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Chapter 12
Abnormal behavior is a mental illness rooted in the brain, affecting how an individual thinks, behaves, and interacts with others. A behavior can be ...
Theorists have proposed four approaches to explain the factors contributing to the development of psychological disorders. First, the biological approach ...
The American Psychiatric Association first published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM in 1952 to standardize the ...
Generalized anxiety disorder, or GAD, is characterized by persistent and uncontrollable worry that occurs without a clear cause. This anxiety often ...
Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder characterized by sudden and recurring minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These ...
Social anxiety disorder, also called social phobia, is an intense fear of being humiliated, rejected, embarrassed, or negatively evaluated in social ...
Obsessive-compulsive disorder, or OCD, disrupts daily functioning through repeated and time-consuming engagement in obsessions, compulsions, or both, ...
Post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, develops after individuals directly experience, witness, or hear about traumatic events like natural disasters, ...
Dissociative disorders are psychological conditions where an individual's conscious awareness becomes dissociated or separated from their previous ...
Dissociative amnesia is a type of dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that stems from extensive psychological stress. Individuals ...
Dissociative Identity Disorder, or DID, formerly called multiple personality disorder, occurs when an individual exhibits two or more distinct personality ...
Depressive disorders are mental health conditions marked by depression, a persistent lack of pleasure in life. These disorders commonly affect individuals ...
The etiology of depressive disorders includes biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. Biological factors such as genes, particularly ...
Bipolar disorder involves intense mood fluctuations, including one or more episodes of mania. Mania presents with heightened energy, euphoria, ...
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder marked by an intense fear of gaining weight and a persistent pursuit of thinness through starvation. Individuals ...
Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder involving recurring binge-and-purge eating patterns. Individuals binge on high-calorie foods and purge through ...
Binge eating disorder is a mental health condition where individuals repeatedly consume large quantities of food in a short period, often feeling unable ...
Schizophrenia is a psychological disorder characterized by highly distorted thought processes. It is typically diagnosed in early adulthood, around age 18 ...
The positive symptoms of schizophrenia involve an excess or distortion of normal functions. Hallucinations and delusions are among these positive ...
Thought and movement disorders are among the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Thought disorders characterize disorganized and unusual thought ...
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia represent a reduction or loss in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives, in contrast to the distortions or excesses ...
Biological causes of schizophrenia include genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, and neurotransmitter imbalances. Genetic studies reveal ...
Psychological causes of schizophrenia were once attributed to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. Modern approaches emphasize the ...
Personality disorders are chronic and maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are deeply integrated into an individual's personality. As a ...
Schizotypal Personality Disorder is characterized by social withdrawal, eccentric behavior, and odd thought patterns. As a result, individuals often hold ...
Individuals with narcissistic personality disorder have an exaggerated sense of self-importance but still rely excessively on others' evaluations. ...
Dependent personality disorder is characterized by an excessive reliance on others to meet emotional and physical needs. Individuals with this disorder ...
Antisocial Personality Disorder is characterized by a persistent disregard for the rights and feelings of others and exploitative behaviors, such as using ...
Borderline personality disorder is marked by instability in mood, self-image, and relationships, along with impulsive behaviors, typically beginning in ...
Autism spectrum disorder, or ASD, is characterized by persistent difficulties in social communication and interaction, including reduced social bonding or ...
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a childhood neurodevelopmental disorder marked by persistent inattention and difficulty with ...
Oppositional defiant disorder, or ODD, is a type of behavior disorder. It mostly occurs in childhood and adolescence and may persist into adulthood if not ...
Conduct disorder involves a repetitive pattern of behavior violating others' rights or societal norms, typically emerging in childhood or ...
Intellectual disability, previously termed as mental retardation, has been defined by significant cognitive deficits—which have been established ...
Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading without ...
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