#39;utilisation sur le terrain. En moyenne, les valeurs de gain con&ccedil;us diff&egrave;rent les valeurs r&eacute;elles de gain mesur&eacute; d&#39;environ 0,35 dB. Un prototype de l&#39;appareil a &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute; dans une &eacute;tude de cas pour mesurer les pressions d&#39;explosion tout en &eacute;tudiant l&#39;effet du rocher sous-marin dynamitage sur les juv&eacute;niles de saumon quinnat et truite arc-en-ciel. Dans l&#39;&eacute;tude de cas, pression positive maximale de l&#39;explosion s&#39;est av&eacute;r&eacute;e &ecirc;tre une corr&eacute;lation significative avec la fr&eacute;quence des blessures pour chaque poisson. L&#39;&eacute;tude de cas a &eacute;galement d&eacute;montr&eacute; que l&#39;appareil a r&eacute;sist&eacute; fonctionnement dans des environnements difficiles, ce qui en fait un outil pr&eacute;cieux pour la collecte de mesures sur le terrain.

Conception et mise en &oelig;uvre d&#39;un dispositif d&#39;enregistrement sonore sous l&#39;eau.

Um das Unterwasser Ton- und Druckwellen, die anthropogene Aktivit&auml;ten wie Unterwasser Strahlen und Haufen fahren zu &uuml;berwachen, war ein autonomes System entwickelt, um Unterwasser akustische Signale aufnehmen. Die Unterwasser Aufnahme Audioger&auml;t (USR) l&auml;sst f&uuml;r Verbindungen von zwei Hydrophonen oder andere dynamische Drucksensoren, Filter Hochfrequenz L&auml;rm aus der erfassten Signale, hat einen Gewinn, der f&uuml;r jeden Sensor unabh&auml;ngig festgelegt werden kann, und l&auml;sst 2H der Datenerhebung. Zwei Versionen des USR entstanden: eine Tauchpumpe Modell einsetzbare zu einer maximalen Tiefe von 300 m und ein wasserdicht, aber nicht vollst&auml;ndig tauchf&auml;hig-Modell. Die Pr&uuml;fungen wurden auf die USR im Labor mit einem Datenerfassungssystem Einzel-Frequenz sinusf&ouml;rmige Spannungen direkt an jede Komponente zu senden. Diese Tests &uuml;berpr&uuml;ft, ob das Ger&auml;t funktioniert wie vorgesehen und f&uuml;hrt neben gr&ouml;&szlig;eren handels&uuml;blichen Datenerfassungssysteme, die nicht f&uuml;r den mobilen Einsatz geeignet sind. Im Durchschnitt unterschieden sich die gestaltete Gewinn-Werte von den tats&auml;chlichen gemessenen Gewinn-Werten von ca. 0,35 dB. Ein Prototyp des Ger&auml;ts wurde in einer Fallstudie zur Explosion Druck zu messen, w&auml;hrend untersucht die Wirkung der Unterwasser-Felsen-Strahlen auf juvenile K&ouml;nigslachs und Regenbogenforelle. In der Fallstudie wurde maximale &Uuml;berdruck aus der Explosion deutlich korreliert werden, mit einer Frequenz von Verletzungen f&uuml;r die einzelnen Fische gefunden. Die Fallstudie zeigte auch, dass das Ger&auml;t Einsatz in rauen Umgebungen, so dass es ein wertvolles Werkzeug f&uuml;r das Sammeln von Feldmessungen standgehalten.

Entwurf und Implementierung einer Unterwasser-Ton-Aufnahmeger&auml;t.

Per monitorare il suono sott&#39;acqua e onde di pressione generate da attivit&agrave; antropiche quali sabbiatura sott&#39;acqua e mucchio di guida, un sistema autonomo &egrave; stato progettato per registrare segnali acustici sott&#39;acqua. Il subacqueo permette di dispositivo di registrazione audio (USR) per il collegamento dei due idrofoni o altri sensori di pressione dinamica, rumore ad alta frequenza filtri fuori i segnali raccolti, ha un guadagno che pu&ograve; essere impostato in modo indipendente per ogni sensore e permette per 2 h di raccolta dei dati. Sono state create due versioni dell&#39;USR: un modello di sommergibile dispiegabile per una profondit&agrave; massima di 300 m e un modello a tenuta stagna ma non completamente sommergibile. Test sono stati eseguiti su USR in laboratorio utilizzando un sistema di acquisizione dati per inviare tensioni sinusoidali di frequenza direttamente a ciascun componente. Questi test hanno verificato che il dispositivo funziona come progettato ed esegue come pure di pi&ugrave; grandi sistemi di acquisizione dati disponibili in commercio, che non sono adatti per uso sul campo. In media, i valori di guadagno progettato differivano dai valori effettivi misurati guadagno di circa 0.35 dB. Un prototipo del dispositivo &egrave; stato usato in un caso di studio per misurare pressioni di scoppio mentre indaga l&#39;effetto di roccia subacquea sabbiatura giovanile Chinook salmone e trota iridea. Nel caso di studio, massima pressione positiva dall&#39;esplosione &egrave; stata trovata per essere significativamente correlato con la frequenza di lesioni per singolo pesce. Lo studio ha anche dimostrato che il dispositivo resistito funzionamento in ambienti polverosi, che lo rende uno strumento prezioso per la raccolta di misurazioni di campo.

Progettazione e realizzazione di un dispositivo di registrazione sonora subacquea.

&#x6C34;&#x4E2D;&#x97F3;&#x3068;&#x6C34;&#x4E2D;&#x767A;&#x7834;&#x3084;&#x676D;&#x6253;&#x3061;&#x306A;&#x3069;&#x4EBA;&#x70BA;&#x7684;&#x6D3B;&#x52D5;&#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x767A;&#x751F;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x5727;&#x529B;&#x6CE2;&#x3092;&#x76E3;&#x8996;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x306B;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6C34;&#x4E2D;&#x306E;&#x97F3;&#x97FF;&#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#x3092;&#x8A18;&#x9332;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x81EA;&#x5F8B;&#x30B7;&#x30B9;&#x30C6;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x8A2D;&#x8A08;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x6C34;&#x4E2D;&#x9332;&#x97F3;&#x88C5;&#x7F6E; &#xFF08;USR&#xFF09; 2 &#x3064;&#x30CF;&#x30A4;&#x30C9;&#x30ED; &#x30D5;&#x30A9;&#x30F3;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x306F;&#x4ED6;&#x306E;&#x52D5;&#x7684;&#x5727;&#x529B;&#x30BB;&#x30F3;&#x30B5;&#x30FC;&#x3001;&#x53CE;&#x96C6;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x4FE1;&#x53F7;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x9AD8;&#x5468;&#x6CE2;&#x30CE;&#x30A4;&#x30BA;&#x3092;&#x30D5;&#x30A3;&#x30EB;&#x30BF;&#x30FC;&#x63A5;&#x7D9A;&#x306B;&#x3064;&#x3044;&#x3066;&#x306E;&#x72EC;&#x7ACB;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x5404;&#x30BB;&#x30F3;&#x30B5;&#x30FC;&#x3092;&#x8A2D;&#x5B9A;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x5229;&#x5F97;&#x3057;&#x3001;2 h &#x7528;&#x30C7;&#x30FC;&#x30BF;&#x306E;&#x53CE;&#x96C6;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;2 &#x3064;&#x306E;&#x30D0;&#x30FC;&#x30B8;&#x30E7;&#x30F3;&#x306E; USR &#x304C;&#x4F5C;&#x6210;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#xFF1A; 300 m &#x306E;&#x6700;&#x5927;&#x306E;&#x6DF1;&#x3055;&#x306B;&#x30C7;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30A4;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x306A;&#x6C34;&#x4E2D;&#x30E2;&#x30C7;&#x30EB;&#x3068;&#x6C34;&#x5BC6;&#x304C;&#x5B8C;&#x5168;&#x306B;&#x6C34;&#x4E2D;&#x306B;&#x6C88;&#x3081;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x30E2;&#x30C7;&#x30EB;&#x3002;USR &#x30C7;&#x30FC;&#x30BF;&#x96C6;&#x9332;&#x30B7;&#x30B9;&#x30C6;&#x30E0;&#x3092;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x5358;&#x4E00;&#x5468;&#x6CE2;&#x6570;&#x6B63;&#x5F26;&#x6CE2;&#x96FB;&#x5727;&#x3092;&#x5404;&#x30B3;&#x30F3;&#x30DD;&#x30FC;&#x30CD;&#x30F3;&#x30C8;&#x306B;&#x76F4;&#x63A5;&#x9001;&#x4FE1;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x5BA4;&#x3067;&#x306E;&#x30C6;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x304C;&#x5B9F;&#x884C;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x308C;&#x3089;&#x306E;&#x30C6;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30C7;&#x30D0;&#x30A4;&#x30B9;&#x304C;&#x8A2D;&#x8A08;&#x3069;&#x304A;&#x308A;&#x306B;&#x52D5;&#x4F5C;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x30D5;&#x30A3;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;&#x30C9;&#x306E;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x9069;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x5927;&#x898F;&#x6A21;&#x5E02;&#x8CA9;&#x306E;&#x30C7;&#x30FC;&#x30BF;&#x96C6;&#x9332;&#x30B7;&#x30B9;&#x30C6;&#x30E0;&#x3060;&#x3051;&#x3067;&#x306A;&#x304F;&#x3001;&#x5B9F;&#x884C;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x691C;&#x8A3C;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x5E73;&#x5747;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x8A2D;&#x8A08;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x30B2;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x5024;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x5B9F;&#x969B;&#x306E;&#x6E2C;&#x5B9A;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x305F;&#x5229;&#x5F97;&#x5024;&#x7D04; 0.35 dB &#x306B;&#x3088;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x7570;&#x306A;&#x3063;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x30C7;&#x30D0;&#x30A4;&#x30B9;&#x306E;&#x30D7;&#x30ED;&#x30C8;&#x30BF;&#x30A4;&#x30D7;&#x306B;&#x304A;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x4E8B;&#x4F8B;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x5C11;&#x5E74;&#x30C1;&#x30CC;&#x30FC;&#x30AF; &#x30B5;&#x30FC;&#x30E2;&#x30F3;&#x3084;&#x30EC;&#x30A4;&#x30F3;&#x30DC;&#x30FC; &#x30FB; &#x30C8;&#x30E9;&#x30A6;&#x30C8;&#x3092;&#x30D6;&#x30E9;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x6C34;&#x4E2D;&#x306E;&#x5CA9;&#x306E;&#x5F71;&#x97FF;&#x3092;&#x8ABF;&#x67FB;&#x4E2D;&#x30D6;&#x30E9;&#x30B9;&#x30C8;&#x5727;&#x3092;&#x6E2C;&#x5B9A;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x4F7F;&#x7528;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x307E;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x30B1;&#x30FC;&#x30B9;&#x30B9;&#x30BF;&#x30C7;&#x30A3;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6700;&#x5927;&#x306E;&#x6B63;&#x306E;&#x5727;&#x529B;&#x7206;&#x767A;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x500B;&#x3005; &#x306E;&#x9B5A;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x50B7;&#x5BB3;&#x306E;&#x983B;&#x5EA6;&#x3068;&#x6709;&#x610F;&#x306B;&#x76F8;&#x95A2;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x308F;&#x304B;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x4E8B;&#x4F8B;&#x7814;&#x7A76;&#x306F;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x3001;&#x30C7;&#x30D0;&#x30A4;&#x30B9; &#x30D5;&#x30A3;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;&#x30C9;&#x6E2C;&#x5B9A;&#x5024;&#x3092;&#x53CE;&#x96C6;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306E;&#x8CB4;&#x91CD;&#x306A;&#x30C4;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;&#x3092;&#x4F5C;&#x308B;&#x3001;&#x904E;&#x9177;&#x306A;&#x74B0;&#x5883;&#x3067;&#x306E;&#x64CD;&#x4F5C;&#x306B;&#x8010;&#x3048;&#x305F;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x305F;&#x3002;

&#x8A2D;&#x8A08;&#x3068;&#x5B9F;&#x88C5;&#x3001;&#x6C34;&#x4E2D;&#x9332;&#x97F3;&#x88C5;&#x7F6E;&#x306E;&#x3002;

&#xC218; &#xC911; &#xC74C;&#xD5A5; &#xBC0F; &#xC218; &#xC911; &#xBC1C; &#xD30C; &#xBC0F; &#xB354;&#xBBF8; &#xC6B4;&#xC804; anthropogenic &#xD65C;&#xB3D9;&#xC5D0; &#xC758;&#xD574; &#xC0DD;&#xC131; &#xB41C; &#xC555;&#xB825; &#xD30C;&#xB97C; &#xBAA8;&#xB2C8;&#xD130;&#xB9C1; &#xD558;&#xB824;&#xBA74; &#xC790;&#xCE58; &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4;&#xD15C; &#xC218; &#xC911; &#xC74C;&#xD5A5; &#xC2E0;&#xD638;&#xB97C; &#xAE30;&#xB85D; &#xD558;&#xB3C4;&#xB85D; &#xC124;&#xACC4; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC218; &#xC911; &#xB450; &#xB118;&#xB098;&#xB4DC;&#xB294; &#xB610;&#xB294; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xB3D9;&#xC801; &#xC555;&#xB825; &#xC13C;&#xC11C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC218;&#xC9D1; &#xB41C; &#xC2E0;&#xD638; &#xACE0;&#xC8FC;&#xD30C; &#xB178;&#xC774;&#xC988; &#xD544;&#xD130;&#xC758; &#xC5F0;&#xACB0;&#xC744; &#xD5C8;&#xC6A9; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xC0AC;&#xC6B4;&#xB4DC; &#xB179;&#xC74C; &#xC7A5;&#xCE58; (USR)&#xC740; &#xAC01; &#xC13C;&#xC11C; &#xB3C5;&#xB9BD;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xD558;&#xC9C0; &#xC124;&#xC815;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xC774;&#xB4DD;&#xC744; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xB370;&#xC774;&#xD130; &#xCEEC;&#xB809;&#xC158;&#xC758; 2 &#xC2DC;&#xAC04;&#xC744; &#xD5C8;&#xC6A9; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; USR&#xC758; &#xB450; &#xAC00;&#xC9C0; &#xBC84;&#xC804;&#xC774; &#xB9CC;&#xB4E4;&#xC5B4;&#xC84C;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;: 300 m, &#xCD5C;&#xB300; &#xAE4A;&#xC774;&#xC5D0; &#xBC30;&#xD3EC; &#xAC00;&#xB2A5;&#xD55C; &#xC7A0;&#xC218;&#xC815; &#xBAA8;&#xB378; &#xBC0F; &#xBC29;&#xC218; &#xADF8;&#xB7EC;&#xB098; &#xC7A0;&#xC218;&#xC815; &#xC544;&#xB2D9;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4; &#xC644;&#xC804;&#xD788; &#xBAA8;&#xB378;. &#xB2E8;&#xC77C; &#xC8FC;&#xD30C;&#xC218;&#xC758; &#xC815;&#xD604;&#xD30C; &#xC804;&#xC555;&#xC744; &#xC9C1;&#xC811; &#xAC01; &#xAD6C;&#xC131; &#xC694;&#xC18C;&#xC5D0; &#xBCF4;&#xB0B4;&#xB294; &#xB370;&#xC774;&#xD130; &#xC218;&#xC9D1; &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4;&#xD15C;&#xC744; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xD558; &#xC5EC; &#xC2E4;&#xD5D8;&#xC2E4;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; USR&#xC5D0; &#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8;&#xAC00; &#xC218;&#xD589; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774;&#xB7EC;&#xD55C; &#xD14C;&#xC2A4;&#xD2B8; &#xD655;&#xC778; &#xC7A5;&#xCE58;&#xAC00; &#xC124;&#xACC4; &#xB41C; &#xB300;&#xB85C; &#xC791;&#xB3D9; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xBFD0;&#xB9CC; &#xC544;&#xB2C8;&#xB77C; &#xB354; &#xD070; &#xC0C1;&#xC5C5;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xAC00;&#xB2A5;&#xD55C; &#xB370;&#xC774;&#xD130; &#xC218;&#xC9D1; &#xC2DC;&#xC2A4;&#xD15C; &#xD604;&#xC7A5; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xC5D0; &#xC801;&#xD569; &#xD558;&#xC9C0;&#xB294; &#xC218;&#xD589; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xD3C9;&#xADE0;&#xC801;&#xC73C;&#xB85C;, &#xC124;&#xACC4; &#xB41C; &#xC774;&#xB4DD; &#xAC12; &#xC57D; 0.35 Db&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC2E4;&#xC81C; &#xCE21;&#xC815; &#xB41C; &#xC774;&#xB4DD; &#xAC12;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xB2EC;&#xB790;&#xB2E4;. &#xC7A5;&#xCE58;&#xC758; &#xD504;&#xB85C;&#xD1A0; &#xD0C0;&#xC785; &#xC218; &#xC911; &#xBC14;&#xC704; &#xCCAD;&#xC18C;&#xB144; &#xCE58; &#xB204; &#xD06C; &#xC5F0;&#xC5B4;&#xC640; &#xBB34;&#xC9C0;&#xAC1C; &#xC1A1;&#xC5B4;&#xC5D0; &#xBC1C; &#xD30C;&#xC758; &#xC601;&#xD5A5;&#xC744; &#xC870;&#xC0AC; &#xD558;&#xB294; &#xB3D9;&#xC548; &#xD3ED;&#xBC1C; &#xC555;&#xB825;&#xC744; &#xCE21;&#xC815; &#xD558;&#xAE30; &#xC704;&#xD574; &#xC0AC;&#xB840; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xC5D0; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9; &#xB418;&#xC5C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC0AC;&#xB840; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;, &#xD3ED;&#xBC1C;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xCD5C;&#xB300; &#xAE0D;&#xC815;&#xC801;&#xC778; &#xC555;&#xB825; &#xAC1C;&#xBCC4; &#xBB3C;&#xACE0;&#xAE30;&#xC5D0; &#xB300; &#xD55C; &#xC0C1;&#xD574;&#xC758; &#xC8FC;&#xD30C;&#xC218;&#xC640; &#xAE4A;&#xC740; &#xC0C1;&#xAD00; &#xAD00;&#xACC4;&#xB97C; &#xBC1C;&#xACAC; &#xB410;&#xB2E4;. &#xC0AC;&#xB840; &#xC5F0;&#xAD6C;&#xB294; &#xB610;&#xD55C; &#xC7A5;&#xCE58; &#xD544;&#xB4DC; &#xCE21;&#xC815;&#xC744; &#xC218;&#xC9D1; &#xD558;&#xAE30; &#xC704;&#xD55C; &#xADC0;&#xC911; &#xD55C; &#xB3C4;&#xAD6C;&#xB97C; &#xB9CC;&#xB4DC;&#xB294; &#xC5F4;&#xC545; &#xD55C; &#xD658;&#xACBD;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC791;&#xC5C5;&#xC744; &#xBC84;&#xD168; &#xC2DC;&#xC5F0; &#xD588;&#xB2E4;.

&#xC124;&#xACC4; &#xBC0F; &#xC218; &#xC911; &#xC0AC;&#xC6B4;&#xB4DC; &#xB179;&#xC74C; &#xC7A5;&#xCE58;&#xB97C; &#xAD6C;&#xD604; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

Para controlar el sonido subacu&aacute;tico y ondas de presi&oacute;n generadas por actividades antropog&eacute;nicas como voladura submarina y la conducci&oacute;n de pila, un sistema aut&oacute;nomo fue dise&ntilde;ado para registrar se&ntilde;ales ac&uacute;sticas bajo el agua. El submarino dispositivo de grabaci&oacute;n de sonido (USR) permite conexiones de dos hidr&oacute;fonos u otros sensores de la presi&oacute;n din&aacute;mica, filtros ruido de alta frecuencia de las se&ntilde;ales recogidas, tiene una ganancia que puede ajustarse independientemente para cada sensor y permite por 2 h de recopilaci&oacute;n de datos. Se crearon dos versiones de la USR: un modelo sumergible desplegable hasta una profundidad de 300 m y un modelo herm&eacute;tico pero no completamente sumergible. Se realizaron pruebas en la USR en el laboratorio utilizando un sistema de adquisici&oacute;n de datos para enviar la tensi&oacute;n sinusoidal de frecuencia &uacute;nica directamente a cada componente. Estas pruebas se verific&oacute; que el dispositivo funciona como dise&ntilde;a y realiza as&iacute; como de grandes sistemas de adquisici&oacute;n de datos disponibles en el mercado, que no son aptos para el uso del campo. En promedio, los valores de ganancia dise&ntilde;ado se diferenciaron de los valores reales de ganancia medido por aproximadamente 0.35 dB. Un prototipo del dispositivo se utiliz&oacute; en un estudio de caso para medir la presi&oacute;n de explosi&oacute;n cuando investigaba el efecto de la roca submarina voladura en juvenil de salm&oacute;n Chinook y la trucha arco iris. En el estudio de caso, m&aacute;xima presi&oacute;n positiva de la explosi&oacute;n se encontr&oacute; significativamente correlacionados con la frecuencia de lesiones por cada pez. El estudio tambi&eacute;n demostr&oacute; que el dispositivo hab&iacute;a soportado operaci&oacute;n en entornos, lo que es una valiosa herramienta para la recolecci&oacute;n de mediciones de campo.

Dise&ntilde;o e implementaci&oacute;n de un dispositivo de grabaci&oacute;n de sonido bajo el agua.

Turbine-passed fish are exposed to rapid decreases in pressure which can cause barotrauma. The presence of an implanted telemetry tag increases the likelihood of injury or death from exposure to pressure changes, thus potentially biasing studies evaluating survival of turbine-passed fish. Therefore, a neutrally buoyant externally attached tag was developed to eliminate this bias in turbine passage studies. This new tag was designed not to add excess mass in water or take up space in the coelom, having an effective tag burden of zero with the goal of reducing pressure related biases to turbine survival studies. To determine if this new tag affects fish performance or susceptibility to predation, it was evaluated in the field relative to internally implanted acoustic transmitters (JSATS; Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System) used widely for survival studies of juvenile salmonids. Survival and travel time through the study reach was compared between fish with either tag type in an area of high predation in the Snake and Columbia rivers, Washington. An additional group of fish affixed with neutrally-buoyant dummy external tags were implanted with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and recovered further downstream to assess external tag retention and injury. There were no significant differences in survival to the first detection site, 12 river kilometers (rkm) downstream of release. Travel times were also similar between groups. Conversely, externally-tagged fish had reduced survival (or elevated tag loss) to the second detection site, 65 rkm downstream. In addition, the retention study revealed that tag loss was first observed in fish recaptured approximately 9 days after release. Results suggest that this new tag may be viable for short term (<8 days) single-dam turbine-passage studies and under these situations, may alleviate the turbine passage-related bias encountered when using internal tags, however further research is needed to confirm this. 

A field evaluation of an external and neutrally buoyant acoustic transmitter for juvenile salmon: implications for estimating hydroturbine passage survival.

The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) has been used at many dams but has never been deployed in the near-dam tailrace environment. The use of JSATS in the tailrace is of interest to fishery managers to evaluate downstream passage behavior of juvenile salmonids and dam approach behavior of upstream migrating adult salmon and lamprey. The acoustic noise level and detection range of JSATS were studied to determine the feasibility of deploying JSATS in the Ice Harbor Dam tailrace. The noise level measured from the powerhouse deck was less than 104 dB re 1 μPa except for the turbine outlet near the spillway, and 350 m downstream of the dam, the noise level was less than 106 dB. The measured noise levels would allow a theoretical detection range of 100 m to 350 m and 85 m to 320 m, respectively. Validation experiments showed that the detection range is 113 to 184 m using hydrophones deployed from the powerhouse deck and 148 m using hydrophones deployed 500 m downstream of the dam.

Feasibility of tracking fish with acoustic transmitters in the Ice Harbor Dam tailrace.

The spectral properties of pulses transmitted by three commercially available 200 kHz echo sounders were measured to assess the possibility that marine mammals might hear sound energy below the center (carrier) frequency that may be generated by transmitting short rectangular pulses. All three sounders were found to generate sound at frequencies below the center frequency and within the hearing range of some marine mammals, e.g. killer whales, false killer whales, beluga whales, Atlantic bottlenose dolphins, harbor porpoises, and others. The frequencies of these sub-harmonic sounds ranged from 90 to 130 kHz. These sounds were likely detectable by the animals over distances up to several hundred meters but were well below potentially harmful levels. The sounds generated by the sounders could potentially affect the behavior of marine mammals within fairly close proximity to the sources and therefore the exclusion of echo sounders from environmental impact analysis based solely on the center frequency output in relation to the range of marine mammal hearing should be reconsidered.

200 kHz commercial sonar systems generate lower frequency side lobes audible to some marine mammals.

Better understanding of fish behavior is vital for recovery of many endangered species including salmon. The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) was developed to observe the out-migratory behavior of juvenile salmonids tagged by surgical implantation of acoustic micro-transmitters and to estimate the survival when passing through dams on the Snake and Columbia Rivers. A robust three-dimensional solver was needed to accurately and efficiently estimate the time sequence of locations of fish tagged with JSATS acoustic transmitters, to describe in sufficient detail the information needed to assess the function of dam-passage design alternatives. An approximate maximum likelihood solver was developed using measurements of time difference of arrival from all hydrophones in receiving arrays on which a transmission was detected. Field experiments demonstrated that the developed solver performed significantly better in tracking efficiency and accuracy than other solvers described in the literature. 

A 3D approximate maximum likelihood solver for localization of fish implanted with acoustic transmitters.

Little is known about the three-dimensional depth distributions in rivers of individually marked fish that are in close proximity to hydropower facilities. Knowledge of the depth distributions of fish approaching dams can be used to understand how vulnerable fish are to injuries such as barotrauma as they pass through dams. To predict the possibility of barotrauma injury caused by pressure changes during turbine passage, it is necessary to understand fish behaviour relative to acclimation depth in dam forebays as they approach turbines. A guiding study was conducted using high-resolution three-dimensional tracking results of salmonids implanted with Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System transmitters to investigate the depth distributions of subyearling and yearling Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) passing two dams on the Snake River in Washington State. Multiple approaches were evaluated to describe the depth at which fish were acclimated, and statistical analyses were performed on large data sets extracted from ∼28 000 individually tagged fish during 2012 and 2013. Our study identified patterns of depth distributions of juvenile salmonids in forebays prior to passage through turbines or juvenile bypass systems. This research indicates that the median depth at which juvenile salmonids approached turbines ranged from 2.8 to 12.2 m, with the depths varying by species/life history, year, location (which dam) and diel period (between day and night). One of the most enlightening findings was the difference in dam passage associated with the diel period. The amount of time that turbine-passed fish spent in the immediate forebay prior to entering the powerhouse was much lower during the night than during the day. This research will allow scientists to understand turbine-passage survival better and enable them to assess more accurately the effects of dam passage on juvenile salmon survival.

Migration depth and residence time of juvenile salmonids in the forebays of hydropower dams prior to passage through turbines or juvenile bypass systems: implications for turbine-passage survival.

Acoustic telemetry is the primary method to actively track aquatic animals for behavioral studies. However, the small storage capacities of the batteries used in the transmitters limit the time that the implanted animals can be studied. In this research, we developed and implemented a battery-free acoustic transmitter that uses a flexible piezoelectric beam to harvest energy from fish swimming as the power source. The transmitter sends out a unique identification code with a sufficiently strong signal (150 dB, ref: 1 μPa at 1 meter) that has a detection range of up to 100 meters. Two prototypes, 100 mm and 77 mm long, respectively, weighing only about 1 gram or less in air, were sub-dermally implanted in two species of live fish. Transmissions were successfully detected as the fish swam in a natural manner. This represents the first known implanted energy-harvesting transmitter demonstrated in vivo. Successful development of this transmitter greatly expands the potential for long-term studies of the behaviors of aquatic animals and for subsequently developing strategies to mitigate the environmental impacts of renewable energy systems.

An Energy Harvesting Underwater Acoustic Transmitter for Aquatic Animals.

To acquire 3-D tracking data on juvenile salmonids, Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) cabled hydrophone arrays were deployed in the forebays of two dams on the Snake River and at a mid-reach reservoir between the dams. The depth distributions of fish were estimated by statistical analyses performed on large 3-D tracking data sets from ~33,500 individual acoustic tagged yearling and subyearling Chinook salmon and juvenile steelhead at the two dams in 2012 and subyearling Chinook salmon at the two dams and the mid-reach reservoir in 2013. This research investigated the correlation between vertical migration behavior and passage routes. The depth distributions of fish within the forebays of the dams were significantly different from fish passing the mid-reach reservoir. Fish residing deeper in the forebay tended to pass the dam using deeper powerhouse routes. This difference in depth distributions indicated that the depth distribution of fish at the mid-reach reservoir was not related to behaviors of fish passing through certain routes of the adjacent dams. For fish that were detected deeper than 17.5 m in the forebays, the probability of powerhouse passage (i.e., turbine) increased significantly. Another important finding was the variation in depth distributions during dam passage associated with the diel period, especially the crepuscular periods.

Three-dimensional migration behavior of juvenile salmonids in reservoirs and near dams.

Acoustic telemetry has been used extensively to study the behavior of aquatic animals. The Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS) is one such system; it was developed for studying juvenile salmonids but has been used to study numerous species. A recent innovation of the JSATS system is an acoustic transmitter that is small enough to be implanted through injection or small incision that doesn't require sutures. Use of the JSATS system involves deploying cabled acoustic receivers at hydroelectric dams, or other structures, and autonomous acoustic receivers in free-flowing sections of a river. The raw detections from acoustic-tagged fish are processed to remove potential false positives. The clean detections (5,147,996 total) are used to generate detection events and to compute 3-D trajectories (403,900 total), which are used to assign fish to a passage route through a dam. Controlled field testing involving a high-accuracy Global Positioning System receiver is done to validate the submeter accuracy of the trajectories. The JSATS dataset could be reused for expanding the understanding of near-dam fish behavior.

Jayson Martinez

Energy and Environment Directorate

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Balloon Tag Manufacturing Technique for Sensor Fish and Live Fish Recovery