Gli autori vorrebbero riconoscere Christopher Verde, Bradley Robinson, e Maria Manuela Valladares, per aiutare con la raccolta dei dati. Il finanziamento per attrezzature EEG è stato fornito da Ufficio di Ricerca e Graduate Studies attrezzature Grant Utah State University per Kerry Jordan Multisensoriale Cognition Lab. Benjamin chiamata è supportata da un Presidente della Repubblica di Dottorato di ricerca Fellowship raggiunto dalla Scuola di Dottorato di Utah State University per il suo lavoro con il dottor Wade Goodridge.

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no conflicting or competing financial interests.

Il protocollo discute l&#39;applicazione di elettroencefalografia per misurare l&#39;attività cerebrale per i partecipanti problemi a lavorare da due strumenti tipici abilità spaziali e problemi di ingegneria Statica altamente spaziali. I metodi descritti qui possono in definitiva essere in grado di aiutare a capire l&#39;efficienza neurale di alte e basse performance impegnati nel lavoro di questi problemi. E &#39;di vitale importanza per comprendere eventuali differenze di efficienza neurale di studenti di ingegneri...

Capacità spaziale è di vitale importanza per la scienza, tecnologia, ingegneria e matematica (STEM) Campi e istruzione e si correla con successo in queste zone 1,2,3. Pertanto, è importante comprendere lo sviluppo di come spaziale impatti capacità di soluzione dei problemi 4. Capacità spaziale è stato collegato a interessi 5, 6 prestazioni, il successo nel mondo accademico di ingegneria 7 e il successo in ingegneria professionisti 8. Tuttavia, non c&#39;è un sacco di lavoro che indica processi neurali specifiche a risolvere i problemi tipici di molti strumenti di abilità spaziali, né contenuto tecnico specifico che è altamente spaziale. Questo documento fornisce un&#39;introduzione ai metodi utilizzati per la raccolta e l&#39;analisi dei punteggi spaziali strumenti capacità combinate con le misurazioni neurali dati. L&#39;intento di pubblicare con JoVE è quello di rendere questi metodi più accessibili a un pubblico più vasto. Generale hardware pubblica e wer softwaree utilizzato in questo studio. Come carta metodi, risultati completi / insiemi di dati non sono segnalati, né sono più campioni forniti. Tutte le immagini sono state catturate appositamente per questa pubblicazione. I metodi descritti di seguito sono stati utilizzati nella preparazione di un rapporto preliminare convegno 9 sulla base di dati provenienti da otto università partecipanti sophomore età, tre dei quali erano di sesso femminile. Molti strumenti esistenti siano utilizzati per indicare i livelli di abilità spaziale inerente o imparato da parte di individui. Due validi e affidabili 10,11 strumenti che vengono comunemente utilizzati sono il Mental taglio di prova (MCT) 12 e la prova di Purdue spaziale Visualizzazione di rotazioni (PSVT: R) 13. Mentre originariamente progettato professionalmente 14 tali strumenti di prova diversi stadi di sviluppo visualizzazione spaziale descritto da Piaget teoria 10,15. L&#39;uso di questi strumenti crea la necessità di comprendere i fenomeni cognitivi fisiologici sottostanti existing quando gli individui lavorano attraverso questi problemi. Per questo motivo, questo studio ha l&#39;obiettivo di mostrare i metodi che utilizzano dati fisiologici empirici che possono in ultima analisi, migliorare l&#39;analisi e la comprensione del pensiero spaziale, verificare funzionalità di test metriche esistenti, e aumentare l&#39;applicabilità delle valutazioni spaziali problemi a più complesse tipiche di formazione ingegneristica. Molti di questi problemi si possono incontrare in ingegneria Statica. Statica è una meccanica fondamentali corso consegnati alla maggior parte degli studenti di ingegneria (ad es., Biologici, meccanici, Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, Ingegneria Aerospaziale) 16,17. Si tratta di una delle prime ampie problem solving esperienze che gli studenti sono dati a contenuto di base dell&#39;ingegneria 18. Statica comporta lo studio dell&#39;interazione di forze su un corpo rigido che è a riposo o in movimento a velocità costante. Purtroppo Statica ha elevato di abbandono, il ritiro, e tassi di fallimento (14% come si vede nelle invesUniversità esaminato con attenzione) e questo può essere correlato a tradizionali modelli di erogazione delle lezioni e il curriculum che omettono viali principali di sostegno come gli approcci spazialmente avanzate all&#39;istruzione. Ad esempio, gli approcci spazialmente migliorate in statica può avere come bersaglio la visualizzazione di come le forze interagiscono al di fuori di analisi tipico analitica e rafforzare la conoscenza procedurale degli studenti con concettualizzazione a terra. L&#39;efficacia di tali interventi deve essere indagato dal punto di vista delle neuroscienze cognitive. Elettroencefalografia (EEG) presenta un metodo unico e mobile di misurare l&#39;attività delle onde cerebrali degli studenti. Utenti che eseguono attività che provocano attivazione beta sono generalmente molto impegnati con le specifiche attività e sono attenti a quello che stanno facendo 19,20. Come compito esige aumento, l&#39;ampiezza dell&#39;onda aumenta beta, così come la dimensione dell&#39;area corticale frequenze di banda occupano. I più neuroni che si attivano all&#39;internola gamma di frequenza beta (alpha: 8 - 12 Hz, beta: 12 - 24 Hz) può essere definita come una maggiore potenza beta. Relazione a ciò, come si diventa più esperti in un compito, l&#39;ampiezza delle onde beta diminuisce, la produzione di energia meno beta. Questo è parte del neurale ipotesi efficienza 21-28, in cui maggiore esperienza compito quando si esegue un&#39;operazione è correlata ad una diminuzione della frequenza di alimentazione. Anche se EEG è stata precedentemente utilizzata nello studio delle abilità spaziali (spesso per la rotazione mentale e compiti di navigazione spaziale) - e privacy sono stati identificati nel alfa, beta, theta e bande 27-33 - sono stati osservati bande alfa e beta per questo studio, e beta è stato selezionato per ulteriori analisi rappresentante nel presente documento e nella relazione preliminare conferenza 9. Le procedure definite di seguito concentrarsi quindi sulla analisi beta di banda, ma una ricerca in tutte le tre fasce, a seconda dei dati registrati, si raccomanda in futuro. Ilneurali ipotesi efficienza è stata testata su diversi compiti, tra cui gli scacchi, la memoria visuo-spaziale, il bilanciamento, e di riposo. Tutti hanno indicato esperienza compito come un fattore di potenza di frequenza ridotta durante l&#39;esecuzione di compiti familiari. Uno studio particolare 25 ha presentato prove del fatto che, sebbene l&#39;intelligenza di una persona (come misurato da IQ) può aiutare l&#39;individuo acquisire le competenze per eseguire un compito, l&#39;esperienza con il compito supera l&#39;intelligenza nel suo contributo all&#39;efficienza neurale. In altre parole, i più esperti un individuo è, tanto più efficiente neuro lui o lei diventa. Esistenti studi di efficienza neurali che coinvolgono la capacità spaziale sono principalmente focalizzata sulla rotazione spaziale, e diverse serie di problemi sono stati utilizzati per confrontare le diverse popolazioni (ad es., Maschio / femmina) 27-28. Studi EEG di attività abilità spaziali hanno anche fornito informazioni mettendo a confronto le prestazioni di altri tipi di attività (ad es., Compiti verbali)27,29,30. I metodi discussi in questo fuoco carta e confronta problemi dal MCT, PSVT: R, nonché i compiti di equilibrio statico, che sono correlate alla capacità spaziale, ma non sono limitati a rotazione spaziale e navigazione. Altri compiti spaziali possono essere usati al posto di quelli forniti come esempi in questo manoscritto. In questo modo, ulteriori indizi possono essere ottenute in futuro per quanto riguarda le diverse popolazioni (ad es., Maschio / femmina o un esperto / principiante) in ultima analisi, contribuire a migliorare pratiche educative di ingegneria. Nel tentativo di indagare la capacità spaziale e l&#39;attitudine tecnica, abbiamo sviluppato un protocollo che utilizza le misurazioni EEG per identificare le attivazioni onda beta di bassa prestazioni ai partecipanti altamente performanti durante una batteria limitato di specifici compiti spaziali e di ingegneria. In questo caso, l&#39;elevato esecutore termine è correlato all&#39;andamento del partecipante, e non è riflettente della quantità di tempo trascorso in campo daldiscente, come tutti i partecipanti erano approssimativamente nello stesso punto della loro formazione. Inoltre, il set di problema in questione è del tutto particolare e di base; in tal modo i termini &quot;esperti&quot; o &quot;ad alte prestazioni&quot; nel presente documento non devono essere considerate nel senso di un esperto, ingegnere professionalmente impiegati, ma che rappresenta solo elevate prestazioni in questa ristretta fetta di ingegneria meccanica curriculum e strumenti abilità spaziali. Le misurazioni neurali possono essere utilizzati anche per individuare eventuali tendenze lordi per le quali tipi di attività possono reclutare più risorse cognitive di altri, con possibile interpretazione per quanto riguarda i livelli di difficoltà. Queste informazioni possono potenzialmente fornire una visione in valutazione e intervento futuro per quanto riguarda la capacità spaziale. Altro intuizione futuro può essere derivato da considerare regioni più specifiche del cervello, che non era possibile in questo studio a causa del numero limitato di canali disponibili nell&#39;hardware EEG utilizzato.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Emotiv EPOC Model 1.0</td>
			<td>Emotiv</td>
			<td>Model: Emotiv Premium</td>
			<td>&#34;High resolution, multi-channel, portable EEG system.&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emotiv Control Panel (software)</td>
			<td>Emotiv</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data collection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Emotiv Testbench (software)</td>
			<td>Emotiv</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data collection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Virtual Serial Port Emulator - VSPE (software)</td>
			<td>ETERLOGIC.COM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used COM10 in data collection. Available as a free download, depending on the operating system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E-Prime 2.0 (software)</td>
			<td>Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data collection (presentation of problems to participants and collection of markers for different phases).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEGLab 13.4.4b (software)</td>
			<td>Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience (SCCN)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used for data analysis. &#34;An open source environment for electrophysiological signal processing&#34;. SCCN is a Center of the Institute for Neural Computation, the University of California San Diego.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB R2014b</td>
			<td>The Mathworks, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to run EEGLab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Excel 2013</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to assemble and compare tabulated results from EEGLab &#38; MATLAB, to create tables</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camcorder with built in Mic</td>
			<td>Canon</td>
			<td>CNVHFR50</td>
			<td>Used to record sessions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Kit (5cc syringe &#38; 2 16g blunted needles)</td>
			<td>Electro-Cap Intnl. Inc.</td>
			<td>E7</td>
			<td>For keeping the EEG cap&#39;s felts damp.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nuprep EEG Skin Prep Gel</td>
			<td>Weaver and Company</td>
			<td>10-30</td>
			<td>For cleaning the mastoid process.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sanitizer</td>
			<td>Purell</td>
			<td>S-12808</td>
			<td>For sanitizing hands</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilizing electroencephalography measurements for comparison of task-specific neural efficiencies: spatial intelligence tasks

intelligenza spaziale è spesso legata al successo nelle professioni educative ingegneria e ingegneria. L&#39;uso di elettroencefalografia consente il calcolo comparativo di efficienza neurale degli individui in quanto svolgono attività successive che richiedono capacità spaziale per ricavare soluzioni. efficienza neurale qui è definito come avente meno di attivazione beta, e quindi spendendo meno risorse neurali, per eseguire un compito in confronto ad altri gruppi o altre attività. Per i confronti tra le attività di attività con durate simili, tali misure possono consentire un confronto di tipo di attività difficoltà. Per intra-partecipanti e tra partecipanti confronti, queste misurazioni forniscono informazioni potenziale nel livello del partecipante di capacità spaziali e diversi compiti problema di ingegneria solving. Prestazioni sui compiti selezionati può essere analizzato e correlata con attività beta. Questo lavoro presenta un protocollo di ricerca dettagliato studiare l&#39;efficienza neurale degli studenti itainvecchiato in la soluzione di capacità tipici del territorio e dei problemi statici. Gli studenti hanno completato i problemi specifici del Mental taglio di prova (MCT), Purdue spaziale prova Visualizzazione di rotazioni (PSVT: R), e Statica. Mentre era impegnato a risolvere questi problemi, le onde cerebrali dei partecipanti sono stati misurati con EEG permette di dati da raccogliere per quanto riguarda alfa e beta del cervello di attivazione delle onde e l&#39;uso. Il lavoro sembra correlare prestazioni funzionali sulle attività spaziali puri con attività di ingegneria spaziale intensiva per identificare i percorsi di prestazioni di successo nel campo dell&#39;ingegneria e dei miglioramenti conseguenti in materia di istruzione di ingegneria che possono seguire.

In questa sezione, i passaggi precedenti sono illustrati con figure di esempio come descritto di seguito. riepiloghi di dati completi con test statistici non sono forniti, come l&#39;obiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di concentrarsi su metodi. Esempi di potenziale PSVT: R, MCT, e problemi spaziali sono riportati nella Figura 1, Figura 2 e Figura 3, rispettivamente. Il tappo EEG raccoglierà attivazione cerebrale con potenziali elettrici per ogni dato canale, che può essere visto...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks at JoVE.com

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Questo manoscritto descrive un approccio per misurare l&#39;attività neurale di esseri umani e risolvere i problemi di ingegneria spaziale mirati. La metodologia elettroencefalogramma aiuta a interpretare le misurazioni delle onde cerebrali beta in termini di efficienza neurale, con l&#39;obiettivo di consentire in ultima analisi, il confronto di prestazioni compito sia tra i tipi di problemi e tra i partecipanti.

Utilizzando Elettroencefalografia Misure per il confronto della Task-specifici neurali efficienze: compiti spaziali Intelligenza

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables ...

utilizing-electroencephalography-measurements-for-comparison-task

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Introduction to Psychology

Behavior

Unit 1

Thinking, Language And Intelligence

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

11.3K Views.  Utah State University.  Questo manoscritto descrive un approccio per misurare l'attività neurale di esseri umani e risolvere i problemi di ingegneria spaziale mirati. La metodologia elettroencefalogramma aiuta a interpretare le misurazioni delle onde cerebrali beta in termini di efficienza neurale, con l'obiettivo di consentire in ultima analisi, il confronto di prestazioni compito sia tra i tipi di problemi e tra i partecipanti. 

Video: Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Recent studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal human walking. Part of this evidence encompasses studies, including our previous work, demonstrating that gait kinematics and limb coordination during treadmill walking can be inferred from the scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) with reasonably high decoding accuracies. These results provide impetus for development of non-invasive brain-machine-interface (BMI) systems for use in restoration and/or augmentation of gait- a primary goal of rehabilitation research. To date, studies examining EEG decoding of activity during gait have been limited to treadmill walking in a controlled environment. However, to be practically viable a BMI system must be applicable for use in everyday locomotor tasks such as over ground walking and turning. Here, we present a novel protocol for non-invasive collection of brain activity (EEG), muscle activity (electromyography (EMG)), and whole-body kinematic data (head, torso, and limb trajectories) during both treadmill and over ground walking tasks. By collecting these data in the uncontrolled environment insight can be gained regarding the feasibility of decoding unconstrained gait and surface EMG from scalp EEG.

Simultaneous Scalp Electroencephalography EEG, Electromyography EMG, and Whole-body Segmental Inertial Recording for Multi-modal Neural Decoding

Development of an effective brain-machine-interface (BMI) system for restoration and rehabilitation of bipedal locomotion requires accurate decoding of user's intent. Here we present a novel experimental protocol and data collection technique for simultaneous non-invasive acquisition of neural activity, muscle activity, and whole-body kinematics during various locomotion tasks and conditions.

Simultanea Elettroencefalografia cuoio capelluto (EEG), Elettromiografia (EMG), e al corpo intero di registrazione inerziale segmentale per Multi-modal Neural decodifica

Recent  studies support the involvement of supraspinal networks in control of bipedal  human walking. Part of this evidence  encompasses studies, ...

Ricerca

Comportamento

Automated Visual Cognitive Tasks for Recording Neural Activity Using a Floor Projection Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have developed visual cognitive tasks for rats using the Floor Projection Maze1,2&#160;that are optimized for visual abilities of rats permitting stronger comparisons of experimental findings with other species.
In order to investigate neural correlates of learning and memory, we have integrated electrophysiological recordings into fully automated cognitive tasks on the Floor Projection Maze1,2. Behavioral software interfaced with an animal tracking system allows monitoring of the animal's behavior with precise control of image presentation and reward contingencies for better trained animals. Integration with an in vivo electrophysiological recording system enables examination of behavioral correlates of neural activity at selected epochs of a given cognitive task.
We describe protocols for a model system that combines automated visual presentation of information to rodents and intracranial reward with electrophysiological approaches. Our model system offers a sophisticated set of tools as a framework for other cognitive tasks to better isolate and identify specific mechanisms contributing to particular cognitive processes.

We describe protocols for training rats for chronic electrophysiological recordings in fully automated cognitive tasks on a Floor Projection Maze.

Automated compiti cognitivi visivi per la registrazione Neural all&#39;attività utilizzando una proiezione Piano Maze

Neuropsychological tasks used in primates to investigate mechanisms of learning and memory are typically visually guided cognitive tasks. We have ...

Performing Behavioral Tasks in Subjects with Intracranial Electrodes

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in different areas of their brain for the localization of their seizure focus and eloquent areas. After implantation, the patient must remain in the hospital until the pathological area of brain is found and possibly resected. During this time, these patients offer a unique opportunity to the research community because any number of behavioral paradigms can be performed to uncover the neural correlates that guide behavior. Here we present a method for recording brain activity from intracranial implants as subjects perform a behavioral task designed to assess decision-making and reward encoding. All electrophysiological data from the intracranial electrodes are recorded during the behavioral task, allowing for the examination of the many brain areas involved in a single function at time scales relevant to behavior. Moreover, and unlike animal studies, human patients can learn a wide variety of behavioral tasks quickly, allowing for the ability to perform more than one task in the same subject or for performing controls. Despite the many advantages of this technique for understanding human brain function, there are also methodological limitations that we discuss, including environmental factors, analgesic effects, time constraints and recordings from diseased tissue. This method may be easily implemented by any institution that performs intracranial assessments; providing the opportunity to directly examine human brain function during behavior.

Patients implanted with intracranial electrodes provide a unique opportunity to record neurological data from multiple areas of the brain while the patient performs behavioral tasks. Here, we present a method of recording from implanted patients that can be reproducible at other institutions with access to this patient population.

Esecuzione di attività comportamentali in soggetti con intracraniche Elettrodi

Patients having stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) electrode, subdural grid or depth electrode implants have a multitude of electrodes implanted in ...

Asymmetric Walkway: A Novel Behavioral Assay for Studying Asymmetric Locomotion

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for quantifying locomotor deficits in rodents is to measure minute disturbances of unconstrained gait overground (e.g., manual BBB score or automated CatWalk). However, cortical inputs are not required for the generation of basic locomotion produced by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG). Thus, unconstrained walking tasks test locomotor deficits due to motor cortical impairment only indirectly. In this study, we propose a novel, precise foot-placement locomotor task that evaluates cortical inputs to the spinal CPG. An instrumented peg-way was used to impose symmetrical and asymmetrical locomotor tasks mimicking lateralized movement deficits. We demonstrate that shifts from equidistant inter-stride lengths of 20% produce changes in the forelimb stance phase characteristics during locomotion with preferred stride length. Furthermore, we propose that the asymmetric walkway allows for measurements of behavioral outcomes produced by cortical control signals. These measures are relevant for the assessment of impairment after cortical damage.

Here, we present a protocol to quantify precise stepping in rodents. Cortical and the spinal central pattern generator signals are required for precise foot-placement during obstructed locomotion. We report here the novel constrained walking task that directly examines precise stepping behavior.

Asimmetrica Passerella: A Novel comportamentale saggio per lo Studio Asymmetric Locomozione

Behavioral assays are commonly used for the assessment of sensorimotor impairment in the central nervous system (CNS). The most sophisticated methods for ...

Using the Activity-based Anorexia Rodent Model to Study the Neurobiological Basis of Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A challenging illness to treat, due to the lack of understanding of the underlying neurobiology, AN has the highest mortality rate among psychiatric illnesses. To address this need, neuroscientists are using an animal model to study how neural circuits may contribute toward vulnerability to AN and may be affected by AN. Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is a bio-behavioral phenomenon described in rodents that models the key symptoms of anorexia nervosa. When rodents with free access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel experience food restriction, they become hyperactive &#8211; running more than animals with free access to food. Here, we describe the procedures by which ABA is induced in adolescent female C57BL/6 mice. On postnatal day 36 (P36), the animal is housed with access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel. After 4 days of acclimation to the running wheel, on P40, all food is removed from the cage. For the next 3 days, food is returned to the cage (allowing animals free food access) for 2 hr daily. After the fourth day of food restriction, free access to food is returned and the running wheel is removed from the cage to allow the animals to recover. Continuous multi-day analysis of running wheel activity shows that mice become hyperactive within 24 hr following the onset of food restriction. The mice run even during the limited time during which they have access to food. Additionally, the circadian pattern of wheel running becomes disrupted by the experience of food restriction. We have been able to correlate neurobiological changes with various aspects of the animals&#8217; wheel running behavior to implicate particular brain regions and neurochemical changes with resilience and vulnerability to food-restriction induced hyperactivity.

Here we present a protocol to induce activity-based anorexia (ABA) in female adolescent mice. ABA is a condition of hyperactivity evoked by imposing food restriction on rodents with access to a running wheel. This phenomenon is being used as a model to study the underlying neurobiology of anorexia nervosa.

Utilizzando il per attività Anoressia roditore modello per studiare le basi neurobiologiche di Anoressia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A ...

Using Laser Doppler Imaging and Monitoring to Analyze Spinal Cord Microcirculation in Rat

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory alterations of the spinal cord. In this article, our goal was to use both Laser Doppler imaging and monitoring to analyze the change of BF after spinal cord injury. Both the laser Doppler image scanner and the probe/monitor were being employed to obtain each readout. The data of LDPI provided a local distribution of BF, which gave an overview of perfusion around the injury site and made it accessible for comparative analysis of BF among different locations. By intensely measuring the probing area over a period of time, a combined probe was used to simultaneously measure the BF and oxygen saturation of the spinal cord, showing overall spinal cord perfusion and oxygen supply. LDF itself has a few limitations, such as relative flux, sensitivity to movement, and biological zero signal. However, the technology has been applied in clinical and experimental study due to its simple setup and rapid measurement of BF.

Here we present a combination of laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) and laser Doppler perfusion monitoring (LDPM) to measure spinal cord local blood flows and oxygen saturation (SO2), as well as a standardized procedure for introducing spinal cord trauma on rat.

Utilizzo di Laser Doppler Imaging e monitoraggio per analizzare il microcircolo del midollo spinale nel ratto

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is a noninvasive method for blood flow (BF) measurement, which makes it preferable for measuring microcirculatory ...

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different versions of the paradigm, spatial language use and memory for object location are tested under different, experimentally manipulated conditions. This allows us to tease apart proposed models explaining the influence of object knowledge on spatial language (e.g., spatial demonstratives), and spatial memory, as well as understanding the parameters that affect demonstrative choice and spatial memory more broadly. Key to the development of the method was the need to collect data on language use (e.g., spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that&#34;) and spatial memory data under strictly controlled conditions, while retaining a degree of ecological validity. The language version (section 3.1) of the memory game tests how conditions affect language use. Participants refer verbally to objects placed at different locations (e.g., using spatial demonstratives: &#34;this/that red circle&#34;). Different parameters can be experimentally manipulated: the distance from the participant, the position of a conspecific, and for example whether the participant owns, knows, or sees the object while referring to it. The same parameters can be manipulated in the memory version of the memory game (section 3.2). This version tests the effects of the different conditions on object-location memory. Following object placement, participants get 10 seconds to memorize the object&#39;s location. After the object and location cues are removed, participants verbally direct the experimenter to move a stick to indicate where the object was. The difference between the memorized and the actual location shows the direction and strength of the memory error, allowing comparisons between the influences of the respective parameters.

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

We present a protocol to explore the relationship between spatial language production, spatial memory, and object knowledge. The procedure allows experimental manipulation of, and control over, conditions of object knowledge, language at instruction, and physical location, thus teasing apart cognitive and linguistic models describing interactions between these variables.

Il gioco di memoria (spaziale): Prova il rapporto tra linguaggio spaziale, oggetto conoscenza e cognizione spaziale

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often stereotyped actions elicited in response to innately aversive sensory stimuli, but their success requires enough flexibility for adapting to different spatial environments, which can change rapidly. Here, we describe a behavioral assay to evaluate the influence of learned spatial knowledge on defensive behaviors in mice. We have adapted the widely used Barnes maze spatial memory assay to investigate how mice navigate to a shelter during escape responses to innately aversive sensory stimuli in a novel environment, and how they adapt to acute changes in the environment. This new assay is an ethological paradigm that does not require training and exploits the natural exploration patterns and navigation strategies in mice. We propose that the set of protocols described here are a powerful means of studying goal-directed behaviors and stimulus-triggered navigation, which should be of interest to both the fields of instinctive behaviors and spatial memory.

This protocol describes a behavioral assay, based on the Barnes maze test, to study how instinctive defensive actions are modified by the knowledge of spatial environment.

Un'analisi comportamentale per investigare il ruolo della memoria spaziale durante la difesa istintiva nei topi

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

Using Electroencephalography Measurements and High-quality Video Recording for Analyzing Visual Perception of Media Content

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") function of eyeblinks. Participants' eyeblinks are detected and acquired while watching videos specifically created for the investigation. The detection and acquisition of eyeblinks are carried out with the help of a 20-channel electroencephalographic (EEG) wireless device. The international 10-20 system for electrode placement is followed. A high-definition (HD) video camera is used to record participants' facial expressions, for contrast purposes. Instead of using pre-existing media content, purpose-made video content has been created following specific criteria of interest for this investigation, with stimuli enabling researchers to manage the precise parameters of interest. Otherwise, results could be contaminated with uncontrolled variables. The synchronization of the presentation of video stimuli with EEG recordings needs to be done in milliseconds. Analysis of collected data is performed with robust software for working with big matrices. Statistically significant differences in eyeblink rate related to media professionalization and editing style are found with the reported experimental procedures.

We present detection, acquisition, and analysis of eyeblink rates while watching media content.

Utilizzando misure di elettroencefalografia e registrazione Video di alta qualità per l'analisi di percezione visiva del contenuto multimediale

This article explores a method to detect differences in visual perception in humans. The method used is based on the psychological (or "cognitive") ...

Utilizing a Reconfigurable Maze System to Enhance the Reproducibility of Spatial Navigation Tests in Rodents

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze shape, thus requiring several separate mazes in different configurations. The maze geometry cannot be reconfigured in a single environment to accommodate scalability and reproducibility. The reconfigurable maze is a unique approach to address the limitations, allowing quick and flexible configurations of maze pathways in a repeatable manner. It consists of interlocking pathways and includes feeders, treadmills, movable walls, and shut-off sensors. The current protocol describes how the reconfigurable maze can replicate existing mazes, including the T-shaped, plus-shaped, W-shaped, and figure-eight mazes. Initially, the T-shaped maze was constructed inside a single experimental room, followed by modifications. The rapid and scalable protocol outlined herein demonstrates the flexibility of the reconfigurable maze, achieved through the addition of components and behavioral training phases in a stepwise manner. The reconfigurable maze systematically and precisely assesses the performance of multiple aspects of spatial navigation behavior.

The present protocol describes a reconfigurable maze, a unique system for testing spatial navigation and behavioral phenotypes in rodents. The adaptability of this maze system enables the execution of various experiments in a single physical environment. The ease of structural rearrangement generates reliable and reproducible experimental results.

Utilizzo di un sistema di labirinto riconfigurabile per migliorare la riproducibilità dei test di navigazione spaziale nei roditori

Several maze shapes are used to test spatial navigation performance and behavioral phenotypes. Traditionally, each experiment requires a unique maze ...