Gli autori ringraziano il Sig. JO Hornkohl per l&#39;interesse e la discussione sul calcolo di biatomiche punti di forza della linea molecolare. Questo lavoro è in parte sostenuto dal Centro per le applicazioni laser presso l&#39;Università del Tennessee Spazio Institute.

1. Installazione del sistema ottico <ol><li> Collocare un divisore di fascio all&#39;uscita del laser, permettendo la luce di lunghezza d&#39;onda di 1.064 nm di passare attraverso e riflettere ogni altra radiazione laser transitoria in una discarica fascio. </li><li> Collocare un rilevatore fotodiodo PIN alta velocità per registrare una porzione della radiazione laser riflesso dal divisore di fascio. Collegare questo rivelatore all&#39;oscilloscopio con cavo coassiale per monitorare l&#39;impulso ottico rispetto alla attivazione mediante il generatore di funzioni e verificarsi del Q-switching in Nd: dispositivo laser YAG. </li><li> Allineare tre specchi riflettenti IR per posizionare il fascio parallelo alla fenditura dello spettrometro. </li><li> Posizionare una lente sopra fase traslazionale di concentrare il fascio per generare ottica ripartizione plasma parallela alla fessura spettrometro. Allineare due lenti di quarzo al fine di imaging del plasma sulla fessura. Le due lenti di messa a fuoco ottimale corrisponde al disegno spettrometro, cioè l&#39;obiettivo finale ha un aperTure per realizzare af # identico con la f # dell&#39;ottica interne della spettrometro. </li><li> Per misure sopra 380 nm, posizionare un taglio sul filtro tra le due lenti al fine di bloccare radiazioni inferiori 380 nm. Il taglio del filtro sopprime possibili contributi UV (a causa di 2 ° ordine del reticolo) al spettri misurati. </li></ol> 2. Impostazione dei dati di acquisizione <ol><li> Collegare un generatore di funzioni forma d&#39;onda fornendo un&#39;onda triangolare a 50 Hz per un circuito integrato personalizzato divisione per cinque avere 10 Hz. L&#39;analizzatore multicanale ottico (OMA) viene fatto funzionare a 50 Hz e le lampade flash del Nd: YAG laser sono sincrono funzionare a 10 Hz. Si può utilizzare un ICCD al posto della OMA, operando in modo sincrono alla frequenza della radiazione laser impulsata pure. </li><li> Collegare una delle uscite del circuito integrato personalizzato divisione per cinque a un generatore di ritardo digitale. Utilizzare una uscita di sincronizzare il Nd: YAG lampade flash e un&#39;altra uscita di control i trigger della intensificatore serie di diodi lineare e analizzatore multicanale ottico. Anche in questo caso, al posto della serie di diodi lineare intensificato e OMA si può utilizzare un ICCD. </li><li> Relè dell&#39;uscita grilletto regolabile del dispositivo laser di un oscilloscopio e di un generatore di impulsi. L&#39;oscilloscopio verrà utilizzato per monitorare quando la radiazione laser impulsata sarà disponibile per la generazione di breakdown ottico o ablazione laser. </li><li> Collegare l&#39;uscita ad alta tensione del generatore di impulsi digitale al diode array lineare intensificato. </li><li> Collegare l&#39;altra uscita del generatore di impulsi all&#39;oscilloscopio. </li><li> Collegare l&#39;uscita serie di diodi lineare intensificato la OMA. </li></ol> 3. Sincronizzazione e misurazione <ol><li> Impostare il generatore di funzione di forma d&#39;onda di uscita un impulso triangolo operante a 50 ± 1 Hz. Questo generatore di funzione fornisce la frequenza di master. Un circuito personalizzato costruito divisione per cinque e un generatore di ritardo digitale sono utilizzati per accurare la sincronizzazione. </li><li> Avviare il sistema di raffreddamento ad acqua e alimentazione per il dispositivo laser. Attivare laser. </li><li> Determinare il tempo per le radiazioni laser a partire dall&#39;oggetto dell&#39;uscita di apertura del Nd: YAG laser alla zona di fronte alla fessura spettrometro come segue: Misurare la distanza del percorso ottico e calcolare il tempo di transito utilizzando la velocità della luce. Conto di questo tempo di transito nel fissare il tempo di ritardo porta al passo successivo. </li><li> Sul generatore di impulsi digitali, impostare la larghezza del cancello per la misurazione e il tempo di ritardo da guasto ottico o ablazione laser ad impulsi, e utilizzare l&#39;oscilloscopio per monitorare il tempo di ritardo. Il ritardo determinerà il tempo di attesa per la raccolta dei dati dopo il verificarsi guasti. La larghezza cancello determina quanto tempo la serie di diodi esposto alle radiazioni plasma. </li><li> Generare breakdown ottico in aria e / o posizionare un campione in fase traslazionale tale che si verifichi l&#39;ablazione. Immagine del microplasma sulla fessura dello spettrometro. </li><li> Iniziare misurazioni e registrare i dati con l&#39;array intensificato lineare diodi e analizzatore multicanale ottico (o con ICCD). </li></ol> 4. Lunghezza d&#39;onda di calibrazione <ol><li> Record spettri da lampade standard di taratura: neon, mercurio e lampade a idrogeno. Utilizzare il dispositivo sperimentale con lampade poste nel luogo in cui è stato generato plasma. </li><li> Utilizzando le lunghezze d&#39;onda conosciuti dalle lampade, eseguire un adattamento lineare o cubica avere la corrispondenza pixel-lunghezza d&#39;onda. Lo scopo di una calibrazione accurata è per correggere le non linearità che sono di solito associati con misurazione di spettri. </li><li> Ripetere calibrazioni per H, C 2, CN, e TiO regioni spettrali di interesse. </li></ol> 5. Intensità di calibrazione <ol><li> Accendere una lampada al tungsteno calibrazione e attendere che si riscaldi. </li><li> Utilizzare un pirometro ottico per misurare la temperatura della lampada attiva. </li><li> Utilizzare il dispositivo sperimentale di rECORD lo spettro della lampada attiva. </li><li> Calcolare una curva di corpo nero dalla legge di radiazione di Planck utilizzando la temperatura misurata come parametro di input. </li><li> Adattare la curva calcolata allo spettro della lampada attiva. Determinare i fattori con cui le intensità attribuite dalla curva calcolata. Applicare tali fattori di correggere spettri registrati per la sensibilità di lunghezza d&#39;onda dipendente del rivelatore. </li><li> Ripetere l&#39;operazione per ogni regione lo spettrometro è stato utilizzato. </li></ol> 6. Trasferimento di dati <ol><li> Preparare mezzo per il trasferimento di file. </li><li> Per ciascuna misurazione dati, registrare sul supporto. </li><li> Prendete questo mezzo e caricare i file su di esso a un computer di lavoro. </li></ol> 7. File Preparazione <ol><li> Per ogni file, analizzarlo in sezioni, una contenente dati registrati, e gli altri che specificano la lunghezza d&#39;onda di partenza e lo spostamento della lunghezza d&#39;onda media per punto dati. </li><li> Utilizzare queste sezioni per creare un nuovo file in modo che corrispondalunghezze d&#39;onda con i dati registrati. </li></ol> 8. Analisi molecolare biatomico <ol><li> Selezionare il file di lunghezza d&#39;onda e file di forza linea corrispondente. </li><li> Selezionare lo spostamento della linea di base. <ol><li> Impostare se l&#39;offset è costante, lineare o quadratica. </li><li> Impostare i coefficienti corrispondenti a uno dei valori fissi o variabili. </li></ol></li><li> Impostare la risoluzione e la temperatura, entrambi i quali possono essere fisso o varia. </li><li> Impostare la tolleranza di misura per spettri sintetici per essere in forma di spettri misurati. </li><li> Montare la calcolata per gli spettri sperimentale utilizzando un algoritmo Nelder-Mead. </li><li> Utilizzando i migliori parametri di adattamento degli spettri calcolata per ogni misurazione, dedurre i parametri microplasma osservate nelle varie temporizzazioni e larghezze cancello utilizzato. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Miziolek, A. W., Palleschi, V., Schechter, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Cremers, D. E., Radziemski, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2006).</li><li>Singh, J. P., Thakur, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. , (2007).</li><li>Hahn, D. W., Omenetto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy+(LIBS),+Part+I:+review+of+basic+diagnostics+and+plasma-particle+iterations:+still-challenging+issues+within+the+analytical+plasma+community.">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: review of basic diagnostics and plasma-particle iterations: still-challenging issues within the analytical plasma community.</a> Appl. Spectrosc. 64, (2010).</li><li>Hahn, D. W., Omenetto, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy+(LIBS),+Part+II:+review+of+instrumental+and+methodological+approaches+to+material+analysis+and+applications+to+different+fields.">Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Part II: review of instrumental and methodological approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields.</a> Appl. Spectrosc. 66, 347 (2012).</li><li>Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atomic+and+molecular+emissions+in+laser-induced+breakdown+spectroscopy.">Atomic and molecular emissions in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part B. 79, 4-16 (2013).</li><li>Konjevi&#263;, N., Lesage, A., Fuhr, J. R., Wiese, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Stark+widths+and+shifts+for+spectral+lines+of+neutral+and+ionized+atoms.">Experimental Stark widths and shifts for spectral lines of neutral and ionized atoms.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data. 31, 819-927 (2002).</li><li>Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stark+broadening+of+hydrogen+and+hydrogen-like+spectral+lines+in+plasmas:+the+physical+insight.">Stark broadening of hydrogen and hydrogen-like spectral lines in plasmas: the physical insight.</a> Alpha Science Int. , (2006).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Dackman, M., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+spectroscopy+measurements+of+hydrogen-alpha,+-beta,+and+-gamma+emissions.">Time-resolved spectroscopy measurements of hydrogen-alpha, -beta, and -gamma emissions.</a> Appl. Opt. 47, (2008).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Oks, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+Balmer+series+spectroscopy+in+laser-induced+breakdown+plasmas.">Hydrogen Balmer series spectroscopy in laser-induced breakdown plasmas.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 13-23 (2010).</li><li>Lucena, A. D., Tobaria, L. M., Laserna, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+challenges+and+insights+in+the+detection+and+spectral+identification+of+organic+explosives+by+laser+induced+breakdown+spectroscopy.">New challenges and insights in the detection and spectral identification of organic explosives by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part B. 66 (1), 12-20 (2011).</li><li>Swafford, L. D., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+hydrogen+Balmer+Series+lines+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+laboratory+air.">Measurement of hydrogen Balmer Series lines following laser-induced optical breakdown in laboratory air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Hornkohl, J. O., Nemes, L., Parigger, C. G., Nemes, L., Irle, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectroscopy+of+Carbon+Containing+Diatomic+Molecules.">Spectroscopy of Carbon Containing Diatomic Molecules.</a> Spectroscopy, Dynamics and Molecular Theory of Carbon Plasmas and Vapor. , 113-165 (2011).</li><li>Parigger, C., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diatomic+molecular+spectroscopy+with+standard+and+anomalous+commutators.">Diatomic molecular spectroscopy with standard and anomalous commutators.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 1, 25-43 (2010).</li><li>Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computation+of+AlO+emission+spectra.">Computation of AlO emission spectra.</a> Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 81, 404-411 (2011).</li><li>Hermann, J., Peronne, A., Dutouquet, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+TiO-&#947;+System+for+temperature+measurements+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Analysis of the TiO-&#947; System for temperature measurements in laser-induced plasma.</a> J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 34, 153-164 (2001).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G., Hornkohl, J. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurements+and+analysis+of+titanium+monoxide+spectra+in+laser-induced+plasma.">Measurements and analysis of titanium monoxide spectra in laser-induced plasma.</a> Opt. Lett. 37, 5139-5141 (2012).</li><li>Witte, M. J., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+and+analysis+of+carbon+Swan+spectra+following+laser-induced+optical+breakdown+in+air.">Measurement and analysis of carbon Swan spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown in air.</a> Accepted, Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 4 (1), (2013).</li><li>Surmick, D. M., Parigger, C. G., Woods, A. C., Donaldson, A. B., Height, J. L., Gill, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+emission+Spectra+of+Aluminum+Monoxide+in+a+Solid+Propellant+Flame.">Analysis of emission Spectra of Aluminum Monoxide in a Solid Propellant Flame.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 2-137 (2012).</li><li>Woods, A. C., Parigger, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-resolved+Temperature+Inferences+Utilizing+the+TiO+A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916;+Band+in+Laser-induced+Plasma.">Time-resolved Temperature Inferences Utilizing the TiO A3&#966;&#8594;X3&#916; Band in Laser-induced Plasma.</a> Int. Rev. Atom. Mol. Phys. 3 (2), 103-111 (2012).</li></ol>

Tutti gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

Il tempo risolto protocollo di misura e risultati rappresentativi sono ulteriormente discusso qui. È importante sincronizzare gli impulsi laser, generati ad una velocità di 10 Hz, con la frequenza di funzionamento 50 Hz dell&#39;array intensificato lineare diodo e OMA (o ICCD). Inoltre, i tempi precisi di impulsi laser e l&#39;apertura del cancello della matrice intensificata lineare diodo (o in alternativa ICCD) è essenziale. Il generatore di onde, indicato nello schema sperimentale, viene utilizzato per sincronizza...

Spettroscopia ripartizione laser-indotta (LIBS) tecniche di 1-5 hanno applicazioni in atomico 6-12 e studi molecolari di plasma 13-20 generata con radiazione laser. Spettroscopia risolta nel tempo è essenziale per la determinazione delle caratteristiche dei transienti di plasma. Temperatura e la densità di elettroni, per citarne solo due parametri del plasma, possono essere misurati fornito un modello teorico ragionevole ripartizione plasma è disponibile. Separazione delle radiazioni a elettroni liberi dalle emissioni atomiche e molecolari ci permette di esplorare con precisione fenomeni transitori. Focalizzando l&#39;attenzione su una specifica finestra temporale, si può &quot;congelare&quot; il decadimento del plasma e quindi ottenere le impronte digitali spettroscopiche accurate. LIBS ha una varietà di applicazioni e di recente interesse in LIBS-diagnostica mostra un aumento considerevole quando misurata dal numero di ricercatori editoriali in campo. Pico-e femtosecondi generato microplasma è in corsointeresse di ricerca, tuttavia, le modalità storicamente sperimentali LIBS utilizzano radiazioni laser nanosecondo. Figura 1 mostra una disposizione tipica sperimentale per spettroscopia ripartizione indotta da laser. Per questo protocollo, l&#39;energia ripartizione funzionale per il fascio iniziale è dell&#39;ordine di 75 mJ impulso, alla lunghezza d&#39;onda infrarossa di 1.064 nm. Questa energia di impulso può essere regolato secondo necessità. . Il plasma viene dispersa dallo spettrometro e misurata con un array lineare di diodi intensificata e OMA o, in alternativa, masterizzata su un intensificato 2-dimensionale Charge Coupled Device (ICCD) La figura 2 illustra il diagramma di temporizzazione per esperimenti risolta nel tempo: sincronizzazione di impulsi radiazione laser con lettura, attivazione dell&#39;impulso laser, raggi laser, e ritardo di porta aperta. Spettroscopia risolta in tempo di successo richiede diverse procedure di calibrazione. Tali procedure comprendono la calibrazione della lunghezza d&#39;onda, indietrocorrezione terra, e, soprattutto, correzione sensibilità del rivelatore. Sensibilità dati corretti sono importanti per il confronto degli spettri misurati e modellato. Per un aumento del rapporto segnale-rumore, più eventi di degradazione indotta da laser vengono registrate.

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			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Custom Box</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">UTSI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">None</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Signal divider and conditioner. An oscilloscope can be used in place of this</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Four Channel Digital Delay/Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Stanford Research Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model DG535</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Tequipment, diyAudio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Four Channel Color Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Tektronix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TDS 3054</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">500 MHz - 5 GS/sec, Companies: Amazon, Tektronix, Fluke, Agilent Technologies, Pico Technology</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
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			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">Wavetek FG3C Function Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Wavetek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FG3C</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Tequipment, Stanford Research Systems, BK Precision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
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			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Nd:YAG Laser</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Quanta-Ray</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DCR-2A(10) PS</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Laser radiation, Class IV.&#160; Companies: Lambda Photometrics, Continuum, Ellipse, Newport</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">Si Biased Detector</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DET10A/M</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">200-1,100 nm, with ND10A reflective filter. Companies: Canberra, Edmund Optics</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Nd:YAG Laser Line Mirror, 1,064 nm</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NB1-K13</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Edmund Optics, Newport</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">1 in Fused Silica Bi-Convex Lens, uncoated</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SBX031</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Edmund Optics, Thorlabs</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:216px;">2 in Fused Silica Plano-Convex lens, uncoated</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SPX049</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Convex lens, f/4.&#160; Companies: Edmund Optics, Thorlabs</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
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			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Spectrograph</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Instruments S.A. division Jobin-Yvon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HR 640</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Andor, Newport, Horiba</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Manual and electronic controller for Spectrograph</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Instruments S.A. division Jobin-Yvon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 980028</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Manual and electronic controller for Spectrograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Mega 4000</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Mega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 129709</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Computer interface for Spectrograph</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Gateway 2000 Crystal Scan 1024 monitor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gateway</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PMV14AC</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Monitor for computer interface</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">20 MHz Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">BK Precision</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 2125</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Amazon, Tektronix, Fluke, Agilent Technologies, Pico Technology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 6040</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Agilent Technologies, Tektronix, Quantum Composers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">Separate component to 6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Berkeley Nucleonics Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 202 H</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Separate component to 6040 Universal Pulse Generator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:216px;">ICCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EG&#38;G Parc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 46113</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Companies: Andor, Standford Computer Optics, LaVision, Hamamatsu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:216px;">OMA III</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">EG&#38;G Parc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 1460</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Spectral data acquisition and analysis. Unit discontinued, replaced by software installed on computers.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement and analysis of atomic hydrogen and diatomic molecular alo, c2, cn, and tio spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown

In questo lavoro, presentiamo le misure risolte nel tempo di spettri atomici e diatomic seguente ripartizione ottica indotta da laser. Viene utilizzata una disposizione tipica LIBS. Qui operiamo un laser Nd: YAG a una frequenza di 10 Hz alla lunghezza d&#39;onda fondamentale di 1.064 nm. Le 14 nanosecondi impulsi con anenergy di 190 mJ / impulso sono concentrati per un micron taglia 50 posto per generare un plasma da guasto ottico o ablazione laser in aria. Il microplasma è ripreso sulla fessura di ingresso di un 0,6 m spettrometro, e spettri vengono registrati tramite un 1.800 scanalature / mm reticolo di un array di diodi lineare intensificata e analizzatore multicanale ottico (OMA) o un ICCD. Di interesse sono linee atomiche Stark-ampliato della serie di Balmer dell&#39;idrogeno per dedurre la densità di elettroni. Elaboriamo anche su misure di temperatura da spettri di emissione di ossido di alluminio biatomica (AlO), carbonio (C 2), cianogeno (CN), e ossido di titanio (TiO). Le procedure sperimentali includono wavelength e calibrazioni sensibilità. Analisi degli spettri molecolare registrata è compiuta dal montaggio di dati con carichi di rottura tabulati. Inoltre, le simulazioni di tipo Monte-Carlo vengono eseguite per valutare i margini di errore. Misure risolte nel tempo sono essenziali per il plasma transitoria comunemente incontrati in LIBS.

LIBS utilizza radiazione laser impulsata per ionizzare sufficientemente un campione per formare plasma. Ripartizione laser-indotta delle sostanze gassose creerà plasma che è centrata sulla regione focale del fascio di eccitazione, mentre ablazione laser su superfici solide produrrà plasma sopra la superficie del campione. Il plasma è generato concentrando la radiazione ottica dell&#39;ordine di 100 GW / cm 2 per impulsi di composizione nanosecondo. Per produrre ablazione laser plasma, tipicamente 1 GW / c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown at JoVE.com

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Specie molecolari e atomiche biatomiche risolte nel tempo sono misurate utilizzando LIBS. Gli spettri sono raccolte a vari ritardi a seguito della generazione di plasma di breakdown ottico con Nd: radiazione laser YAG e vengono valutati per dedurre densità elettronica e temperatura.

Misura e Analisi di idrogeno atomico e molecolare Diatomic AlO, C<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;, CN, e TiO Spectra Following Laser-Induced Breakdown ottico

In this work, we present time-resolved measurements of atomic and diatomic spectra following laser-induced optical breakdown. A typical LIBS arrangement ...

measurement-analysis-atomic-hydrogen-diatomic-molecular-alo-c2-cn-tio

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

14.1K Views.  University of Tennessee Space Institute.  Specie molecolari e atomiche biatomiche risolte nel tempo sono misurate utilizzando LIBS. Gli spettri sono raccolte a vari ritardi a seguito della generazione di plasma di breakdown ottico con Nd: radiazione laser YAG e vengono valutati per dedurre densità elettronica e temperatura. 

Video: Measurement and Analysis of Atomic Hydrogen and Diatomic Molecular AlO, C2, CN, and TiO Spectra Following Laser-induced Optical Breakdown

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime. Lithium ion batteries have also been considered to be used in electric and hybrid vehicles1 or even electrical grid stabilization systems2. All these applications simulate a dramatic increase in the research and development of battery materials3-7, including new materials3,8, doping9, nanostructuring10-13, coatings or surface modifications14-17 and novel binders18. Consequently, an increasing number of physicists, chemists and materials scientists have recently ventured into this area. Coin cells are widely used in research laboratories to test new battery materials; even for the research and development that target large-scale and high-power applications, small coin cells are often used to test the capacities and rate capabilities of new materials in the initial stage. 
 In 2010, we started a National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored research project to investigate the surface adsorption and disordering in battery materials (grant no. DMR-1006515). In the initial stage of this project, we have struggled to learn the techniques of assembling and testing coin cells, which cannot be achieved without numerous help of other researchers in other universities (through frequent calls, email exchanges and two site visits). Thus, we feel that it is beneficial to document, by both text and video, a protocol of assembling and testing a coin cell, which will help other new researchers in this field. This effort represents the "Broader Impact" activities of our NSF project, and it will also help to educate and inspire students.
In this video article, we document a protocol to assemble a CR2032 coin cell with a LiCoO2 working electrode, a Li counter electrode, and (the mostly commonly used) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. To ensure new learners to readily repeat the protocol, we keep the protocol as specific and explicit as we can. However, it is important to note that in specific research and development work, many parameters adopted here can be varied. First, one can make coin cells of different sizes and test the working electrode against a counter electrode other than Li. Second, the amounts of C black and binder added into the working electrodes are often varied to suit the particular purpose of research; for example, large amounts of C black or even inert powder were added to the working electrode to test the "intrinsic" performance of cathode materials14. Third, better binders (other than PVDF) have also developed and used18. Finally, other types of electrolytes (instead of LiPF6) can also be used; in fact, certain high-voltage electrode materials will require the uses of special electrolytes7.

A protocol to construct and test coin cells of lithium ion batteries is described. The specific procedures of making a working electrode, preparing a counter electrode, assembling a cell inside a glovebox and testing the cell are presented.

Costruzione e collaudo di Pile Batterie agli ioni di litio

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

Ricerca

Ingegneria

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle's Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) performed on thin sections of rodent tissues: kidneys and tumor, allows the detection of inorganic elements such as (i) Na, Ca, Cu, Mg, P, and Fe, naturally present in the body and (ii) Si and Gd, detected after the injection of gadolinium-based nanoparticles. The animals were euthanized 1&#160;to 24 hr&#160;after intravenous injection of particles. A two-dimensional scan of the sample, performed using a motorized micrometric 3D-stage, allowed the infrared laser beam exploring the surface with a lateral resolution less than 100 &#956;m. Quantitative chemical images of Gd element inside the organ were obtained with sub-mM sensitivity. LIBS offers a simple and robust method to study the distribution of inorganic materials without any specific labeling. Moreover, the compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of the same biological tissue with different types of response:&#160;elemental, molecular, or cellular.

Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: A New Approach for Nanoparticle&#039;s Mapping and Quantification in Organ Tissue

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy performed on thin organ and tumor tissue successfully detected natural elements and artificially injected gadolinium (Gd), issued from Gd-based nanoparticles. Images of chemical elements reached a resolution of 100 &#956;m and quantitative sub-mM sensitivity. The compatibility of the setup with standard optical microscopy emphasizes its potential to provide multiple images of a same biological tissue.

Spettroscopia Laser-Induced Breakdown: un nuovo approccio per la mappatura di nanoparticelle e la quantificazione in Tissue Organ

Emission spectroscopy of laser-induced plasma was applied to elemental analysis of biological samples. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) ...

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and non-destructively reveals the hydrogen density distribution at surfaces, at interfaces, and in the volume of solid materials with high depth resolution. The technique applies a 15N ion beam of 6.385 MeV provided by an electrostatic accelerator and specifically detects the 1H isotope in depths up to about 2 &#956;m from the target surface. Surface H coverages are measured with a sensitivity in the order of ~1013 cm-2 (~1% of a typical atomic monolayer density) and H volume concentrations with a detection limit of ~1018 cm-3 (~100 at. ppm). The near-surface depth resolution is 2-5 nm for surface-normal 15N ion incidence onto the target and can be enhanced to values below 1 nm for very flat targets by adopting a surface-grazing incidence geometry. The method is versatile and readily applied to any high vacuum compatible homogeneous material with a smooth surface (no pores). Electrically conductive targets usually tolerate the ion beam irradiation with negligible degradation. Hydrogen quantitation and correct depth analysis require knowledge of the elementary composition (besides hydrogen) and mass density of the target material. Especially in combination with ultra-high vacuum methods for in-situ target preparation and characterization, 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C NRA is ideally suited for hydrogen analysis at atomically controlled surfaces and nanostructured interfaces. We exemplarily demonstrate here the application of 15N NRA at the MALT Tandem accelerator facility of the University of Tokyo to (1) quantitatively measure the surface coverage and the bulk concentration of hydrogen in the near-surface region of a H2 exposed Pd(110) single crystal, and (2) to determine the depth location and layer density of hydrogen near the interfaces of thin SiO2 films on Si(100).

We illustrate the application of 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C resonant nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) to quantitatively evaluate the density of hydrogen atoms on the surface, in the volume, and at an interfacial layer of solid materials. The near-surface hydrogen depth profiling of a Pd(110) single crystal and of SiO2/Si(100) stacks is described.

La quantificazione delle concentrazioni di idrogeno in superficie e di interfaccia Livelli e materiale sfuso attraverso profili di profondità con l&#39;analisi reazione nucleare

Nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) via the resonant 1H(15N,&#945;&#947;)12C reaction is a highly effective method of depth profiling that quantitatively and ...

Laser-induced Forward Transfer of Ag Nanopaste

Over the past decade, there has been much development of non-lithographic methods1-3 for printing metallic inks or other functional materials. Many of these processes such as inkjet3 and laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT)4 have become increasingly popular as interest in printable electronics and maskless patterning has grown. These additive manufacturing processes are inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and well suited for rapid prototyping, when compared to more traditional semiconductor processing techniques. While most direct-write processes are confined to two-dimensional structures and cannot handle materials with high viscosity (particularly inkjet), LIFT can transcend both constraints if performed properly. Congruent transfer of three dimensional pixels (called voxels), also referred to as laser decal transfer (LDT)5-9, has recently been demonstrated with the LIFT technique using highly viscous Ag nanopastes to fabricate freestanding interconnects, complex voxel shapes, and high-aspect-ratio structures. In this paper, we demonstrate a simple yet versatile process for fabricating a variety of micro- and macroscale Ag structures. Structures include simple shapes for patterning electrical contacts, bridging and cantilever structures, high-aspect-ratio structures, and single-shot, large area transfers using a commercial digital micromirror device (DMD) chip.

We demonstrate the use of the Laser-induced forward transfer technique (LIFT) for the printing of high-viscosity Ag paste. This technique offers a simple, low temperature, robust process for non-lithographically printing microscale 2D and 3D structures.

Indotta da laser trasferimento di andata di Ag Nanopaste

Over the past decade, there has been much development of non-lithographic methods1-3 for printing metallic inks or other functional materials. Many of ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly scattered dielectric microparticles adhered to a glass substrate are momentarily detached using ultrasonic vibrations generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Then, the optical beam focused on a selected particle lifts it up to the optical trap while the vibrationally excited microparticles fall back to the substrate. A particle may be trapped at the nominal focus of the trapping beam or at a position above the focus (referred to here as the levitation position) where gravity provides the restoring force. After the measurement, the trapped particle can be placed at a desired position on the substrate in a controlled manner. 
In this protocol, an experimental procedure for selective optical trap loading in air is outlined. First, the experimental setup is briefly introduced. Second, the design and fabrication of a PZT holder and a sample enclosure are illustrated in detail. The optical trap loading of a selected microparticle is then demonstrated with step-by-step instructions including sample preparation, launching into the trap, and use of electrostatic force to excite particle motion in the trap and measure charge. Finally, we present recorded particle trajectories of Brownian and ballistic motions of a trapped microparticle in air. These trajectories can be used to measure stiffness or to verify optical alignment through time domain and frequency domain analysis. Selective trap loading enables optical tweezers to track a particle and its changes over repeated trap loadings in a reversible manner, thereby enabling studies of particle-surface interaction.

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

Optical Trappola Caricamento di dielettrico microparticelle in aria

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is known about the effects of high pressure hydrogen on the polymer sealing and barrier materials also found within these components. More study is required in order to determine the compatibility of common polymer materials found in the components of the hydrogen fuel delivery infrastructure with high pressure hydrogen. As a result, it is important to consider the changes in physical properties such as friction and wear in situ while the polymer is exposed to high pressure hydrogen. In this protocol, we present a method for testing the friction and wear properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer samples in a 28 MPa high pressure hydrogen environment using a custom-built in situ pin-on-flat linear reciprocating tribometer. Representative results from this testing are presented which indicate that the coefficient of friction between the EPDM sample coupon and steel counter surface is increased in high pressure hydrogen as compared to the coefficient of friction similarly measured in ambient air.

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

A test methodology for quantifying tribological properties of polymers used in hydrogen infrastructure service is demonstrated and characteristic results for a common elastomer are discussed.

In Situ Alta pressione idrogeno tribologica test dei comuni materiali polimerici utilizzati nell'infrastruttura di consegna di idrogeno

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is ...

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with wafer-scale uniformity and angstrom level control of thickness, the method of atomic-layer deposition was chosen. This ALD process enables high-quality, low-temperature (&#8804;150 &#176;C) growth of ultrathin films (100-1000 &#197;) of VO2. For this demonstration, the VO2 films were grown on sapphire substrates. This low temperature growth technique produces mostly amorphous VO2 films. A subsequent anneal in an ultra-high vacuum chamber with a pressure of 7x10-4 Pa of ultra-high purity (99.999%) oxygen produced oriented, polycrystalline VO2 films. The crystallinity, phase, and strain of the VO2 were determined by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, while the stoichiometry and impurity levels were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and finally the morphology was determined by atomic force microscopy. These data demonstrate the high-quality of the films grown by this technique. A model was created to fit to the data for VO2 in its metallic and insulating phases in the near infrared spectral region. The permittivity and refractive index of the ALD VO2 agreed well with the other fabrication methods in its insulating phase, but showed a difference in its metallic state. Finally, the analysis of the films&#39; optical properties enabled the creation of a wavelength- and temperature-dependent model of the complex optical refractive index for developing VO2 as a tunable refractive index material.

Thin films (100-1000 &#197;) of vanadium dioxide (VO2) were created by atomic-layer deposition (ALD) on sapphire substrates. Following this, the optical properties were characterized through the metal-insulator transition of VO2. From the measured optical properties, a model was created to describe the tunable refractive index of VO2.

Deposizione di strati atomici di diossido di vanadio e un modello ottico temperatura-dipendente

Vanadium dioxide is a material that has a reversible metal-insulator phase change near 68 &#176;C. To grow VO2 on a wide variety of substrates, with ...

Quantitative Analysis of Vacuum Induction Melting by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Vacuum induction melting is a popular method for refining high purity metal and alloys. Traditionally, standard process control in metallurgy involves several steps, include drawing samples, cooling, cutting, transport to the laboratory, and analysis. The whole analysis process requires more than 30 minutes, which hinders on-line process control. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is an excellent on-line analysis method that can satisfy the requirements of vacuum induction melting because it is fast and noncontact and does not require sample preparation. The experimental facility uses a lamp-pumped Q-switched laser to ablate melted liquid steel with an output energy of 80 mJ, a frequency of 5 Hz, a FWHM pulse width of 20 ns, and a working wavelength of 1,064 nm. A multi-channel linear charge coupled device (CCD) spectrometer is used to measure the emission spectrum in real time, with a spectral range from 190 to 600 nm and a resolution of 0.06 nm at a wavelength of 200 nm. The protocol includes several steps: standard alloy sample preparation and an ingredient test, smelting of standard samples and determination of the laser breakdown spectrum, and construction of the elements concentration quantitative analysis curve of each element. To realize the concentration analysis of unknown samples, the spectrum of a sample also needs to be measured and disposed with the same process. The composition of all main elements in the melted alloy can be quantitatively analyzed with an internal standard method. The calibration curve shows that the limit of detection of most metal elements ranges from 20-250 ppm. The concentration of elements, such as Ti, Mo, Nb, V, and Cu, can be lower than 100 ppm, and the concentrations of Cr, Al, Co, Fe, Mn, C, and Si range from 100-200 ppm. The R2 of some calibration curves can exceed 0.94.

During vacuum induction melting, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy is used to perform real-time quantitative analysis of the main-ingredient elements of a molten alloy.

Analisi quantitativa della fusione a induzione sottovuoto mediante spettroscopia di ripartizione indotta da laser

Vacuum induction melting is a popular method for refining high purity metal and alloys. Traditionally, standard process control in metallurgy involves ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be obtained from an individual sample and renders it difficult to produce statistically relevant data for unique and rare materials. Resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy is a non-destructive, contactless technique which can simultaneously interrogate both sides of a sheeted material and provide measurements which are suitable for statistical interpretations. This offers analysts the ability to quickly discriminate between sheeted materials based on composition and storage history. In this methodology article, we demonstrate how contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy may be used to differentiate between paper analytes of varying fiber species compositions, to determine the relative age of the paper, and to detect and quantify the amount of post-consumer waste (PCW) recycled fiber content in manufactured office paper.

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

Sviluppo del metodo per studi spettroscopici distesina di cavità senza contatto della carta cellulosica

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...

Measurement of Chladni Mode Shapes with an Optical Lever Method

Quantitatively determining the Chladni pattern of an elastic plate is of great interest in both physical science and engineering applications. In this paper, a method of measuring mode shapes of a vibrating plate based on an optical lever method is proposed. Three circular acrylic plates were employed in the measurement under different center harmonic excitations. Different from a traditional method, only an ordinary laser pen and a light screen made of ground glass are employed in this novel approach. The approach is as follows: the laser pen projects a beam to the vibrating plate perpendicularly, and then the beam is reflected to the light screen in the distance, on which a line segment made of the reflected spot is formed. Due to the principle of vision persistence, the light spot could be read as a bright straight line. The relationship between the slope of the mode shape, length of the light spot and the distance of the vibrating plate and the light screen can be obtained with algebraic operations. Then the mode shape can be determined by integrating the slope distribution with suitable boundary conditions. The full-field mode shapes of Chladni plate could also be determined further in such a simple way.

A simple method of measuring the Chladni mode shape on an elastic plate by the principle of an optical lever is proposed.

Misurazione delle forme in modalità Chladni con un metodo a leva ottica

Quantitatively determining the Chladni pattern of an elastic plate is of great interest in both physical science and engineering applications. In this ...