Gli autori desiderano ringraziare Ikiel Ptito per il suo continuo supporto tecnico.

Parte 1: Pre-trattamento dei tessuti <ol><li> Tessuto deve essere ben perfusi con paraformaldeide, glutaraldeide, o formalina. Questo può essere raggiunto attraverso standard di perfusione transcardial tipicamente usato per raccogliere altri organi. Nel presente studio il soggetto era profondamente sedato con cloridrato di ketamina (10 mg / kg, im), eutanasia con una dose eccessiva di sodio pentobarbital (25 mg / kg, iv) e perfusi transcardially con 0,1 M PBS fino a completo dissanguato. Questa è seguita da una soluzione di paraformaldeide al 4% in PBS per 5 min (~ 1 litro). </li><li> Il cervello deve essere stereotaxically bloccato, rimosso dal cranio, pesato, e il volume determinato 2. Il tessuto deve quindi essere crioprotetti in soluzioni di saccarosio classificato con una concentrazione finale di 30% di saccarosio in tampone fosfato. Blocchi di tessuto deve essere congelato in isopentano a -65 ° C e conservati a -80 ° C fino a quando si è pronti a fetta. </li></ol> Parte 2: campionamento sistematico <ol><li> Campionamento sistematico si basa su un piano adeguato prima di sezionamento. L&#39;intera regione di interesse in entrambe le estensioni rostrale-caudale e dorso-ventrale deve essere ben definito. Un atlante stereotassico delle specie in uso è utile per definire la regione di interesse e per determinare la lunghezza della regione di interesse. Una volta che la lunghezza della regione di interesse è determinato, è necessario stabilire l&#39;intervallo di campionamento. Per esempio, dal atlante stereotassico si stabilisce che l&#39;intero rostro-caudale estensione della regione di interesse è di circa tre millimetri di lunghezza Durante il taglio nel piano coronale. Quindi decide di impostare il criostato alla sezione a 50 micron, di questo passo si avrà 60 sezioni che coprono il rostrale-caudale estensione della regione di interesse. Per un tipico studio imparziale stereological 6-10 sezioni sistematicamente campioni sono necessari per ottenere risultati attendibili. In questo esempio 10 sezioni equidistanti in tutto il rostro-caudale risultato misura in un intervallo di campionamento di 1 / 6 sezioni. </li></ol> Parte 3: Creazione della banca del cervello <ol><li> Una volta che la frequenza di campionamento sezione è stato determinato, il passo successivo è quello di determinare che le macchie verrà eseguita immediatamente. Per esempio, se siete colorazione con violetto cresolo potrete catturare 1 / 6 sezioni su una diapositiva. Questo sarà serie 1. Se sai che forse diversi anticorpi potenziale che si desidera eseguire, ma entrambi vogliono vedere i dati che fornisce il vostro principale macchia o semplicemente non hanno il tempo per eseguire l&#39;immunoistochimica, posto il restante 5 serie di sezioni nell&#39;ordine in cui sono sono stati tagliati a preservare pozzetti contenenti antigeni (1 pirrolidone polivinile%, glicole etilenico al 50% in o.1M PBS, pH 7,4). La seguente tabella fornisce uno schema di campionamento composto da 1 scivolo e 1 piastra (standard piastra da 48 pozzetti) di sezioni come parte di una banca del cervello (Tabella 1). <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1260/table1.jpg" alt="Tabella 1" /> Tabella 1. La frequenza di campionamento sezione qui è 1 / 6. La prima sezione è posto su un vetrino per la colorazione violetto cresolo e il prossimo 5 sezioni sono poste in antigene preservare. Numero della sezione 7 è poi catturato sulla diapositiva e le sezioni 9-12 sono collocati in antigene preservare. Questo ciclo viene ripetuto fino a quando la regione di interesse o il blocco dei tessuti è esaustivo sezionato. </li><li> Il passo successivo è quello di sezione esaurientemente il blocco di tessuto. Mettere una piccola quantità di incorporare medio sul mandrino e farlo congelare. Posizionare il mandrino nella testa microtomo e radere abbastanza del mezzo congelato di avere una superficie piana. Rimuovere il mandrino dalla testa microtomo e luogo pianeggiante all&#39;interno del criostato. Versare incorporare medio sul mandrino e saldamente posto il blocco cervello con il lato stereotaxically taglio posizionato categoricamente sul mandrino. Incorporare lentamente e completamente il cervello in montaggio di media. Posizionare il mandrino con il cervello nella testa microtomo e la sezione con il pre-determinati parametri per la frequenza di campionamento sezione. </li><li> Una volta che il blocco di tessuto è stata esaurientemente sezionato e le sezioni sono collocati in pozzi, coprire la piastra con il coperchio, avvolgere il coperchio con parafilm, e mettere in un congelatore di -20 ° C. Registro il numero totale delle sezioni adottate per ciascuna serie, la sezione-intervallo di campionamento, e il numero di serie per ogni animale. Questo registro sarà vitale per tenere traccia di successiva rimozione di sezioni dalla banca cervello per immunoistochimica futuro. </li></ol> Parte 4: Risultati Rappresentante: Campionamento sistematico in questo modo è stata una pratica standard nel nostro laboratorio negli ultimi 3 anni. Abbiamo avuto un grande successo di immunoistochimica eseguire sul materiale che è stata conservata in antigene preservare tre anni dopo è stato tagliato senza deterioramento del segnale (Figura 1). Inoltre, come parte della nostra banca cervello che abbiamo registrato vicino a 20.000 sezioni sistematica della non-umanocervello dei primati (Figura 2) come parte della nostra piani a lungo termine della ricerca. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1260/1260figure1.jpg" alt="" /> Figura 1. Questa è una sezione dal polo occipitale del primate non umano immunostained per NeuN mostrando sia VI livello e interstiziale neuroni della sostanza bianca. Questa particolare sezione è stato immagazzinato in antigene conservare a -20 ° C per un periodo di 2 anni. Barra di scala = 100μm. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1260/1260fig2.jpg" alt="Figura 2" /> Figura 2. La nostra banca cervello cercopiteco ora è composta di quasi 20.000 sezioni sistematico da oltre 30 scimmie.

<ol>
	<li>West, M., Slomianka, L., Gundersen, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unbiased+stereological+estimation+of+the+total+number+of+neurons+in+the+subdivisions+of+the+rat+hippocampus+using+the+optical+fractionator.+Aat+Rec.">Unbiased stereological estimation of the total number of neurons in the subdivisions of the rat hippocampus using the optical fractionator. Aat Rec.</a> 231, 482-497 (1991).</li><li>Burke, M. W., Zangenehpour, S., Boire, D., Ptito, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissecting+the+Non-human+Primate+Brain+in+Stereotaxic+Space.">Dissecting the Non-human Primate Brain in Stereotaxic Space.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Campionamento sistematico è un metodo poco costoso scopo di massimizzare il materiale di ricerca. Questa strategia di campionamento è stato progettato per rispettare le regole di stereologia imparziale che richiede il campionamento sistematico in tutta la regione. E &#39;fondamentale che l&#39;ordine delle sezioni per ogni serie è mantenuta. Nel nostro laboratorio abbiamo utilizzato con successo questo metodo per il settore bancario sia criceto e non umani sezioni cervello dei primati. Finora abbiamo raccolto sezioni...

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brain banking: making the most of your research specimens

Tutti stereologia è un metodo per precisione ed efficienza stimare il numero totale dei neuroni (o tipo di cellula) in una data area di interesse<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo 60-10 sezioni sistematica dovrebbe essere sondato che copre l&#39;intera struttura. Tipicamente si tratta di elaborazione 1 / 5 sezioni che lascia una notevole quantità di materiale non trasformato. Al fine di massimizzare il materiale, vi proponiamo un metodo poco costoso per conservare tessuto fissato come parte di un piano a lungo termine di stoccaggio di ricerca. Come tessuto è tagliato e lavorato per il desiderato macchia o anticorpi, si alternano sezioni dovrebbero essere sistematicamente messo in antigene conservare a -20 ° C per elaborazioni future. Utilizzando piastre da 24 pozzetti, le sezioni possono essere messi in ordine per il recupero futuro. Utilizzando questo metodo, i tessuti possono essere conservati e trattati per immunoistochimica nel corso degli anni.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brain Banking: Making the Most of your Research Specimens at JoVE.com

Brain Banking: Making the Most of your Research Specimens

Banche del cervello e campionatura sistematica di materiale biologico costituisce la base per stereologia imparziale e massimizza il potenziale dei dati ottenuti da ogni campione.

Cervello Banking: Utilizzare al meglio il vostro campioni di ricerca

Unbiased stereology is a method for accurately and efficiently estimating the total neuron number (or other cell type) in a given area of interest1.  To ...

brain-banking-making-the-most-of-your-research-specimens

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.9K Views.  University of Montreal. Banche del cervello e campionatura sistematica di materiale biologico costituisce la base per stereologia imparziale e massimizza il potenziale dei dati ottenuti da ogni campione.

Video: Brain Banking: Making the Most of your Research Specimens

Micro-dissection of Rat Brain for RNA or Protein Extraction from Specific Brain Region

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates micro-dissection of four major brain regions include olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus in fresh rat brain tissue. Useful tips for quick removal of respective regions to avoid RNA and protein degradation of the tissue are given.

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates micro-dissection of four major brain regions include olfactory bulb, frontal cortex, striatum and hippocampus in fresh rat brain tissue. Useful tips for quick removal of respective regions to avoid RNA and protein degradation of the tissue are given.

Micro-dissezione del cervello di ratto per estrazione RNA o proteine ​​da Regione specifiche del cervello

Micro-dissection of rat brain into various regions is extremely important for the study of different neurodegenerative diseases. This video demonstrates ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Single Cell Electroporation in vivo within the Intact Developing Brain

Single-cell electroporation (SCE) is a specialized technique allowing the delivery of DNA or other macromolecules into individual cells within intact tissue, including in vivo preparations. The distinct advantage of this technique is that experimental manipulations may be performed on individual cells while leaving the surrounding tissue unaltered, thereby distinguishing cell-autonomous effects from those resulting from global treatments. When combined with advanced in vivo imaging techniques, SCE of fluorescent markers permits direct visualization of cellular morphology, cell growth, and intracellular events over timescales ranging from seconds to days. While this technique is used in a variety of in vivo and ex vivo preparations, we have optimized this technique for use in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. In this video article, we detail the procedure for SCE of a fluorescent dye or plasmid DNA into neurons within the intact brain of the albino Xenopus tadpole. We also discuss methods to optimize yield, and show examples of live two-photon fluorescence imaging of neurons fluorescently labeled by SCE.

Single-cell electroporation (SCE) is a specialized technique allowing delivery of DNA or other macromolecules into individual cells within intact tissue, including in vivo preparations. Here we detail the procedure for SCE of a fluorescent dye or plasmid DNA into neurons within the intact brain of the Xenopus laevis tadpole.

Cella singola elettroporazione in vivo all&#39;interno del cervello intatto in via di sviluppo

Single-cell electroporation (SCE) is a specialized technique allowing the delivery of DNA or other macromolecules into individual cells within intact ...

Making Patch-pipettes and Sharp Electrodes with a Programmable Puller

Glass microelectrodes (also called pipettes) have been a workhorse of electrophysiology for decades. Today, such pipettes are made from glass capillaries using a programmable puller. Such instruments heat the capillary using either a metal filament or a laser and draw out the glass using gravity, a motor or both. Pipettes for patch-clamp recording are formed using only heat and gravity, while sharp electrodes for intracellular recording use a combination of heat, gravity, and a motor. The procedure used to make intracellular recording pipettes is similar to that used to make injection needles for a variety of applications, including cRNA injection into Xenopus oocytes. In general, capillary glass &lt;1.2 mm in diameter is used to make pipettes for patch clamp recording, while narrower glass is used for intracellular recording (outer diameter = 1.0 mm). For each tool, the puller is programmed slightly differently. This video shows how to make both kinds of recording pipettes using pre-established puller programs.

This video shows how to use a programmable puller to make patch pipettes and sharp electrodes for electrophysiology. The same procedure can be used to make a variety of glass tools, including injection needles.

Rendendo Patch-pipette e Elettrodi Sharp con un estrattore programmabile

Glass microelectrodes (also called pipettes) have been a workhorse of electrophysiology for decades.  Today, such pipettes are made from glass capillaries ...

Live Imaging of the Zebrafish Embryonic Brain by Confocal Microscopy

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the developing zebrafish brain (Gutzman et al, 2008). Such analysis affords a new understanding of the underlying cell biology required for development of the 3D structure of the vertebrate brain, and significantly increases our ability to study neural tube morphogenesis. The embryonic zebrafish brain is shaped beginning at 18 hours post fertilization (hpf) as the ventricles within the neuroepithelium inflate. By 24 hpf, the initial steps of neural tube morphogenesis are complete. Using the method described here, embryos at the one cell stage are injected with mRNA encoding membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein (memGFP). After injection and incubation, the embryo, now between 18 and 24 hpf, is mounted, inverted, in agarose and imaged by confocal microscopy. Notably, the zebrafish embryo is transparent making it an ideal system for fluorescent imaging. While our analyses have focused on the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and the hindbrain, this method could be extended for analysis of any region in the zebrafish to a depth of 
80-100 &mu;m.

In this video, we demonstrate a method by which to analyze the developing vertebrate brain in live zebrafish embryos at single cell resolution by confocal microscopy. This includes the method by which we inject the single-cell zebrafish embryo and subsequently mount and image the developing brain.

Vivere Imaging of the Brain Zebrafish embrionali da microscopia confocale

In this video, we demonstrate the method our lab has developed to analyze the cell shape changes and rearrangements required to bend and fold the ...

Making MR Imaging Child's Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

Within the last decade there has been an increase in the use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural basis of human perception, cognition and behavior 1, 2. Moreover, this non-invasive imaging method has grown into a tool for clinicians and researchers to explore typical and atypical brain development. Although advances in neuroimaging tools and techniques are apparent, (f)MRI in young pediatric populations remains relatively infrequent 2. Practical as well as technical challenges when imaging children present clinicians and research teams with a unique set of problems 3, 2. To name just a few, the child participants are challenged by a need for motivation, alertness and cooperation. Anxiety may be an additional factor to be addressed. Researchers or clinicians need to consider time constraints, movement restriction, scanner background noise and unfamiliarity with the MR scanner environment2,4-10. A progressive use of functional and structural neuroimaging in younger age groups, however, could further add to our understanding of brain development. As an example, several research groups are currently working towards early detection of developmental disorders, potentially even before children present associated behavioral characteristics e.g.11. Various strategies and techniques have been reported as a means to ensure comfort and cooperation of young children during neuroimaging sessions. Play therapy 12, behavioral approaches 13, 14,15, 16-18 and simulation 19, the use of mock scanner areas 20,21, basic relaxation 22 and a combination of these techniques 23 have all been shown to improve the participant's compliance and thus MRI data quality. Even more importantly, these strategies have proven to increase the comfort of families and children involved 12. One of the main advances of such techniques for the clinical practice is the possibility of avoiding sedation or general anesthesia (GA) as a way to manage children's compliance during MR imaging sessions 19,20. In the current video report, we present a pediatric neuroimaging protocol with guidelines and procedures that have proven to be successful to date in young children.

Making MR Imaging Child&#039;s Play - Pediatric Neuroimaging Protocol, Guidelines and Procedure

Despite an increase in the use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans, the study of young pediatric populations remains a challenge. We present a hands-on, step-by-step video protocol including guidelines for clinicians and researchers intending to perform (f)MRI in young children.

Fare Giocare MR Child Imaging - Protocollo Neuroimaging Pediatrica, linee guida e procedure

Within the last decade there has been an increase in the use of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural ...

Making Gynogenetic Diploid Zebrafish by Early Pressure

Heterozygosity in diploid eukaryotes often makes genetic studies cumbersome. Methods that produce viable homozygous diploid offspring directly from heterozygous females allow F1 mutagenized females to be screened directly for deleterious mutations in an accelerated forward genetic screen. Streisinger et al.1,2 described methods for making gynogenetic (homozygous) diploid zebrafish by activating zebrafish eggs with ultraviolet light-inactivated sperm and preventing either the second meiotic or the first zygotic cell division using physical treatments (heat or pressure) that deploymerize microtubules. The "early pressure" (EP) method blocks the meiosis II, which occurs shortly after fertilization. The EP method produces a high percentage of viable embryos that can develop to fertile adults of either sex. The method generates embryos that are homozygous at all loci except those that were separated from their centromere by recombination during meiosis I. Homozygous mutations are detected in EP clutches at between 50% for centromeric loci and less than 1% for telomeric loci. This method is reproduced verbatim from the Zebrafish Book3.

This is a method for generating gynogenetic diploid zebrafish embryos (embryos whose only genetic contribution comes from the mother) by blocking the second meiotic division immediately after fertilization with ultraviolet light-inactivated sperm. EP embryos are not fully homozygous due to recombination during the first meiotic division, however they are homozygous at all loci that have not been separated from their centromere by recombination.

Fare Diploide Zebrafish Gynogenetic di Pressure presto

Heterozygosity in diploid eukaryotes often makes genetic studies cumbersome. Methods that produce viable homozygous diploid offspring directly from ...

Long-term Culture of Human Breast Cancer Specimens and Their Analysis Using Optical Projection Tomography

Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality in the Western world. It is well established that the spread of breast cancer, first locally and later distally, is a major factor in patient prognosis. Experimental systems of breast cancer rely on cell lines usually derived from primary tumours or pleural effusions. Two major obstacles hinder this research: (i) some known sub-types of breast cancers (notably poor prognosis luminal B tumours) are not represented within current line collections; (ii) the influence of the tumour microenvironment is not usually taken into account.
We demonstrate a technique to culture primary breast cancer specimens of all sub-types. This is achieved by using three-dimensional (3D) culture system in which small pieces of tumour are embedded in soft rat collagen I cushions. Within 2-3 weeks, the tumour cells spread into the collagen and form various structures similar to those observed in human tumours1. Viable adipocytes, epithelial cells and fibroblasts within the original core were evident on histology. Malignant epithelial cells with squamoid morphology were demonstrated invading into the surrounding collagen. Nuclear pleomorphism was evident within these cells, along with mitotic figures and apoptotic bodies.
We have employed Optical Projection Tomography (OPT), a 3D imaging technology, in order to quantify the extent of tumour spread in culture. We have used OPT to measure the bulk volume of the tumour culture, a parameter routinely measured during the neo-adjuvant treatment of breast cancer patients to assess response to drug therapy. 
Here, we present an opportunity to culture human breast tumours without sub-type bias and quantify the spread of those ex vivo. This method could be used in the future to quantify drug sensitivity in original tumour. This may provide a more predictive model than currently used cell lines.

We have developed a collagen-based in vitro assay which promotes proliferation and invasion from samples of all breast cancer subtypes. Optical Projection Tomography, a three dimensional microscopy technique was utilised to visualise and quantify tumour expansion. This assay may be used to quantify drug response of individual tumour samples.

A lungo termine Cultura di campioni umani cancro al seno e la loro analisi utilizzando la tomografia ottica di proiezione

Breast cancer is a leading cause of mortality in the Western world. It is well established that the spread of breast cancer, first locally and later ...

Obtaining Specimens with Slowed, Accelerated and Reversed Aging in the Honey Bee Model

Societies of highly social animals feature vast lifespan differences between closely related individuals. Among social insects, the honey bee is the best established model to study how plasticity in lifespan and aging is explained by social factors.
The worker caste of honey bees includes nurse bees, which tend the brood, and forager bees, which collect nectar and pollen. Previous work has shown that brain functions and flight performance senesce more rapidly in foragers than in nurses. However, brain functions can recover, when foragers revert back to nursing tasks. Such patterns of accelerated and reversed functional senescence are linked to changed metabolic resource levels, to alterations in protein abundance and to immune function. Vitellogenin, a yolk protein with adapted functions in hormonal control and cellular defense, may serve as a major regulatory element in a network that controls the different aging dynamics in workers.
Here we describe how the emergence of nurses and foragers can be monitored, and manipulated, including the reversal from typically short-lived foragers into longer-lived nurses. Our representative results show how individuals with similar chronological age differentiate into foragers and nurse bees under experimental conditions. We exemplify how behavioral reversal from foragers back to nurses can be validated. Last, we show how different cellular senescence can be assessed by measuring the accumulation of lipofuscin, a universal biomarker of senescence.
For studying mechanisms that may link social influences and aging plasticity, this protocol provides a standardized tool set to acquire relevant sample material, and to improve data comparability among future studies.

In honey bee workers, aging depends on social behaviors rather than on chronological age. Here we show how worker-types with very different aging patterns can be obtained and analyzed for cellular senescence.

Ottenere campioni con rallentato, accelerato e invertito l&#39;invecchiamento in Honey Bee Modello

Societies of highly social animals feature vast lifespan differences between closely related individuals. Among social insects, the honey bee is the best ...

Sampling Blood from the Lateral Tail Vein of the Rat

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, proteins, and glucose, yet the composition of the blood is dynamically regulated and easily perturbed. One factor that can change the blood composition is the stress response triggered by the sampling procedure, which can contribute to variability in the measures of interest. Here we describe a procedure for blood sampling from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This procedure offers significant advantages over other more commonly used techniques. It permits rapid sampling with minimal pain or invasiveness, without anesthesia or analgesia. Additionally, it can be used to obtain large volume samples (upwards of 1 ml in some rats), and it may be used repeatedly across experimental days. By minimizing the stress response and pain resulting from blood sampling, measures can more accurately reflect the true basal state of the animal, with minimal influence from the sampling procedure itself.

Blood samples are useful for assessing biomarkers of physiological states or disease in vivo. Here we describe the methodology to sample blood from the lateral tail vein in the rat. This method provides rapid samples with minimal pain and invasiveness.

Prelievo di sangue dalla vena della coda laterale del Topo

Blood samples are commonly obtained in many experimental contexts to measure targets of interest, including hormones, immune factors, growth factors, ...

Adipo-Clear: A Tissue Clearing Method for Three-Dimensional Imaging of Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte precursors, immune cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and nerve projections. Although the molecular control of cell type specification and how these cells interact have been increasingly delineated, a more comprehensive understanding of these adipose-resident cells can be achieved by visualizing their distribution and architecture throughout the whole tissue. Existing immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence approaches to analyze adipose histology rely on thin paraffin-embedded sections. However, thin sections capture only a small portion of tissue; as a result, the conclusions can be biased by what portion of tissue is analyzed. We have therefore developed an adipose tissue clearing technique, Adipo-Clear, to permit comprehensive three-dimensional visualization of molecular and cellular patterns in whole adipose tissues. Adipo-Clear was adapted from iDISCO/iDISCO+, with specific modifications made to completely remove the lipid stored in the tissue while preserving native tissue morphology. In combination with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate here the use of the Adipo-Clear method to obtain high-resolution volumetric images&#160;of an entire adipose tissue.

Due to the high lipid content, adipose tissue has been challenging to visualize using traditional histological methods. Adipo-Clear is a tissue clearing technique that allows robust labeling and high-resolution volumetric fluorescent imaging of adipose tissue. Here, we describe the methods for sample preparation, pretreatment, staining, clearing, and mounting for imaging.

Adipo-Clear: Un tessuto metodo di compensazione per l'Imaging tridimensionale del tessuto adiposo

Adipose tissue plays a central role in energy homeostasis and thermoregulation. It is composed of different types of adipocytes, as well as adipocyte ...

Methods Article

Cervello Banking: Utilizzare al meglio il vostro campioni di ricerca