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7 ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN JoVE

Developmental Biology

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

¹Institut Curie, ²UMR 3387, CNRS, ³PSL Research University, ⁴Université Paris-Sud

In Xenopus embryos, cells from the roof of the blastocoel are pluripotent and can be programmed to generate various tissues. Here, we describe protocols to use amphibian blastocoel roof explants as an assay system to investigate key in vivo and in vitro features of early neural development.

Biology

An Easy Method for Plant Polysome Profiling

Cécile Lecampion^1,2,3, Maïna Floris^1,2,3,4, Jean Raphaël Fantino^5,6, Christophe Robaglia^1,2,3, Christophe Laloi^1,2,3

¹Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Aix-Marseille Université, ²UMR 7265 Biologie Végétale & Microbiologie Environnementales, CNRS, ³BIAM, CEA, ⁴Department of Biology, Biocenter, University of Copenhagen, ⁵Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, ⁶CNRS, LCB UMR 7283, Aix Marseille Université

This protocol describes an easy method to extract and fractionate transcripts from plant tissues on the basis of the number of bound ribosomes. It allows a global estimate of translation activity and the determination of the translational status of specific mRNAs.

Cancer Research

Operating Procedures of the Electrochemotherapy for Treatment of Tumor in Dogs and Cats

Natasa Tozon¹, Ursa Lampreht Tratar², Katarina Znidar³, Gregor Sersa², Justin Teissie^4,5, Maja Cemazar^2,3

¹Clinic for Surgery and Small Animals, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, ²Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, ³Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, ⁴IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), CNRS, ⁵IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), Université de Toulouse

Electrochemotherapy is the local treatment of solid tumors. The main mechanism is electroporation-mediated permeabilization of the tumor cells' membrane which enables increased internalization of cytostatics like bleomycin and cisplatin. Thus, antitumor effectiveness is potentiated at the site of the application of electric pulses to the tumors.

Chemistry

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

Giovanna Muggiolu^*1,2, Marina Simon^*1,2, Nathanael Lampe^1,2, Guillaume Devès^1,2, Philippe Barberet^1,2, Claire Michelet^1,2, Marie-Hélène Delville^3,4, Hervé Seznec^1,2

¹Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Université de Bordeaux, ²Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), CNRS, ³Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condens é e de Bordeaux (ICMCB), CNRS, ⁴Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condens é e de Bordeaux (ICMCB), Université de Bordeaux

We describe a procedure for the detection of chemical elements present in situ in human cells as well as their in vitro quantification. The method is well-suited to any cell type and is particularly useful for quantitative chemical analyses in single cells following in vitro metal oxide nanoparticles exposure.

Neuroscience

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Filipa França de Barros^1,2, Julie Carcaud², Mathieu Beraneck^1,2

¹Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, UMR8002, CNRS, ²Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes

The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning. By permanently wearing a fixed device on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages.

Neuroscience

In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices

Louis Richevaux^1,2, Louise Schenberg^1,2, Mathieu Beraneck^1,2, Desdemona Fricker^1,2

¹CNRS (Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, UMR 8002), ²Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité

This protocol describes a set of methods to identify the cell-type specific functional connectivity of long-range inputs from distant brain regions using optogenetic stimulations in ex vivo brain slices.

Chemistry

Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package

Razvan Caracas^1,2, Anais Kobsch¹, Natalia V. Solomatova¹, Zhi Li¹, Francois Soubiran^1,3, Jean-Alexis Hernandez^1,2

¹Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratory of Geology of Lyon UMR5276, CNRS, ²Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED), University of Oslo, ³CEA, DAM, DIF

Melts and fluids are ubiquitous vectors of mass transport in natural systems. We have developed an open-source package to analyze ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations of such systems. We compute structural (bonding, clusterization, chemical speciation), transport (diffusion, viscosity) and thermodynamic properties (vibrational spectrum).