The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a measure of kidney function, reflecting the volume of filtrate formed per minute in the kidneys. On average, GFR is approximately 125 mL/min in males and 105 mL/min in females. Maintaining a relatively constant GFR is essential for the kidneys to effectively regulate body fluid homeostasis and maintain extracellular stability.

GFR regulation involves two primary intrinsic controls: the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms.

The myogenic mechanism responds to fluctuations in systemic blood pressure. When this pressure increases, the afferent arterioles constrict, restricting blood flow into the glomerulus and maintaining an optimal GFR. Decreased systemic blood pressure leads to arteriole dilation and increased glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

The macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex control the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. These cells respond to high sodium chloride (NaCl) levels in the filtrate due to increased GFR. The macula densa cells release vasoconstrictor chemicals that constrict the afferent arteriole, reducing blood flow into the glomerulus and decreasing the net filtration pressure (NFP) and GFR.

However, these intrinsic controls cannot manage extremely low systemic blood pressure. Under such circumstances, extrinsic controls like neural and hormonal mechanisms take over. The sympathetic nervous system controls constricting the afferent arterioles when blood pressure falls, thereby decreasing GFR and restoring normal blood volume and blood pressure. Two key hormones, Angiotensin II and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), also regulate GFR. Angiotensin II reduces GFR by narrowing arterioles and reducing renal blood flow. Angiotensin II also stimulates aldosterone release, promoting sodium and water retention to restore blood volume. In contrast, ANP enhances sodium excretion (natriuresis) and water loss, reducing systemic blood pressure and volume. while ANP increases GFR by relaxing glomerular mesangial cells and increasing the capillary surface area available for filtration.