Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.

The severity and duration of memory loss vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Amnesia is classified into two main types: retrograde and anterograde.

Retrograde amnesia is marked by the loss of memories formed before the onset of the condition. Patients may recall distant past events but often forget those occurring shortly before the incident.

Anterograde amnesia prevents individuals from forming new memories after the condition's onset. While their past memories often remain intact, their ability to retain new information is significantly impaired. A well-known case is H.M., who lost the capacity to form new memories after undergoing surgery to remove parts of his hippocampus.

Other types of amnesia include infantile amnesia, a common phenomenon involving the inability to recall events from the first two to three years of life. The underdevelopment of the hippocampus during infancy contributes to this form of amnesia. Transient global amnesia is a sudden, temporary memory loss that usually lasts a few hours. It typically arises from stress or abrupt environmental changes.

Amnesia can result from traumatic brain injuries, psychological trauma, neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's), and substance abuse. Diagnosis involves neuropsychological assessments, brain imaging, and reviewing the patient's history.

While there is no cure, cognitive therapy and memory aids like notebooks can improve functioning. In neurodegenerative cases, medications may slow cognitive decline but do not restore lost memories. The complexity of amnesia requires individualized management strategies, focusing on supportive care and rehabilitation to enhance daily life.