Il progetto è sostenuto in parte dalla Fondazione Alfred P. Sloan, Premio alla Carriera NSF (DBI 1027394), e l&#39;Istituto Nazionale di General Medical Sciences (GM083107, GM084222).

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Nessun conflitto di interessi dichiarati.

Il protocollo di cui sopra è una linea guida generale per la struttura e la modellazione funzione utilizzando l&#39;I-Tasser server. Anche se, questa procedura automatizzata funziona molto bene per la maggior parte delle proteine, interventi umani spesso aiutano a migliorare significativamente la precisione di modellazione, soprattutto per le proteine ​​che mancano di modelli chiudere in biblioteca PPB. Gli utenti possono intervenire durante la I-Tasser di modellazione nei seguenti modi: (a) scissione della multi-dominio proteine, (b) fornire vincoli esterni per migliorare la struttura di assemblaggio, e (c) la rimozione dei modelli durante la modellazione. Dividere multi-dominio proteico: Molte sequenze proteiche lunghe spesso contengono più domini legati da regioni linker flessibile, il che rende loro difficile delucidazione struttura utilizzando tecniche sia sperimentali e computazionali. Tuttavia, come i domini sono pieghevoli entità indipendente e può eseguire diverse funzioni molecolare, èauspicabile per dividere lungo multi-dominio proteine ​​e il modello ogni dominio separatamente. I domini di modellazione individualmente non solo accelerare il processo di previsione, ma aumenta anche la qualità della query modello dell&#39;allineamento, con conseguente maggiore struttura affidabile e previsioni funzione. I limiti del dominio a sequenze proteiche possono essere previsti con programmi esterni liberamente disponibile online, come NCBI CDD 24, 25 o PFAM InterProScan 26. Inoltre, se allineamenti LOMETS threading sono disponibili per la proteina query, i limiti del dominio può essere individuato da individuare visivamente lunghi tratti di residui non allineati nei modelli top filettatura (vedi punto 5.4). Queste regioni non allineati per lo più corrispondono alle regioni linker dominio. Se il multi-dominio modelli sono già disponibili nella libreria di modelli PDB con tutti i domini domanda allineati, allora la proteina query può essere modellato come lunghezza. Fornire vincoli esterni <pclass = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Le simulazioni di assemblaggio struttura in I-Tasser sono prevalentemente guidate da vincoli territoriali raccolti dal LOMETS filettatura modelli. Per le proteine ​​di query che hanno colpito una buona filettatura (norm. Z-score&gt; 1) nella biblioteca modello, derivato vincoli spaziali sono per lo più di alta precisione e I-Tasser genererà modelli ad alta risoluzione strutturale di queste proteine. Al contrario, per le proteine ​​query che sono deboli o no hit threading (norm. Z-score &lt;1), raccolti restrizioni spaziali spesso contengono errori a causa dell&#39;incertezza del modello e l&#39;allineamento. Per questi obiettivi proteine, specificato dall&#39;utente informazioni territoriali possono essere molto utili per migliorare la qualità del modello previsto. Gli utenti possono fornire vincoli esterni alla I-Tasser server in due modi: A. Specificare contatto / distanza restrizioni Sperimentalmente caratterizzata inter-residuo contatti / distanze, ad esempio da NMR ocross-linking esperimenti, può essere specificato il caricamento di un file di moderazione. Un file di esempio è illustrato nella figura 8, dove Colonna 1 specifica il tipo di restrizione, cioè &quot;DIST&quot; o &quot;CONTATTI&quot;. Alla moderazione distanza (DIST), colonne 2 e 4 contengono residui di posizioni (i, j), colonne 3 e 5 contengono l&#39;atomo-tipo nel residuo e colonna 6 specifica la distanza tra i due atomi specificato. Per le restrizioni di contatto (contatto), colonne 2 e 3 contengono le posizioni (i, j) di residui che devono essere a contatto. La distanza tra il centro catene laterali di queste coppie di residui di contatto è deciso sulla base di distanze osservati in strutture note nel PPB. I-Tasser cercherò di tracciare queste coppie atomo vicino alla distanza specificata durante le simulazioni raffinatezza della struttura. B. Specificare un modello di struttura delle proteine LOMETS programmi threading utilizzare una libreria rappresentante PDB per trovare pieghe plausibile per la richiesta protein. Sebbene l&#39;utilizzo di una libreria struttura rappresentativa aiuta a ridurre il tempo necessario per calcolare la sequenza-struttura allineamenti, è possibile che una proteina modello buono è mancato in biblioteca o il modello non sono stati identificati dai programmi di LOMETS filettatura, anche se è presenti nella biblioteca. In questi casi, l&#39;utente deve specificare la struttura della proteina desiderata come il modello. Per specificare la struttura della proteina come un ulteriore modello, gli utenti possono caricare un file PDB struttura formattata o specificare l&#39;ID PPB di una struttura proteica depositato in biblioteca PPB. L&#39;I-Tasser genererà la query-modello di allineamento con il programma MUSTER 23 e raccoglierà vincoli spaziali sia l&#39;utente specificato modello e modelli LOMETS per guidare la simulazione di assemblaggio della struttura. Perché l&#39;accuratezza dei vincoli LOMETS è differente per target diversi, il peso dei vincoli LOMETS è più forte in facile (omologo) targets da quello rigido (non omologhe) obiettivi, che sono state sistematicamente sintonizzato nella nostra formazione di riferimento. Gli utenti possono anche specificare il proprio modello di query-allineamenti. Il server accetta l&#39;allineamento in due formati: il formato FASTA (Figura 9A) e il formato 3D (Figura 9B). Il formato FASTA è standard e descritto in <a href="http://zhanglab.%20ccmb.med.umich.edu/FASTA/">http://zhanglab. ccmb.med.umich.edu / FASTA /</a> . Il formato 3D è simile al formato standard PDB ( <a href="http://www.wwpdb.org/documentation/format32/sect9.html">http://www.wwpdb.org/documentation/format32/sect9.html</a> ), ma due colonne aggiuntive derivate dai modelli vengono aggiunti ai record ATOM (vedi Figura 9B): Colonne 1-30: Atom (C-alfa solo) e residui di nomi per la sequenza query. Colonne 31-54: Coordinate di C-alfa atomi della query copiato dal atomi corrispondente nel modello. Colonne 55-59: numero di residuo corrispondente nel modello sulla base di allineamento Colonne 60-64: nome di residuo corrispondente nel modello Escludi proteine ​​modelli Le proteine ​​sono molecole flessibili e possono adottare diversi stati conformazionali di cambiare la loro attività biologica. Per esempio, le strutture di molte proteine ​​chinasi e proteine ​​di membrana sono stati risolti in conformazione sia attivi e inattivi. Anche la presenza o l&#39;assenza di ligando legato possono causare grandi movimenti strutturali. Mentre tutti gli stati conformazionali del modello sono simili per i programmi di threading, è auspicabile per modellare la query utilizzando i modelli in un solo stato. Una nuova opzione sul server consente all&#39;utente di escludere le proteine ​​modello durante la modellazione della struttura. Questa caratteristica permetterebbe inoltre agli utenti di scegliere il livello di omologia di modelli da utilizzare per la modellazione. Gli utenti possono escludere le proteine ​​modello from I-Tasser libreria: A. Definizione di un taglio identità di sequenza Gli utenti possono utilizzare questa opzione per escludere proteine ​​omologhe da I-Tasser libreria di modelli. Il livello di omologia è impostato in base al taglio identità di sequenza, cioè il numero di residui identici tra la query e la proteina modello di divisa per la lunghezza della sequenza della sequenza query. Per esempio, se l&#39;utente digita nel &quot;70%&quot; nella forma prevista, tutte le proteine ​​modelli che hanno una identità di sequenza&gt; 70% per la proteina richiesta I-saranno esclusi dalla I-Tasser libreria di modelli. B. Escludi proteine ​​modello specifico Proteine ​​modello specifico può essere escluso dalla I-Tasser libreria di modelli caricando un elenco contenente gli ID PPB delle strutture da escludere. Un file di esempio è illustrato nella figura 10. Come la stessa proteina può esistere come più voci nella libreria PPB, I-Tasser séfiume Eno per default escludere i modelli specificato (in Colonna1), così come tutti gli altri modelli della libreria che hanno una identità&gt; 90% per i modelli specificati. Gli utenti possono anche specificare una soglia diversa identità, ad esempio, il 70%, dove tutti i modelli con l&#39;identità&gt; 70% di proteine ​​modello specificato saranno escluse.

<ol><li> FASTA formattato sequenza aminoacidica della proteina da modellare (v., <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/fasta.shtml">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/fasta.shtml</a> ). </li><li> Un personal computer con accesso a Internet e un browser web. </li><li> Software di visualizzazione molecolare, ad esempio, RasMol o PyMOL, per analizzare la struttura terziaria previsti e siti funzionali. </li></ol>

a protocol for computer-based protein structure and function prediction

Progetti di sequenziamento del genoma sono cifrati milioni di sequenza della proteina, che richiedono la conoscenza della loro struttura e funzione di migliorare la comprensione del loro ruolo biologico. Anche se i metodi sperimentali in grado di fornire informazioni dettagliate per una piccola parte di queste proteine, la modellazione computazionale è necessario per la maggior parte delle molecole proteiche che sono sperimentalmente caratterizzati. L&#39;I-Tasser server è un banco di lavoro on-line ad alta risoluzione di modellazione della struttura e funzione delle proteine. Data una sequenza proteica, un output tipico del I-Tasser server include la previsione della struttura secondaria, prevede l&#39;accessibilità di ogni residuo solvente, proteine ​​omologhe modello di threading e rilevato da allineamenti struttura, fino a cinque modelli terziario full-length strutturale, e la struttura a base di annotazioni funzionali per la classificazione degli enzimi, Gene Ontology termini e le interazioni proteina-ligando siti di legame. Tutte le previsioni sono contrassegnati con un punteggio di confidenza cheracconta di come le previsioni sono accurate senza conoscere i dati sperimentali. Per facilitare le richieste particolari degli utenti finali, il server fornisce canali di accettare specificato dall&#39;utente tra residui distanza e contattare le mappe di modificare interattivamente la I-Tasser di modellazione, ma permette anche agli utenti di specificare le proteine ​​come modello, o per escludere qualsiasi modello proteine ​​durante le simulazioni di montaggio della struttura. Le informazioni strutturali potrebbero essere raccolti dagli utenti sulla base di evidenze sperimentali o dati biologici con lo scopo di migliorare la qualità di I-Tasser previsioni. Il server è stato valutato come il migliore dei programmi per la struttura delle proteine ​​e le previsioni funzione nel recente a livello di comunità esperimenti CASP. Ci sono attualmente&gt; 20.000 scienziati registrati da oltre 100 paesi che utilizzano l&#39;on line I-Tasser server.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Computer-Based Protein Structure and Function Prediction at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Computer-Based Protein Structure and Function Prediction

Linee guida per computer basato su caratterizzazione strutturale e funzionale di proteine ​​utilizzando l&#39;I-Tasser pipeline è descritto. Partendo dalla sequenza della proteina query, i modelli 3D sono generate utilizzando più allineamenti threading e iterativo simulazioni di assemblaggio strutturale. Inferenze funzionali sono successivamente redatto in base alle corrispondenze di proteine ​​con struttura nota e funzioni.

Un protocollo per la Computer-Based Protein Structure Prediction e Funzione

Genome sequencing projects have ciphered millions of protein sequence, which require knowledge of their structure and function to improve the ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

68.2K Views.  University of Michigan. Linee guida per computer basato su caratterizzazione strutturale e funzionale di proteine ​​utilizzando l'I-Tasser pipeline è descritto. Partendo dalla sequenza della proteina query, i modelli 3D sono generate utilizzando più allineamenti threading e iterativo simulazioni di assemblaggio strutturale. Inferenze funzionali sono successivamente redatto in base alle corrispondenze di proteine ​​con struttura nota e funzioni.

Video: A Protocol for Computer-Based Protein Structure and Function Prediction

The Importance of Correct Protein Concentration for Kinetics and Affinity Determination in Structure-function Analysis 

In this study, we explore the interaction between the bovine cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin B and a catalytically inactive form of papain (Fig. 1), a plant cysteine protease, by real-time label-free analysis using Biacore X100. Several cystatin B variants with point mutations in areas of interaction with papain, are produced. For each cystatin B variant we determine its specific binding concentration using calibration-free concentration analysis (CFCA) and compare the values obtained with total protein concentration as determined by A280. After that, the kinetics of each cystatin B variant binding to papain is measured using single-cycle kinetics (SCK). We show that one of the four cystatin B variants we examine is only partially active for binding. This partial activity, revealed by CFCA, translates to a significant difference in the association rate constant (ka) and affinity (KD), compared to the values calculated using total protein concentration. Using CFCA in combination with kinetic analysis in a structure-function study contributes to obtaining reliable results, and helps to make the right interpretation of the interaction mechanism.

The Importance of Correct Protein Concentration for Kinetics and Affinity Determination in Structure-function Analysis

We apply label-free protein interaction analysis using Biacore X100 for structure-function analysis of the binding of several cystatin B mutants to papain through kinetic characterization. Calibration-free concentration analysis (CFCA) measures the concentration of protein with retained binding activity without the need for a standard curve. We show that confirmation of concentrations using CFCA increases the reliability of the kinetic analysis and that kinetic constants can reliably be determined even if the activity of a recombinant protein is reduced.

L&#39;importanza della concentrazione della proteina corretta per Cinetica e determinazione affinità nella struttura-funzione di analisi

In this study, we explore the interaction between the bovine cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin B and a catalytically inactive form of papain (Fig. 1), ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based fractionation. The system is comprised of single-use, 8-sample capacity cartridges and a benchtop GELFREE Fractionation Instrument. During separation, a constant voltage is applied between the anode and cathode reservoirs, and each protein mixture is electrophoretically driven from a loading chamber into a specially designed gel column gel. Proteins are concentrated into a tight band in a stacking gel, and separated based on their respective electrophoretic mobilities in a resolving gel. As proteins elute from the column, they are trapped and concentrated in liquid phase in the collection chamber, free of the gel. The instrument is then paused at specific time intervals, and fractions are collected using a pipette. This process is repeated until all desired fractions have been collected. If fewer than 8 samples are run on a cartridge, any unused chambers can be used in subsequent separations.
This novel technology facilitates the quick and simple separation of up to 8 complex protein mixtures simultaneously, and offers several advantages when compared to previously available fractionation methods. This system is capable of fractionating up to 1mg of total protein per channel, for a total of 8mg per cartridge. Intact proteins over a broad mass range are separated on the basis of molecular weight, retaining important physiochemical properties of the analyte. The liquid phase entrapment provides for high recovery while eliminating the need for band or spot cutting, making the fractionation process highly reproducible1.

The accompanying video describes the use of the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System, which partitions complex protein samples on the basis of molecular weight and recovers the fractions in liquid phase. The video describes how the technology works, how it is used, and provides resultant data, with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of fractionated bovine liver homogenate.

Utilizzando il sistema GELFREE 8100 Frazionamento per peso molecolare basata su Frazionamento con recupero della fase liquida

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based ...

Analysis of the Development of a Morphological Phenotype as a Function of Protein Concentration in Budding Yeast

Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of phenotype development as a function of protein concentration at population and single-cell levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although this protocol is based on the overexpression of a protein, it can easily be adapted for morphological phenotypes dependent on suppression of protein expression. Our lab is interested in studying the signaling properties of the endocytic adaptor protein epsin. To that purpose we used a dominant negative approach in which we over-expressed the conserved Epsin N-Terminal Homology (ENTH) domain in order to interfere with the functions of endogenous epsin-2 (Ent2 or YLR206W). We observed that overexpression of the ENTH domain of Ent2 (ENTH2) in wild type cells led to a cell division defect that is dependent on the mislocalization of a family of scaffolding proteins, septins.

Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of phenotype development as a function of protein concentration at population and single-cell levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Analisi dello sviluppo di un fenotipo morfologico come funzione della concentrazione di proteine ​​in lievito

Gene deletion and protein overexpression are common methods for studying functions of proteins. In this article, we describe a protocol for analysis of ...

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in current research and a plethora of methods for their investigation is available1. Protein-protein interactions often are highly dynamic and may depend on subcellular localization, post-translational modifications and the local protein environment2. Therefore, they should be investigated in their natural environment, for which co-immunoprecipitation approaches are the method of choice3. Co-precipitated interaction partners are identified either by immunoblotting in a targeted approach, or by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in an untargeted way. The latter strategy often is adversely affected by a large number of false positive discoveries, mainly derived from the high sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers that confidently detect traces of unspecifically precipitating proteins. A recent approach to overcome this problem is based on the idea that reduced amounts of specific interaction partners will co-precipitate with a given target protein whose cellular concentration is reduced by RNAi, while the amounts of unspecifically precipitating proteins should be unaffected. This approach, termed QUICK for QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown4, employs Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)5 and MS to quantify the amounts of proteins immunoprecipitated from wild-type and knock-down strains. Proteins found in a 1:1 ratio can be considered as contaminants, those enriched in precipitates from the wild type as specific interaction partners of the target protein. Although innovative, QUICK bears some limitations: first, SILAC is cost-intensive and limited to organisms that ideally are auxotrophic for arginine and/or lysine. Moreover, when heavy arginine is fed, arginine-to-proline interconversion results in additional mass shifts for each proline in a peptide and slightly dilutes heavy with light arginine, which makes quantification more tedious and less accurate5,6. Second, QUICK requires that antibodies are titrated such that they do not become saturated with target protein in extracts from knock-down mutants.
Here we introduce a modified QUICK protocol which overcomes the abovementioned limitations of QUICK by replacing SILAC for 15N metabolic labeling and by replacing RNAi-mediated knock-down for affinity modulation of protein-protein interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of this protocol using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as model organism and the chloroplast HSP70B chaperone as target protein7 (Figure 1). HSP70s are known to interact with specific co-chaperones and substrates only in the ADP state8. We exploit this property as a means to verify the specific interaction of HSP70B with its nucleotide exchange factor CGE19.

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

We present a variation of the QUICK (QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown) approach that was introduced previously to distinguish between true and false protein-protein interactions. Our approach is based on 15N metabolic labeling, the modulation of affinities of protein-protein interactions by the presence/absence of ATP, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative mass spectrometry.

Un protocollo per l&#39;identificazione di interazioni proteina-proteina Sulla base di<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; N marcatura metabolica, immunoprecipitazione, Spettrometria di massa quantitativa e di affinità di modulazione

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in ...

Using High Resolution Computed Tomography to Visualize the Three Dimensional Structure and Function of Plant Vasculature

High resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRCT) is a non-destructive diagnostic imaging technique with sub-micron resolution capability that is now being used to evaluate the structure and function of plant xylem network in three dimensions (3D) (e.g. Brodersen et al. 2010; 2011; 2012a,b). HRCT imaging is based on the same principles as medical CT systems, but a high intensity synchrotron x-ray source results in higher spatial resolution and decreased image acquisition time. Here, we demonstrate in detail how synchrotron-based HRCT (performed at the Advanced Light Source-LBNL Berkeley, CA, USA) in combination with Avizo software (VSG Inc., Burlington, MA, USA) is being used to explore plant xylem in excised tissue and living plants. This new imaging tool allows users to move beyond traditional static, 2D light or electron micrographs and study samples using virtual serial sections in any plane. An infinite number of slices in any orientation can be made on the same sample, a feature that is physically impossible using traditional microscopy methods.
Results demonstrate that HRCT can be applied to both herbaceous and woody plant species, and a range of plant organs (i.e. leaves, petioles, stems, trunks, roots). Figures presented here help demonstrate both a range of representative plant vascular anatomy and the type of detail extracted from HRCT datasets, including scans for coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), walnut (Juglans spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), and maple (Acer spp.) tree saplings to sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), grapevines (Vitis spp.), and ferns (Pteridium aquilinum and Woodwardia fimbriata). Excised and dried samples from woody species are easiest to scan and typically yield the best images. However, recent improvements (i.e. more rapid scans and sample stabilization) have made it possible to use this visualization technique on green tissues (e.g. petioles) and in living plants. On occasion some shrinkage of hydrated green plant tissues will cause images to blur and methods to avoid these issues are described. These recent advances with HRCT provide promising new insights into plant vascular function.

High resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRCT) is a non-destructive diagnostic imaging technique that can be used to study the structure and function of plant vasculature in 3D. We demonstrate how HRCT facilitates exploration of xylem networks across a wide range of plant tissues and species.

Utilizzando ad alta risoluzione Tomografia Computerizzata Per visualizzare la struttura tridimensionale e funzione delle piante Vasculature

High resolution x-ray computed tomography (HRCT) is a non-destructive diagnostic imaging technique with sub-micron resolution capability that is now being ...

RNA Secondary Structure Prediction Using High-throughput SHAPE

Understanding the function of RNA involved in biological processes requires a thorough knowledge of RNA structure. Toward this end, the methodology dubbed "high-throughput selective 2' hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension", or SHAPE, allows prediction of RNA secondary structure with single nucleotide resolution. This approach utilizes chemical probing agents that preferentially acylate single stranded or flexible regions of RNA in aqueous solution. Sites of chemical modification are detected by reverse transcription of the modified RNA, and the products of this reaction are fractionated by automated capillary electrophoresis (CE). Since reverse transcriptase pauses at those RNA nucleotides modified by the SHAPE reagents, the resulting cDNA library indirectly maps those ribonucleotides that are single stranded in the context of the folded RNA. Using ShapeFinder software, the electropherograms produced by automated CE are processed and converted into nucleotide reactivity tables that are themselves converted into pseudo-energy constraints used in the RNAStructure (v5.3) prediction algorithm. The two-dimensional RNA structures obtained by combining SHAPE probing with in silico RNA secondary structure prediction have been found to be far more accurate than structures obtained using either method alone.

High-throughput selective 2' hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) utilizes a novel chemical probing technology, reverse transcription, capillary electrophoresis and secondary structure prediction software to determine the structures of RNAs from several hundred to several thousand nucleotides at single nucleotide resolution.

RNA Secondaria previsione della struttura utilizzando la forma di alta velocità

Understanding the function of RNA involved in biological processes requires a thorough knowledge of RNA structure. Toward this end, the methodology dubbed ...

A Protocol for Phage Display and Affinity Selection Using Recombinant Protein Baits

Using recombinant phage as a scaffold to present various protein portions encoded by a directionally cloned cDNA library to immobilized bait molecules is an efficient means to discover interactions. The technique has largely been used to discover protein-protein interactions but the bait molecule to be challenged need not be restricted to proteins. The protocol presented here has been optimized to allow a modest number of baits to be screened in replicates to maximize the identification of independent clones presenting the same protein. This permits greater confidence that interacting proteins identified are legitimate interactors of the bait molecule. Monitoring the phage titer after each affinity selection round provides information on how the affinity selection is progressing as well as on the efficacy of negative controls. One means of titering the phage, and how and what to prepare in advance to allow this process to progress as efficiently as possible, is presented. Attributes of amplicons retrieved following isolation of independent plaque are highlighted that can be used to ascertain how well the affinity selection has progressed. Trouble shooting techniques to minimize false positives or to bypass persistently recovered phage are explained. Means of reducing viral contamination flare up are discussed.

Phage display is a powerful technique to capture proteins or protein moieties that interact with an immobilized molecule of interest. Once a decision of the type of phage cDNA library to create and screen has been made, the protocol described here permits efficient affinity selection leading to identification of interactors.

Un protocollo per Phage Display e affinità selezione con esche proteina ricombinante

Using  recombinant phage as a scaffold to present various protein portions encoded by  a directionally cloned cDNA library to immobilized bait molecules ...

Discovering Protein Interactions and Characterizing Protein Function Using HaloTag Technology

Research in proteomics has exploded in recent years with advances in mass spectrometry capabilities that have led to the characterization of numerous proteomes, including those from viruses, bacteria, and yeast.&#160; In comparison, analysis of the human proteome lags behind, partially due to the sheer number of proteins which must be studied, but also the complexity of networks and interactions these present. To specifically address the challenges of understanding the human proteome, we have developed HaloTag technology for protein isolation, particularly strong for isolation of multiprotein complexes and allowing more efficient capture of weak or transient interactions and/or proteins in low abundance. &#160;HaloTag is a genetically encoded protein fusion tag, designed for covalent, specific, and rapid immobilization or labelling of proteins with various ligands. Leveraging these properties, numerous applications for mammalian cells were developed to characterize protein function and here we present methodologies including: protein pull-downs used for discovery of novel interactions or functional assays, and cellular localization. We find significant advantages in the speed, specificity, and covalent capture of fusion proteins to surfaces for proteomic analysis as compared to other traditional non-covalent approaches. We demonstrate these and the broad utility of the technology using two important epigenetic proteins as examples, the human bromodomain protein BRD4, and histone deacetylase HDAC1.&#160; These examples demonstrate the power of this technology in enabling &#160;the discovery of novel interactions and characterizing cellular localization in eukaryotes, which will together further understanding of human functional proteomics. &#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;

HaloTag technology is a multifunctional technology which has shown significant success in isolation of both small and large protein complexes from mammalian cells.&#160; Here we highlight the advantages of this technology compared to existing alternatives and demonstrate its utility to study numerous aspects of protein function inside eukaryotic cells.

Scoprire le interazioni proteina e caratterizzazione di proteine ​​Funzione Con HaloTag Tecnologia

Research in proteomics has exploded in recent years with advances in mass spectrometry capabilities that have led to the characterization of numerous ...

Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters. The phosphorylation and nucleotide dependent chloride channel activity of CFTR has been frequently studied in whole cell systems and as single channels in excised membrane patches. Many Cystic Fibrosis-causing mutations have been shown to alter this activity. While a small number of purification protocols have been published, a fast reconstitution method that retains channel activity and a suitable method for studying population channel activity in a purified system have been lacking. Here rapid methods are described for purification and functional reconstitution of the full-length CFTR protein into proteoliposomes of defined lipid composition that retains activity as a regulated halide channel. This reconstitution method together with a novel flux-based assay of channel activity is a suitable system for studying the population channel properties of wild type CFTR and the disease-causing mutants F508del- and G551D-CFTR. Specifically, the method has utility in studying the direct effects of phosphorylation, nucleotides and small molecules such as potentiators and inhibitors on CFTR channel activity. The methods are also amenable to the study of other membrane channels/transporters for anionic substrates.

Described here is a rapid and effective procedure for functional reconstitution of purified wild-type and mutant CFTR protein that preserves activity for this chloride channel, which is defective in Cystic Fibrosis. Iodide efflux from reconstituted proteoliposomes mediated by CFTR allows studies of channel activity and the effects of small molecules.

Ricostituzione funzionale e attività Canale Misure di purificata di tipo selvatico e mutante CFTR proteine

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of ...

Inducible LAP-tagged Stable Cell Lines for Investigating Protein Function, Spatiotemporal Localization and Protein Interaction Networks

Multi-protein complexes, rather than single proteins acting in isolation, often govern molecular pathways regulating cellular homeostasis. Based on this principle, the purification of critical proteins required for the functioning of these pathways along with their native interacting partners has not only allowed the mapping of the protein constituents of these pathways, but has also provided a deeper understanding of how these proteins coordinate to regulate these pathways. Within this context, understanding a protein's spatiotemporal localization and its protein-protein interaction network can aid in defining its role within a pathway, as well as how its misregulation may lead to disease pathogenesis. To address this need, several approaches for protein purification such as tandem affinity purification (TAP) and localization and affinity purification (LAP) have been designed and used successfully. Nevertheless, in order to apply these approaches to pathway-scale proteomic analyses, these strategies must be supplemented with modern technological developments in cloning and mammalian stable cell line generation. Here, we describe a method for generating LAP-tagged human inducible stable cell lines for investigating protein subcellular localization and protein-protein interaction networks. This approach has been successfully applied to the dissection of multiple cellular pathways including cell division and is compatible with high-throughput proteomic analyses.

We describe a method for generating localization and affinity purification (LAP)-tagged inducible stable cell lines for investigating protein function, spatiotemporal subcellular localization and protein-protein interaction networks.

Inducibile LAP-tagged linee cellulari stabili per indagare la funzione delle proteine, Spatiotemporal Localizzazione e reti di interazione proteina

Multi-protein complexes, rather than single proteins acting in isolation, often govern molecular pathways regulating cellular homeostasis. Based on this ...