Questo studio è stato sostenuto da una sovvenzione (CNUH-BRI-2012-02-005) finanziata dall&#39;Istituto di Ricerca Biomedica dell&#39;ospedale universitario di Chonbuk (CNUH-BRI), Repubblica di Corea.

Il comitato istituzionale per la cura e l&#39;uso degli animali della Chonbuk National University ha approvato questo studio. Il trattamento, l&#39;uso e la manipolazione degli animali hanno seguito tutte le linee guida e le politiche. Mantenere la sala operatoria a 24 ° C. 1. Anestesia <ol><li> Acclimatizzare i maiali in miniatura, di età compresa tra 12 mesi, nell&#39;unità sperimentale per almeno una settimana. Esegui un esame clinico che misura la frequenza respiratoria, il cuore e la temperatura corporea. Non alimentare ogni maiale in miniatura per 12 ore prima della procedura di anestesia. </li><li> Iniettare l&#39;atropina (0,05 mg / kg) e il ketamina (20 mg / kg) / xilaxina (2 mg / kg) nella regione muscolare laterale del muscolo cervicale, dietro l&#39;orecchio, per la premedicazione. </li><li> Dopo la sedazione, applicare strettamente una fascia di gomma intorno alla base dell&#39;orecchio e pulire l&#39;orecchio con l&#39;alcool attivo. </li><li> Posizionare un catetere plastico sopra l&#39;ago nella vena dell&#39;orecchio e rimuovere la fascia di gomma. Verificare che il catetere sia posizionato correttamente. InfluenzaIl catetere con salina eparinizzata e fissare con nastro. </li><li> Per l&#39;intubazione endotracheale, posizionare il maiale in miniatura nella ricostruzione sternale. Con l&#39;aiuto di un assistente, tenere la mascella del maiale con una fionda adatta e aprire la bocca. <ol><li> Passare la punta del laringoscopio nella cavità faringea per spostare l&#39;epiglotta dal palato morbido. Utilizzare la punta della lama del laringoscopio per rendere visibili i cavi vocali e far avanzare il tubo endotracheale nella trachea durante la scadenza. </li><li> Sentitevi per un libero passaggio di aria per una corretta intubazione e controllate l&#39;auscultazione del petto per i suoni della respirazione nei lati sinistro e destro del maiale in miniatura. </li></ol></li><li> Riempire il bracciale con un adeguato volume d&#39;aria del tubo endotracheale in aria utilizzando una siringa da 10 ml e fissare il tubo al muso utilizzando nastro adesivo. </li><li> Fornire una concentrazione del 2,0% di isoflurano, un anestetico per inalazione per anestesia prolungata, attraverso l&#39;endotrTubo di intubazione acheal. Testare i riflessi corneali e palpebrali per confermare l&#39;anestetizzazione e utilizzare unguento sugli occhi per prevenire la secchezza. </li><li> Monitorare il sistema cardiovascolare, il sistema respiratorio e la temperatura corporea durante l&#39;anestesia almeno ogni 5 minuti fino a quando il maiale in miniatura recupera. </li><li> 30 minuti prima della chirurgia della colonna vertebrale, applicare lentamente 30 mg / kg di cefazolina IV, la prima generazione di antibiotici di cefalosporina. </li><li> Amministrare 5-10 ml / kg / h di salina calda (37 ° C) usando una linea IV per mantenere l&#39;omeostasi e fornire 50 μg / kg / min di fentanile per controllare il dolore. </li><li> Dopo la chirurgia della spina, eseguire l&#39;estubazione quando è evidente un forte riflesso di deglutizione. </li><li> Prendi il maiale in miniatura in una stanza e in un monitor fino a ricuperare l&#39;anestesia. Fornire cibo e acqua quando il maiale in miniatura è pienamente consapevole. </li><li> Applicare 3 mg / kg di antibiotico enrofloxacin con 4,4 mg / kg carprofen al giorno per il controllo del dolore durante i primi 3 giorni. </li><li> MoniIl maiale al giorno fino alla rimozione delle suture. </li></ol> 2. Chirurgia della colonna vertebrale <ol><li> Autoclave le viti transpedicolari e i sistemi di fissaggio posteriori per la sterilizzazione, seguendo le linee guida del produttore. </li><li> Rasare la parte posteriore del maiale in miniatura, circa 10 cm dal centro verso sinistra o verso destra, utilizzando un rasoio mentre il maiale è in posizione supina. Pulire la pelle con soluzione povidone-iodio e alcool al 70%. </li><li> Fai un&#39;incisione mediana longitudinale dal secondo processo spinoso della colonna lombare alla prima cresta sacrale mediana usando un bisturi. Dissect attraverso il tessuto sottocutaneo e fascia alla punta dei processi spinosi. </li><li> Elevate i muscoli paraspinalini sottoperialmente dalla lamina sottostante usando un ascensore Cobb. Dissect lungo il processo spinoso e lamina limitata ai giunti del facet. </li><li> Aprire la corteccia superficiale del punto di entrata (che è appena inferiore al processo mammillario da L3A L5 su entrambi i lati) con una burr o un rongeur. </li><li> Inserire il perno di guida in un luogo aperto, parallelo alla lastra superiore e ad un angolo di 20 ° rispetto al processo spinoso. Definire il punto di partenza ideale utilizzando i bracci a C oi raggi X postero-anteriori / laterali portatili. </li><li> Inserire una sonda a pedale fino a 25 mm secondo il raggio X. Confermare la traiettoria intraossea completa dalla peduncolo e dalla palpazione del corpo usando un dispositivo di suonatura pedicle. </li><li> Inserire sei viti di peduncolo nel pedone preparato da L3 a L5 finché la testa della vite non è ben posizionata. Puntare l&#39;apertura laterale della testa dell&#39;impianto nella direzione desiderata e allineare la posizione orizzontale con la traiettoria dell&#39;asta. </li><li> Inserire rispettivamente due bacchette su entrambi i lati delle teste a vite. Inserire il manicotto e il dado alla testa della vite di pedice utilizzando una maniglia universale. </li><li> Serrare a fondo il dado con una chiave a filo diritto e stringere saldamente il dado utilizzando una chiave a contatore torcente. </li><li> Confermare le posizioni oLe viti a pedale che utilizzano raggi X posteriori postero-anteriori / laterali. NOTA: attendere che il maiale in miniatura si svegli e controllare i pattern di andatura e la funzione motore dell&#39;arto posteriore per determinare se una vite è stata impigliata male. </li><li> Irrigare il sito di chirurgia con 3 L di salina normale utilizzando una siringa per irrigazione a bulbo con aspirazione. </li><li> Mettere un drenante in silicone nel sito di chirurgia e togliere la punta del silicone. Chiudere i muscoli paraspinal e sottocutanei utilizzando 1,0 suture assorbibili metriche. Chiudere la pelle con suture di nylon non assorbibili di 2,0 metri. </li><li> Disinfettare il sito di sutura con povidone-iodio e applicare una medicazione usando la garza sterilizzata e il nastro. </li></ol> 3. Procedura di raccolta <ol><li> A 12 settimane dopo l&#39;intervento, iniettare xilazina (2 mg / kg) e ketamina (10 mg / kg) nella regione muscolare laterale del muscolo cervicale, dietro l&#39;orecchio, per la premedicazione. </li><li> Dopo la sedazione, somministrare 15 mg / kg di KCl direttamente nella vena dell&#39;orecchioCatetere per l&#39;eutanasia. </li><li> Effettuare un&#39;incisione midline longitudinale alla precedente lesione della cicatrice. Disseccare i tessuti molli e i muscoli paraspinal. </li><li> Esponete il processo spinoso delle spine lombari, delle lamelle, delle aste, dei dadi e dei processi trasversali da L3 a L5. </li><li> Rimuovere i dadi usando una chiave e tiranti di coppia. Tagliare lo spazio del disco L2-3 e lo spazio del disco L5-S1 utilizzando una sega oscillante. </li><li> Disseccare entrambi i lati della parte centrale e anteriore della colonna vertebrale L3-5 con un&#39;aspirazione Cobb e una pinza a torre. Dopo la raccolta, se la colonna vertebrale non può essere testata immediatamente, avvolgerla in garza imbevuta di soluzione salina e conservare a -20 ° C. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Greenfield, R. T., Grant, R. E., Bryant, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pedicle+screw+fixation+in+the+management+of+unstable+thoracolumbar+spine+injuries.">Pedicle screw fixation in the management of unstable thoracolumbar spine injuries.</a> Orthop Rev. 21 (6), 701-706 (1992).</li><li>Upasani, V. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pedicle+screw+surface+coatings+improve+fixation+in+nonfusion+spinal+constructs.">Pedicle screw surface coatings improve fixation in nonfusion spinal constructs.</a> Spine. 34 (4), 335-343 (2009).</li><li>Halvorson, T. L., Kelley, L. A., Thomas, K. A., Whitecloud, T. S., Cook, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+bone+mineral+density+on+pedicle+screw+fixation.">Effects of bone mineral density on pedicle screw fixation.</a> Spine. 19 (21), 2415-2420 (1994).</li><li>Weinstein, J. N., Spratt, K. F., Spengler, D., Brick, C., Reid, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+pedicle+fixation:+reliability+and+validity+of+roentgenogram-based+assessment+and+surgical+factors+on+successful+screw+placement.">Spinal pedicle fixation: reliability and validity of roentgenogram-based assessment and surgical factors on successful screw placement.</a> Spine. 13 (9), 1012-1018 (1988).</li><li>Fini, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+assessment+of+the+bone-screw+interface+after+insertion+of+uncoated+and+hydroxyapatite-coated+pedicular+screws+in+the+osteopenic+sheep.">Biological assessment of the bone-screw interface after insertion of uncoated and hydroxyapatite-coated pedicular screws in the osteopenic sheep.</a> J Biomed Mater Res A. 66 (1), 176-183 (2003).</li><li>Kim, D. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+Titanium-Coated+Pedicle+Screws:+In+Vivo+Porcine+Lumbar+Spine+Model.">Evaluation of Titanium-Coated Pedicle Screws: In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model.</a> World Neurosurg. 91, 163-171 (2016).</li><li>Upasani, V. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pedicle+screw+surface+coatings+improve+fixation+in+nonfusion+spinal+constructs.">Pedicle screw surface coatings improve fixation in nonfusion spinal constructs.</a> Spine. 34 (4), 335-343 (2009).</li><li>Smit, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+a+quadrupted+as+an+in+vivo+model+for+the+study+of+the+spine-biomechanical+considrations.">The use of a quadrupted as an in vivo model for the study of the spine-biomechanical considrations.</a> Eur Spine J. 11 (2), 137-144 (2002).</li><li>Aldini, N. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pedicular+fixation+in+the+osteoporotic+spine:+a+pilot+in+vivo+study+on+long-term+ovariectomized+sheep.">Pedicular fixation in the osteoporotic spine: a pilot in vivo study on long-term ovariectomized sheep.</a> J Orthop Res. 20 (6), 1217-1224 (2002).</li><li>Fini, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+assessment+of+the+bone-screw+interface+after+insertion+of+uncoated+and+hydroxyapatite-coated+pedicular+screws+in+the+osteopenic+sheep.">Biological assessment of the bone-screw interface after insertion of uncoated and hydroxyapatite-coated pedicular screws in the osteopenic sheep.</a> J Biomed Mater Res A. 66 (1), 176-183 (2003).</li><li>Branemark, R., Ohrnell, L. O., Skalak, R., Carlsson, L., Branemark, P. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomechanical+characterization+of+osseointegration:+an+experimental+in+vivo+investigation+in+the+beagle+dog.">Biomechanical characterization of osseointegration: an experimental in vivo investigation in the beagle dog.</a> J Orthop Res. 16 (1), 61-69 (1998).</li><li>McLain, R. F., Yerby, S. A., Moseley, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+morphometry+of+L4+vertebrae:+comparison+of+large+animal+models+for+the+human+lumbar+spine.">Comparative morphometry of L4 vertebrae: comparison of large animal models for the human lumbar spine.</a> Spine. 27 (8), E200-E206 (2002).</li><li>Giavaresi, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+preclinical+evaluation+of+the+influence+of+osteoporosis+on+the+anchorage+of+different+pedicle+screw+designs.">In vivo preclinical evaluation of the influence of osteoporosis on the anchorage of different pedicle screw designs.</a> Eur Spine J. 20 (8), 1289-1296 (2011).</li><li>Hasegawa, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydroxyapatite-coating+of+pedicle+screws+improves+resistance+against+pull-out+force+in+the+osteoporotic+canine+lumbar+spine+model:+a+pilot+study.">Hydroxyapatite-coating of pedicle screws improves resistance against pull-out force in the osteoporotic canine lumbar spine model: a pilot study.</a> Spine J. 5 (3), 239-243 (2005).</li><li>Smorgick, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-+versus+multilevel+fusion+for+single-level+degenerative+spondylolisthesis+and+multilevel+lumbar+stenosis:+four-year+results+of+the+spine+patient+outcomes+research+trial.">Single- versus multilevel fusion for single-level degenerative spondylolisthesis and multilevel lumbar stenosis: four-year results of the spine patient outcomes research trial.</a> Spine. 38 (10), 797-805 (2013).</li><li>Busscher, I., Ploegmakers, J. J., Verkerke, G. J., Veldhuizen, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+anatomical+dimensions+of+the+complete+human+and+porcine+spine.">Comparative anatomical dimensions of the complete human and porcine spine.</a> Eur Spine J. 19 (7), 1104-1114 (2010).</li></ol>

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La valutazione delle viti transpedicolari nella colonna vertebrale richiede molto tempo e fatica. In primo luogo, il maiale in miniatura è un grande animale. Per la cura degli animali e l&#39;anestesia, il ricercatore necessita di un protocollo specializzato. In secondo luogo, la chirurgia dovrebbe mantenere un ambiente simile a quello della chirurgia umana. Lo scopo di valutare le viti di peduncolo nella colonna vertebrale è quello di sviluppare una vite efficiente applicabile agli esseri umani. In terzo luogo, la va...

Transpedicular screw fixation is a gold-standard treatment for degenerative lumbar spine and bursting fracture because it involves three columns of the spine and achieves stabilization1,2. However, most patients who undergo such surgery also have osteoporosis3,4. Many studies have evaluated the fixation strength and the osseointegration status of transpedicular screws, because the loosening of pedicle screws currently in use has been reported in patients with osteoporosis5,6.
The porcine spine is similar to the human spine in terms of size. It is less expensive compared to a primate model7. Furthermore, an in vivo mechanical study has demonstrated that the quadruped porcine spine is essentially loaded in the same way as that of the human spine8, which is why many researchers use porcine spines for studies on the prevention of pedicle screw loosening. However, it takes several months to study pedicle screws in the porcine spine because identifying the long-term stability of pedicle screws takes times. In order to compare different types of screws in the vertebral body, it is necessary to insert the screws in similar positions. Therefore, researchers should be well-acquainted with proper anesthesia techniques, standardized surgical protocols, and harvest procedures before performing any experiments. Here, we describe a detailed method for anesthesia, surgery, and harvest for the evaluation of pedicle screw fixation using a porcine spine model, including ex vivo imaging, histology, and strength testing.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Miniature pig</td>
			<td>OrientBio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atropine</td>
			<td>Jeil pharmaceutical</td>
			<td>A04900241</td>
			<td>Anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Over-the needle plastic catheter</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>REF382412</td>
			<td>Maintenance of IV line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Yuhan</td>
			<td>A04502441</td>
			<td>Anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Bayer Korea</td>
			<td>A00800071</td>
			<td>Anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laryngoscope</td>
			<td>Karl storz</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Intubation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endotracheal tube</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Intubation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>JW pharmaceutical Co</td>
			<td>A02104781</td>
			<td>Anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye ointment</td>
			<td>Hanlim pharma</td>
			<td>A37851721</td>
			<td>Protection of pig&#39;s eye</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cefazolin</td>
			<td>Donga pharma</td>
			<td>A01503951</td>
			<td>Antibiotics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline</td>
			<td>JW pharmaceutical Co</td>
			<td>A02151392</td>
			<td>Maintenance of fluid homeostasis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fentanyl</td>
			<td>Hana pharm</td>
			<td>C03200032</td>
			<td>Pain control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enrofloxacin</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>93106-60-6&#160;</td>
			<td>Antibiotics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Morphine</td>
			<td>Myungmoon pharma</td>
			<td>C03700091</td>
			<td>Pain control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meloxicam</td>
			<td>Boehringer Ingelheim</td>
			<td>A07600711</td>
			<td>Antibiotics</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone-iodine</td>
			<td>Hyundai pharma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Wound dressing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade size 15</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>&#160;I1 BB515</td>
			<td>Skin incision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cobb elevator</td>
			<td>Codman</td>
			<td>65-2546</td>
			<td>Dissection of muscle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Burr</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Making of starting point of screw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rongeur</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>FO515R</td>
			<td>Making of starting point of screw</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guide pin (K-wire)</td>
			<td>CE</td>
			<td>01067803</td>
			<td>Guidance of screw trajectory</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C-arm</td>
			<td>GE</td>
			<td>OEC 9800 plus</td>
			<td>Guidance of screw trajectory</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Portable X-ray</td>
			<td>Siemens</td>
			<td>Mobile XP hybrid</td>
			<td>Guidance of screw trajectory</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pedicle probe</td>
			<td>OtisBiotech</td>
			<td>SPI-02-01</td>
			<td>Guidance of screw trajectory</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pedicle sounding device</td>
			<td>OtisBiotech</td>
			<td>SPI-03-01</td>
			<td>Guidance of screw trajectory</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pedicle screw</td>
			<td>OtisBiotech</td>
			<td>MS-40025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Posterior fixator systems</td>
			<td>OtisBiotech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rod&#160;</td>
			<td>OtisBiotech</td>
			<td>ROD-60140</td>
			<td>Rigid fixation between screws</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Universal handle</td>
			<td>OtisBiotech</td>
			<td>SPI-08-01</td>
			<td>To fix the screws to the rod</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight socket wrench</td>
			<td>OtisBiotech</td>
			<td>SPI-06-01</td>
			<td>To fix the screws to the rod</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>counter torque wrench</td>
			<td>OtisBiotech</td>
			<td>SPI-07-01</td>
			<td>To fix the screws to the rod</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bulb irrigation syringe</td>
			<td>Hyupsug medical</td>
			<td>HS-IR-140</td>
			<td>Irrigation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone drain</td>
			<td>Sewon medical</td>
			<td>2205-006</td>
			<td>To drain the fluid at the surgical site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3.0 metric absorbable suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>BA1673H</td>
			<td>Muscle suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.0 metric nonabsorbable nylon suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>W1626T</td>
			<td>Skin suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze</td>
			<td>Kingphar Korea</td>
			<td>KP120-06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pentobarbital</td>
			<td>Hanlim pharma</td>
			<td>645301221</td>
			<td>Euthanasia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oscillating saw</td>
			<td>Zimmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Harvest spine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tower forceps</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>BF461R</td>
			<td>Harvest spine</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an anesthesia, surgery, and harvest method for the evaluation of transpedicular screws using an in vivo porcine lumbar spine model

La fissazione a vite a pedicella è il gold standard per il trattamento delle malattie spinali. Tuttavia, molti studi hanno riportato la questione dell&#39;allentamento delle viti di peduncolo dopo la chirurgia spinale, che è una preoccupazione grave. Per risolvere questo problema, sono stati esaminati diversi tipi di viti di peduncolo per identificare quelli con buona forza di fissazione e osseointegrazione nell&#39;osso della colonna vertebrale. La colonna vertebrale è una buona alternativa per la colonna vertebrale umana nella valutazione delle viti peduncolari a causa della dimensione anatomica, delle caratteristiche meccaniche e dei costi. Sebbene diversi studi abbiano riportato che le viti di peduncolo sono efficaci nel modello della suina, nessuno studio ha descritto protocolli dettagliati per la valutazione di una vite a peduncolo usando il modello porcino. Qui descriviamo un metodo dettagliato per valutare le viti transpedicolari usando un modello di colonna vertebrale lombare in vivo . I dettagli tecnici per l&#39;anestesia, la chirurgia della colonna vertebrale e il raccolto forniti qui faciliteranno con la valutazione del tModello di fissaggio a vite ranspedrici.

Qui viene descritto un protocollo dettagliato per l&#39;anestesia, la chirurgia e il raccolto per la valutazione delle viti transpedicolari utilizzando un modello di colonna vertebrale lombare in vivo . Questo protocollo è adatto a numerose analisi a valle, inclusi i test meccanici ( Figura 1 ), la valutazione micro-CT quantitativa ( Figura 2 ) e l&#39;istologia ( Figura 3 ). La prova meccanica rappresentativa ( figura ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model at JoVE.com

An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Qui introduciamo un metodo per valutare le viti transpediciche utilizzando un modello di colonna vertebrale lombare in vivo .

Anestesia, chirurgia e metodo di raccolta per la valutazione delle viti transpedicolari utilizzando un<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Modello della colonna vertebrale della deriva

Pedicle screw fixation is the gold standard for the treatment of spinal diseases. However, many studies have reported the issue of loosening pedicle ...

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An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

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7.6K Views.  Chonbuk National University School of Medicine, Chonbuk National University Hospital.  Qui introduciamo un metodo per valutare le viti transpediciche utilizzando un modello di colonna vertebrale lombare in vivo . 

Video: An Anesthesia, Surgery, and Harvest Method for the Evaluation of Transpedicular Screws Using an In Vivo Porcine Lumbar Spine Model

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

Utilizzando quantitativa real-time PCR per la determinazione cellulare attecchimento dei donatori in un modello murino competitivo trapianto di midollo osseo

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

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Medicina

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

This article presents a rapid and simple method for administering bleomycin directly into the mouse trachea via intubation. Key advantages of this method are that it is highly reproducible, easy to master, and does not require specialized equipment or lengthy recovery times.

Un metodo migliore per Rapid intubazione della trachea nei topi

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on pBECs in mono-culture (MC), MC with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), and non-contact co-culture (NCC) with astrocytes of porcine or rat origin. pBECs were isolated and cultured from fragments of capillaries from the brain cortices of domestic pigs 5-6 months old. These fragments were purified by careful removal of meninges, isolation and homogenization of grey matter, filtration, enzymatic digestion, and centrifugation. To further eliminate contaminating cells, the capillary fragments were cultured with puromycin-containing medium. When 60-95% confluent, pBECs growing from the capillary fragments were passaged to permeable membrane filter inserts and established in the models. To increase barrier tightness and BBB characteristic phenotype of pBECs, the cells were treated with the following differentiation factors: membrane permeant 8-CPT-cAMP (here abbreviated cAMP), hydrocortisone, and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, RO-20-1724 (RO). The procedure was carried out over a period of 9-11 days, and when establishing the NCC model, the astrocytes were cultured 2-8 weeks in advance. Adherence to the described procedures in the protocol has allowed the establishment of endothelial layers with highly restricted paracellular permeability, with the NCC model showing an average transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of 1249 &#177; 80 &#937; cm2, and paracellular permeability (Papp) for Lucifer Yellow of 0.90 10-6 &#177; 0.13 10-6 cm sec-1 (mean &#177; SEM, n=55). Further evaluation of this pBEC phenotype showed good expression of the tight junctional proteins claudin 5, ZO-1, occludin and adherens junction protein p120 catenin. The model presented can be used for a range of studies of the BBB in health and disease and, with the highly restrictive paracellular permeability, this model is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking.

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of the protocol is to present an optimized procedure for the establishment of an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model based on primary porcine brain endothelial cells (pBECs). The model shows high reproducibility, high tightness, and is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking in drug discovery.

Migliorato il metodo per la creazione di un In Vitro barriera emato - encefalica modello basato sulle cellule endoteliali Porcine cervello

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) ...

In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur

Endochondral fracture healing is a complex process involving the development of fibrous, cartilaginous, and osseous tissue in the fracture callus. The amount of the different tissues in the callus provides important information on the fracture healing progress. Available in vivo techniques to longitudinally monitor the callus tissue development in preclinical fracture-healing studies using small animals include digital radiography and &#181;CT imaging. However, both techniques are only able to distinguish between mineralized and non-mineralized tissue. Consequently, it is impossible to discriminate cartilage from fibrous tissue. In contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualizes anatomical structures based on their water content and might therefore be able to noninvasively identify soft tissue and cartilage in the fracture callus. Here, we report the use of an MRI-compatible external fixator for the mouse femur to allow MRI scans during bone regeneration in mice. The experiments demonstrated that the fixator and a custom-made mounting device allow repetitive MRI scans, thus enabling longitudinal analysis of fracture-callus tissue development.

In Vivo Evaluation of Fracture Callus Development During Bone Healing in Mice Using an MRI-compatible Osteosynthesis Device for the Mouse Femur

The evaluation of tissue development in the fracture callus during endochondral bone healing is essential to monitor the healing process. Here, we report the use of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-compatible external fixator for the mouse femur to allow MRI scans during bone regeneration in mice.

In Vivo Valutazione dello sviluppo di callo di frattura durante la guarigione dell'osso nei topi utilizzando un MRI-compatibile con osteosintesi per il femore di Mouse

Endochondral fracture healing is a complex process involving the development of fibrous, cartilaginous, and osseous tissue in the fracture callus. The ...

A Pre-Clinical Porcine Model of Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Fifty-years following the first successful report, cardiac transplantation remains the gold-standard treatment for eligible patients with advanced heart failure. Multiple small-animal models of heart transplantation have been used to study the acute and long-term effects of novel therapies. However, few are tested and demonstrated success in clinical trials. It is of critical importance to evaluate new therapies in a clinically relevant large-animal model for efficient and reliable translation of basic studies&#39;&#160;findings. Here, we describe a pre-clinical large-animal (porcine) model of orthotopic heart transplantation that has been firmly established and previously used to investigate novel cardioprotective strategies. This procedure focuses on acute ischemia-reperfusion injury and is a reliable method to investigate novel interventions which have been tested and validated in smaller experimental models, such as the murine model. We demonstrate its usefulness in assessing cardiac performance during the early post-transplantation period and other potential possibilities enabled by the model.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical large-animal (porcine) model of orthotopic heart transplantation that has been firmly established and utilized to investigate novel cardioprotective strategies.

Un modello pre-clinico di trapianto di cuore ortotopico

Fifty-years following the first successful report, cardiac transplantation remains the gold-standard treatment for eligible patients with advanced heart ...

An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery

Anesthesia is a routine component of cancer care that is used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The anesthetic technique has recently been implicated in impacting long-term cancer outcomes, possibly through modulation of adrenergic-inflammatory responses that impact cancer cell behavior and immune cell function. Emerging evidence suggests that propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) may be beneficial for long-term cancer outcomes when compared to inhaled volatile anesthesia. However, the available clinical findings are inconsistent. Preclinical studies that identify the underlying mechanisms involved are critically needed to guide the design of clinical studies that will expedite insight. Most preclinical models of anesthesia have been extrapolated from the use of anesthesia in in vivo research and are not optimally designed to study the impact of anesthesia itself as the primary endpoint. This paper describes a method for delivering propofol-TIVA anesthesia in a mouse model of breast cancer resection that replicates key aspects of clinical delivery in cancer patients. The model can be used to study mechanisms of action of anesthesia on cancer outcomes in diverse cancer types and can be extrapolated to other non-cancer areas of preclinical anesthesia research.

An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery

This paper describes a method for modeling total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) during cancer resection surgery in mice. The goal is to replicate key features of anesthesia delivery to patients with cancer. The method allows investigation of how anesthetic technique affects cancer recurrence after resection surgery.

Un modello murino in vivo di anestesia endovenosa totale durante la chirurgia di resezione del cancro

Anesthesia is a routine component of cancer care that is used for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The anesthetic technique has recently been ...

Establishment and Evaluation of a Porcine Vein Graft Disease Model

Venous graft disease (VGD) is the leading cause of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) failure. Large animal models of CABG-VGD are needed for the investigation of disease mechanisms and the development of therapeutic strategies. 
To perform the surgery, we enter the cardiac chamber through the third intercostal space and carefully dissect the internal mammary vein and immerse it in normal saline. The right main coronary artery is then treated for ischemia. The target vessel is incised, a shunt plug is placed, and the distal end of the graft vein is anastomosed. The ascending aorta is partially blocked, and the proximal end of the graft vein is anastomosed after perforation. The graft vein is checked for patency, and the proximal right coronary artery is ligated. 
CABG surgery is performed in minipigs to harvest the left internal mammary vein for its use as a vascular graft. Serum biochemical tests are used to evaluate the physiological status of the animals after surgery. Ultrasound examination shows that the proximal, middle, and distal end of the graft vessel are unobstructed. In the surgical model, turbulent blood flow in the graft is observed upon histological examination after the CABG surgery, and venous graft stenosis associated with intimal hyperplasia is observed in the graft. The study here provides detailed surgical procedures for the establishment of a repeatable CABG-induced VGD model.

In this protocol, novel pig vein bypass grafting was performed through a small incision in the left chest wall without cardiopulmonary bypass. A postoperative pathology study was done, which showed intimal thickening.

Istituzione e valutazione di un modello di malattia da trapianto di vena suina

Venous graft disease (VGD) is the leading cause of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) failure. Large animal models of CABG-VGD are needed for the ...

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra

Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is a difficult, risky, and sophisticated operation, in which a laminectomy should not only expose an adequate surgical field of view but also protect the patient&#39;s spinal nerves from injury. Digital models play an important role in the pre-and intra-operation of SDR, because they can not only make doctors more familiar with the anatomical structure of the surgical site, but also provide precise surgical navigation coordinates for the manipulator. This study aims to create a 3D digital model of a patient-specific lumbar vertebra that can be used for planning, surgical navigation, and training of the SDR operation. The 3D printing model is also manufactured for more effective work during these processes.
Traditional orthopedic digital models rely almost entirely on computed tomography (CT) data, which is less sensitive to soft tissues. Fusion of the bone structure from CT and the neural structure from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the key element for the model reconstruction in this study. The patient&#39;s specific 3D digital model is reconstructed for the real appearance of the surgical area and shows the accurate measurement of inter-structural distances and regional segmentation, which can effectively help in the preoperative planning and training of SDR. The transparent bone structure material of the 3D-printed model allows surgeons to clearly distinguish the relative relationship between the spinal nerve and the vertebral plate of the operated segment, enhancing their anatomical understanding and spatial sense of the structure. The advantages of the individualized 3D digital model and its accurate relationship between spinal nerve and bone structures make this method a good choice for preoperative planning of SDR surgery.

This study aims to create a 3D-printed model of a patient-specific lumbar vertebra, which contains both the vertebra and spinal nerve models fused from high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and MRI-Dixon data.

Modello di stampa 3D della vertebra lombare specifica di un paziente

Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is a difficult, risky, and sophisticated operation, in which a laminectomy should not only expose an adequate surgical ...

Ricostruzione 3D per la diagnosi e il trattamento dei noduli polmonari

A 3D Digital Model for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Nodules

The three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of pulmonary nodules using medical images has introduced new technical approaches for diagnosing and treating pulmonary nodules, and these approaches are progressively being acknowledged and adopted by physicians and patients. Nonetheless, constructing a relatively universal 3D digital model of pulmonary nodules for diagnosis and treatment is challenging due to device differences, shooting times, and nodule types. The objective of this study is to propose a new 3D digital model of pulmonary nodules that serves as a bridge between physicians and patients and is also a cutting-edge tool for pre-diagnosis and prognostic evaluation. Many AI-driven pulmonary nodule detection and recognition methods employ deep learning techniques to capture the radiological features of pulmonary nodules, and these methods can achieve a good area under-the-curve (AUC) performance. However, false positives and false negatives remain a challenge for radiologists and clinicians. The interpretation and expression of features from the perspective of pulmonary nodule classification and examination are still unsatisfactory. In this study, a method of continuous 3D reconstruction of the whole lung in horizontal and coronal positions is proposed by combining existing medical image processing technologies. Compared with other applicable methods, this method allows users to rapidly locate pulmonary nodules and identify their fundamental properties while also observing pulmonary nodules from multiple perspectives, thereby providing a more effective clinical tool for diagnosing and treating pulmonary nodules.

Autore in primo piano: un modello digitale 3D per la diagnosi e il trattamento dei noduli polmonari  

The objective of this study is to develop a novel 3D digital model of pulmonary nodules that serves as a communication bridge between physicians and patients and is also a cutting-edge tool for pre-diagnosis and prognostic evaluation.

Un modello digitale 3D per la diagnosi e il trattamento dei noduli polmonari

The three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of pulmonary nodules using medical images has introduced new technical approaches for diagnosing and treating ...

Anestesia, chirurgia e metodo di raccolta per la valutazione delle viti transpedicolari utilizzando un

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Capitoli in questo video

Utilizzando quantitativa real-time PCR per la determinazione cellulare attecchimento dei donatori in un modello murino competitivo trapianto di midollo osseo

Un metodo migliore per Rapid intubazione della trachea nei topi

Migliorato il metodo per la creazione di un In Vitro barriera emato - encefalica modello basato sulle cellule endoteliali Porcine cervello

In Vivo Valutazione dello sviluppo di callo di frattura durante la guarigione dell'osso nei topi utilizzando un MRI-compatibile con osteosintesi per il femore di Mouse

Un modello pre-clinico di trapianto di cuore ortotopico

Un modello murino in vivo di anestesia endovenosa totale durante la chirurgia di resezione del cancro

Istituzione e valutazione di un modello di malattia da trapianto di vena suina

Modello di stampa 3D della vertebra lombare specifica di un paziente

Un modello digitale 3D per la diagnosi e il trattamento dei noduli polmonari

Un modello digitale 3D per la diagnosi e il trattamento dei noduli polmonari