Questa ricerca è stata sostenuta da un premio Young Investigator dell&#39;Alleanza degli Stati Uniti Nazionale per la Ricerca sulla Schizofrenia e Depressione e un Premio CPRF dalla Fondazione canadese di ricerca psichiatrica (a FD). ED è stata sostenuta da un Wyeth-CIHR Post-Doctoral Fellowship. Gli autori desiderano ringraziare Seres Pietro per l&#39;assistenza fMRI con dati di raccolta e Kristina Suen per l&#39;assistenza con l&#39;analisi dei dati.

1. Raccolta e selezione delle Memorie, Task Imaged e protocollo sperimentale Raccolta delle misure di accompagnamento emozionale <ol><li> Ricordi personali sono suscitato da ogni partecipante nel corso di un&#39;intervista effettuata prima della sessione di fMRI, simile alla procedura utilizzata per i non-emozionale misure di accompagnamento (ad esempio, 11, 12). Diversamente dalla maggior parte delle tecniche precedenti, il nostro AMQ è specificamente costruito per obiettivo la valutazione di episodi emozionali personali e le loro proprietà recollective. Un metodo comunemente usato nelle ricerche comportamentali e adattato per l&#39;impiego in studi di neuroimaging comporta la Crovitz e Schiffman tecnica di 13-15, in cui i soggetti ricordare eventi specifici personalmente sperimentato in risposta alle parole di stecca. Una foto-paradigma è stato utilizzato anche per studiare misure di accompagnamento in ambienti più controllati in studi fMRI 16, 17. Tuttavia, queste tecniche non tipicamente obiettivo esame della componente emotiva di AMS, che si abbinano in termini di qualità recollective. </li><li> Il nostro AMQ comprende una lista di 115 segnali verbali per eventi della vita distinti (ad esempio, la nascita di un membro della famiglia, la morte di un parente), che è una combinazione ed estensione delle liste usate da altri 18, 19. Per ogni stecca, ai partecipanti viene chiesto di ricordare un episodio unico dalla loro vita, che si sono verificati in un determinato luogo e tempo (ad esempio, un caso in cui s / ha giocato in una partita di basket specifico), piuttosto che ricordare eventi generali o ripetuto (per es , giocare a basket del liceo). È importante sottolineare che le memorie devono essere accompagnati dal ricordo di essere personalmente coinvolto, invece di sentirne parlare da altri. </li><li> Al momento di raccoglimento, i partecipanti sono invitati a fornire una breve descrizione della memoria (vedi Figura 1), che sarà poi utilizzato come spunto memory personalizzato durante la scansione fMRI (i partecipanti sono ingenuo lo scopo specifico di pre-scansione intervista). </li><li> Ogni memoria è anche datata e valutato su sei scale Likert 20, 21, per valutare le sue proprietà fenomenologica (vedi Figura 1). Le nostre scale incluso valenza emotiva (utilizzando un scala a 7 punti: -3 = molto negativo, 0 = neutro, +3 = molto positivo), intensità emotiva, un significato personale, la quantità di dettagli contestuali, la quantità di informazioni visuo-percettivo ( cioè, vivacità) e la frequenza di recupero (tutte di quest&#39;ultimo utilizzando una scala a 7 punti: 1 = per niente, 7 = molto). </li></ol><img alt="Figura 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig1.jpg" /> Figura 1. Illustrazione di AMQ Amministrazione. Per ogni spunto, i partecipanti ricordare e descrivere brevemente un evento specifico, e poi data e sul tasso di 6 scale. Selezione di altamente emozionale AMs <ol start="5"><li> Successivamente, il 40 memorie più emozionante (20 positivi e negativi 20) sono selezionati per ogni partecipante, in base alle valutazioni fornite sul AMQ (cioè di 2 o 3 e -2 o -3, rispettivamente). Le misure di accompagnamento positivi e negativi sono poi confrontati in termini di età e proprietà fenomenologica, per garantire che eventuali differenze nell&#39;attività cerebrale durante la rievocazione non sono influenzati dalle differenze in queste proprietà di base. </li><li> Se necessario, le descrizioni dei segnali di memoria selezionati sono stati leggermente adattati per essere abbinate il più possibile per la lunghezza e la complessità grammaticale, ma è anche consigliabile selezionare alcuni ricordi aggiuntivi per fare pratica. </li></ol> La Task fMRI <ol start="7"><li> Il compito fMRI è stato progettato per consentire il confronto del compito AM con una memoria semantica (SM) compito di controllo, le prove di recupero AM e SM hanno una struttura simile generale (vedi Figura 2A). Abbiamo usato CIGAL ( <a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/</a> ) per la presentazione dello stimolo nello scanner MR, ma altri software di presentazione stimolo può essere utilizzato anche. </li><li> Il compito AM si basa sui riferimenti personalizzati raccolti prima della scansione. Ogni prova inizia con un segnale che innesca ricordo AM, che è indicato dal partecipante con pressione di un pulsante. Poi, i partecipanti continuano ricordare i dettagli della manifestazione fino cued nuovo di valutare la memoria raccolto (Figura 2B). </li><li> Il compito SM comporta la generazione di esemplari provenienti da diverse categorie semantiche (ad esempio, strumenti musicali, sportive), che come AM recupero coinvolge ricerca nella memoria e tempo di recupero prolungato 22 (Figura 2B). Dopo una categoria semantica è cued, i partecipanti premere un pulsante non appena avviare il recupero esemplari di quella categoria e poi continuare a recuperare fino cued di nuovo per le valutazioni di memoria. </li></ol><img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig2a.jpg" /> <img alt="Figura 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig2b.jpg" /> Figura 2. Struttura del Trials fMRI. A. GeneraleStruttura delle prove. B. struttura specifica dei processi AM e SM. <ol start="10"><li> Oltre al confronto di base di AM e prove SM, altre manipolazioni possono essere coinvolti. Per esempio, il focus del recupero AM può essere manipolata da dirigere i partecipanti a prestare attenzione agli aspetti emotivi e non emozionale degli eventi ricordati (Figura 2B). Questa manipolazione permette di indagine su come concentrare il recupero può influenzare l&#39;esperienza di misure di accompagnamento e di eventuali cambiamenti associati i correlati neurali associate. </li><li> Ogni prova AM o SM è seguito da schermi voto presentati in un ordine controbilanciato, con 5 punti di scala Likert (vedi Figura 2B). </li><li> L&#39;esperimento è diviso in corre / blocchi di prove, sia per dare il tempo ai partecipanti di riposarsi ed evitare la perdita dei dati in caso di malfunzionamento dell&#39;apparecchiatura. Per funzionare è controbilanciato tra i partecipanti. Ogni esecuzione inizia con sei secondi di fissazione, per consentire la stabilizzazione del segnale MR. Le condizioni di AM e SM sono presentati in un ordine casuale separate da un inter-trial intervallo di durata variabile (5-9 sec, media = 7 sec.). </li></ol> 2. Preparazione del soggetto per la scansione Tutti i partecipanti di fornire il consenso informato scritto prima di eseguire il protocollo sperimentale, che è approvata da un Consiglio di etica. In genere, per evitare confonde nella lateralizzazione delle attivazioni cerebrali, i partecipanti sono acquisiti destri. Prima di entrare nella stanza di scansione <ol><li> Il giorno della scansione, stato attuale affettivo dei partecipanti &#39;viene valutata 23, per controllare l&#39;effetto dello stato d&#39;animo in ricordo di emozioni AMS. In concomitanza con le valutazioni post-scansione, queste prime valutazioni possono anche essere usato per individuare i cambiamenti di umore a seguito della partecipazione allo studio, e come covariate nelle analisi fMRI per studiare attivazioni cerebrali influenzata dagli stati attuali. Allo stesso modo, le valutazioni di tratti di personalità può essere fatta anche (ad esempio, nevroticismo), per indagare le loro possibili pregiudizi sul compito AM 24 e i correlati neurali associate. </li><li> Prima della scansione, i partecipanti sono informati in dettaglio delle procedure di scansione e sono fornite istruzioni specifiche per il compito comportamentale. I partecipanti hanno inoltre completare una breve sessione di pratica, di familiarizzare con il compito. </li></ol> Entrando nella camera di scansione <ol start="3"><li> I partecipanti vengono istruiti a giacere supino sul piano di scansione, e sono dotati di imbottitura supplementare testa, per garantire il massimo comfort durante la scansione e per minimizzare i movimenti. Per ridurre ulteriormente movimento della testa, il non-adesivo lato di una lunghezza di nastro può essere avvolto intorno alla leggera fronte dei soggetti &#39;. I soggetti sono una protezione orecchie e cuffie di isolamento per comunicare con lo sperimentatore durante la risonanza magnetica. </li><li> Mano destra del soggetto è posizionato comodamente sulla casella di risposta, permettendo così la mano sinistra per essere utilizzati a sostegno o per altre misurazioni (ad esempio, le risposte di conduttanza cutanea). Un pulsante di arresto di emergenza è situata in prossimità modo che il soggetto può indicare ogni urgente necessità di arrestare lo scanner. </li><li> Prima di iniziare la raccolta dei dati, è fondamentale assicurarsi che i soggetti possono vedere la proiezione sullo schermo in modo chiaro per la presentazione dello stimolo e che i pulsanti di risposta funzionare correttamente. </li></ol> 3. Registrazione dei dati ed elaborazione Parametri di scansione Abbiamo raccolto dati MRI con un 1.5 Tesla Siemens Sonata per le registrazioni scanner MRI. Immagini anatomiche sono state serie di immagini 3D anatomico MPRAGE (tempo di ripetizione (TR) = 1600 ms, tempo di eco (TE) = 3.82 ms; numero di fette = 112; voxel size = 1x1x1 mm), e le immagini funzionali sono state serie di 28 fette funzionali, ha acquisito assialmente utilizzando una sequenza di echoplanar (TR = 2000 ms, TE = 40 ms; campo di vista FOV = 256x256 mm, dimensioni voxel = 4x4x4 mm), consentendo così una copertura completa del cervello. Analisi dei dati Abbiamo usato statistico parametrico Mapping (SPM: <a href="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm">http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm</a> ) in combinazione con in-house Matlab strumenti basati. Passi necessari pre-elaborazione tipici: garanzia della qualità, l&#39;allineamento TR, la correzione del movimento, co-registrazione, la normalizzazione, e levigante (8 mm 3 del kernel). Analisi individuale e di gruppo a livello statistico può comportare confronti di attività cerebrale a seconda del tipo di memoria (AM vs SM), messa a fuoco valenza emotiva (positiva vs negativo) e il recupero (contenuto emotivo vs non-emozionale). 4. Rappresentante Risultati <img alt="Figura 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3. Correlati neurali di recupero AM. Convalida del presente protocollo, il recupero delle misure di accompagnamento prodotto maggiore attività nel recupero AM rete 4, 25, tra cui ippopotamoaree Campal (a), coinvolti nel recupero della memoria generale, la corteccia prefrontale mediale (b), associati con impegno personale, le regioni cuneo / precuneus e parieto-occipitale giunzione (c, e, rispettivamente), associato con l&#39;elaborazione visuo-spaziale rappresentazione , e il frontale-temporale giunzione (d), coinvolto in affettivi AM recupero; effetti simili a quest&#39;ultimo sono stati trovati anche nell&#39;amigdala (non mostrato). Le &quot;mappe di attivazione&quot; si sovrappongono le immagini ad alta risoluzione del cervello visualizzata in coronale (a sinistra del pannello) e sagittale (pannelli centro e destra) viste; le barre di colore indicano il gradiente di valori t delle mappe di attivazione (p &lt;0,005, 10 voxel contigui 26), che riflettono l&#39;attività cerebrale di tempo bloccato al insorgenze della spunti di memoria. I grafici linea illustrare i corsi tempo del segnale fMRI (segnale di cambio%), per ogni tipo di prova e TR (1 TR = 2 secondi). L = Sinistra, R = Destra.

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Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Il disegno sperimentale presentato qui permette indagine dei correlati neurali del ricordo emotivo ricordi autobiografici. Questo progetto ha il potenziale per far avanzare la nostra conoscenza di come il cervello genera pregiudizi affettivi (positivo o negativo) nel ricordare ricordi personali, e come tali pregiudizi può essere modulata dal centro di recupero (su aspetti emotivi e non emotivo). Questo protocollo offre ulteriori vantaggi, nel senso che può essere utilizzato anche con popolazioni cliniche (ad esempio, ...

brain imaging investigation of the neural correlates of emotional autobiographical recollection

Ricordo di ricordi autobiografici emotivo (AMS) è importante per sano funzionamento cognitivo e affettivo 1 - ricordo positivo AMS è di natura personale maggiore benessere e autostima 2, mentre ricordando e rimuginando sul negativo misure di accompagnamento di portare a disturbi affettivi 3. Nonostante i notevoli progressi sono stati fatti nella comprensione dei meccanismi cerebrali alla base AM recupero in generale (recensione a 4, 5), meno si sa sugli effetti delle emozioni sul soggettivo ri-esperienza di AMS e i correlati neurali associate. Ciò è in parte dovuto al fatto che, a differenza delle indagini degli effetti emozione sulla memoria per gli eventi micro laboratorio-based (recensione in 6, 7-9), spesso AM studi non hanno una chiara focalizzazione sugli aspetti emotivi della ricordare eventi personali (ma v. 10). Qui, vi presentiamo un protocollo che permette di indagine dei correlati neurali della ricordando emotivo misure di accompagnamento utilizzando la risonanza magnetica funzionale (fMRI). Spunti per queste memorie sono raccolte prima della scansione per mezzo di un questionario di memoria autobiografica (AMQ), permettendo quindi di una scelta corretta del emozionale misure di accompagnamento in base alle loro proprietà fenomenologico (cioè, intensità, vivacità, significato personale). Questo protocollo può essere utilizzato in popolazioni sane e cliniche simili.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection at JoVE.com

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Vi presentiamo un protocollo che permette di indagine dei correlati neurali della ricordando ricordi autobiografici emotivo, utilizzando la risonanza magnetica funzionale. Questo protocollo può essere utilizzato con i partecipanti sani e clinica.

Indagine del cervello Imaging i correlati neurali di raccoglimento autobiografica Emozionale

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is ...

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Neuroscience

9.7K Views.  University of Alberta, Edmonton. Vi presentiamo un protocollo che permette di indagine dei correlati neurali della ricordando ricordi autobiografici emotivo, utilizzando la risonanza magnetica funzionale. Questo protocollo può essere utilizzato con i partecipanti sani e clinica.

Video: Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

Indagine del cervello Imaging i correlati neurali di osservazione virtuale interazioni sociali

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

Indagine del cervello Imaging i correlati neurali delle emozioni regolamento

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

Indagine Imaging cerebrale della memoria effetto di intensificazione delle emozioni

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

Imaging cerebrale Indagine di compromettere l&#39;effetto delle emozioni sulla cognizione

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. Here we present a visualized experimental and methodological protocol to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia and to infer perivascular oxygen gradients in the mouse cortex. It is based on the non-linear relationship between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) endogenous fluorescence intensity and oxygen partial pressure in the tissue, where observed tissue NADH fluorescence abruptly increases at tissue oxygen levels below 10 mmHg1. We use two-photon excitation at 740 nm which allows for concurrent excitation of intrinsic NADH tissue fluorescence and blood plasma contrasted with Texas-Red dextran. The advantages of this method over existing approaches include the following: it takes advantage of an intrinsic tissue signal and can be performed using standard two-photon in vivo imaging equipment; it permits continuous monitoring in the whole field of view with a depth resolution of ~50 &mu;m. We demonstrate that brain tissue areas furthest from cerebral blood vessels correspond to vulnerable watershed areas which are the first to become functionally hypoxic following a decline in vascular oxygen supply. This method allows one to image microregional cortical oxygenation and is therefore useful for examining the role of inadequate or restricted tissue oxygen supply in neurovascular diseases and stroke.

Here we describe a method to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia in the mouse cortex in vivo. It is based on concurrent two-photon imaging of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and the cortical microcirculation. This method is useful for high resolution analysis of tissue oxygen supply.

Rilevamento di ipossia microregionale nella corteccia cerebrale di topo Imaging a due fotoni di fluorescenza endogena NADH

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. ...

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents the return of fear. Pavlovian fear-conditioning paradigms are commonly employed to create a controlled, novel fear association in the laboratory. After pairing an innocuous stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) with an aversive outcome (unconditioned stimulus, US) we can elicit a fear response (conditioned response, or CR) by presenting just the stimulus alone1,2 . Once fear is acquired, it can be diminished using extinction training, whereby the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the aversive outcome until fear is no longer expressed3. This inhibitory learning creates a new, safe representation for the CS, which competes for expression with the original fear memory4. Although extinction is effective at inhibiting fear, it is not permanent. Fear can spontaneously recover with the passage of time. Exposure to stress or returning to the context of initial learning can also cause fear to resurface3,4.
Our protocol addresses the transient nature of extinction by targeting the reconsolidation window to modify emotional memory in a more permanent manner. Ample evidence suggests that reactivating a consolidated memory returns it to a labile state, during which the memory is again susceptible to interference5-9. This window of opportunity appears to open shortly after reactivation and close approximately 6hrs later5,11,16, although this may vary depending on the strength and age of the memory15. By allowing new information to incorporate into the original memory trace, this memory may be updated as it reconsolidates10,11. Studies involving non-human animals have successfully blocked the expression of fear memory by introducing pharmacological manipulations within the reconsolidation window, however, most agents used are either toxic to humans or show equivocal effects when used in human studies12-14. Our protocol addresses these challenges by offering an effective, yet non-invasive, behavioral manipulation that is safe for humans.
By prompting fear memory retrieval prior to extinction, we essentially trigger the reconsolidation process, allowing new safety information (i.e., extinction) to be incorporated while the fear memory is still susceptible to interference. A recent study employing this behavioral manipulation in rats has successfully blocked fear memory using these temporal parameters11. Additional studies in humans have demonstrated that introducing new information after the retrieval of previously consolidated motor16, episodic17, or declarative18 memories leads to interference with the original memory trace14. We outline below a novel protocol used to block fear recovery in humans.

Conditioned fear can be diminished through an inhibitory process called extinction, but can resurface under conditions such as the passage of time or exposure to stress. Our protocol presents a novel way of preventing fear recovery by introducing extinction during the reconsolidation window (the re-storage phase of a reactivated memory).

Formazione estinzione durante la finestra di riconsolidamento impedisce il recupero della paura

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents ...

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

Co-analisi della struttura e delle funzioni cerebrali con fMRI e Diffusion-weighted imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

The patch-clamp technique is today the most well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual neurons or their subcellular compartments. Nevertheless, achieving stable recordings, even from individual cells, remains a time-consuming procedure of considerable complexity. Automation of many steps in conjunction with efficient information display can greatly assist experimentalists in performing a larger number of recordings with greater reliability and in less time. In order to achieve large-scale recordings we concluded the most efficient approach is not to fully automatize the process but to simplify the experimental steps and reduce the chances of human error while efficiently incorporating the experimenter's experience and visual feedback. With these goals in mind we developed a computer-assisted system which centralizes all the controls necessary for a multi-electrode patch-clamp experiment in a single interface, a commercially available wireless gamepad, while displaying experiment related information and guidance cues on the computer screen. Here we describe the different components of the system which allowed us to reduce the time required for achieving the recording configuration and substantially increase the chances of successfully recording large numbers of neurons simultaneously.

Multi-electrode patch-clamp recordings constitute a complex task. Here we show how, by automating of many of the experimental steps, it is possible to accelerate the process leading to qualitative improvement in performance and number of recordings.

Un multi-elettrodo patch-clamp Computer System-assistita

The patch-clamp technique is today the most  well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual  neurons or their subcellular ...

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathways to produce cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Impairment of mitochondrial ATP production causes mitochondrial disorders, which present clinically with prominent neurological and myopathic symptoms. Mitochondrial defects are also present in neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism spectrum disorder) and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer&#39;s and Parkinson&#39;s diseases). Thus, there is an increased interest in the field for performing 3D analysis of mitochondrial morphology, structure and distribution under both healthy and disease states. The brain mitochondrial morphology is extremely diverse, with some mitochondria especially those in the synaptic region being in the range of &#60;200 nm diameter, which is below the resolution limit of traditional light microscopy. Expressing a mitochondrially-targeted green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the brain significantly enhances the organellar detection by confocal microscopy. However, it does not overcome the constraints on the sensitivity of detection of relatively small sized mitochondria without oversaturating the images of large sized mitochondria. While serial transmission electron microscopy has been successfully used to characterize mitochondria at the neuronal synapse, this technique is extremely time-consuming especially when comparing multiple samples. The serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) technique involves an automated process of sectioning, imaging blocks of tissue and data acquisition. Here, we provide a protocol to perform SBFSEM of a defined region from rodent brain to rapidly reconstruct and visualize mitochondrial morphology. This technique could also be used to provide accurate information on mitochondrial number, volume, size and distribution in a defined brain region. Since the obtained image resolution is high (typically under 10 nm) any gross mitochondrial morphological defects may also be detected.

Mitochondrial visualization and analysis from mammalian brain tissue is a challenging task. Here, we describe how three dimensional (3D) reconstruction analysis from the serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) can be used to gain insights on the morphological and volumetric analysis of this critical energy generating organelle.

Analisi di Brain mitocondri Utilizzando Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Imaging di attività neurale nella corteccia somatosensoriale primaria utilizzando Thy1-topi transgenici GCaMP6s

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...