Name: how to build a dichoptic presentation system that includes an eye tracker
Uploaded: 2017-09-06T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 5 min 48 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker at JoVE.com

Gli autori ringraziano Pieter Schiphorst per il suo ruolo nel progettare l'installazione e per fornire la grafica delle figure 1 e 3 e Marnix Naber per utili discussioni e il suo contributo alla figura 6. Gli autori riconoscono anche i ricercatori e gli editori per il riutilizzo di figura 1 e 6 da una carta pubblicata1.

questo protocollo è stato approvato dalla recensione commissioni istituzionali di Michigan State University.
 1. costruzione del sistema <ol><li>logica <ol><li>preparare l'installazione di specchio, una variante del classico Wheatstone stereoscopio 28 illustrato Figura 1 , composto da due specchi posizionati ad un angolo di 45° rispetto il partecipante &#39; linea mediana s. Gli specchi riflettono stimoli da due schermi che sono posizionati alle estremità opposte di una tabella, di fronte a altro.</li>
		<li>Sedile un partecipante davanti gli specchi e li mostra una schermata diversa, riflessa tramite un mirror diverso, con ciascun occhio. Per risultati ottimali, utilizzare un poggiatesta per stabilizzare il partecipante &#39; testa di s.</li>
		<li>Posizione a infrarossi basati su video eye tracker, tra cui una fotocamera e un illuminatore, davanti il partecipante ma dietro gli specchi. L'inseguitore dell'occhio è rappresentato da una scatola in Figura 1. 
		Nota: Una sfida quando si cerca di monitorare gli occhi nelle normali configurazioni di questo tipo, è che gli occhi siano bloccati dagli specchi.</li>
		<li>Utilizzare due specchi di anteriore-superficie, spesso pubblicizzati come &#34; freddi specchi &#34; (angolo incidente: 45°), che dispongono di riflettanza vicino-completa di lunghezze d'onda visibili e vicino-completa trasmissione di lunghezze d'onda vicino infrarosso (Vedi tabella 1 per una dettagliata informazioni sugli specchi). 
		Nota: Tali specchi possono essere ottenute tramite aziende fornitrici di apparecchiature ottiche per scopi scientifici e industriali, che di solito sono elencati componenti come questi come &#39; freddi specchi &#39; o come un tipo di &#39; specchi dicroici &#39; (vedere più in dettaglio in materiali / Tabella di attrezzature).
		<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2"></td> <td>impostazione 1</td> <td>installazione 2</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="3"> specchi</td> <td>dimensioni</td> <td>10.10 × 12.70 cm</td> <td>10.10 × 12,70 cm</td></tr> <tr><td>riflettanza</td> <td>400 ~ 690 nm</td> <td>425 ~ 650 nm</td></tr> <tr><td>trasmissione</td> <td>750 ~ 1200 nm</td> <td>800 ~ 1200 nm</td></tr> < tr > <td rowspan="2"> eye Tracker</td> <td>marca</td> <td>ricerca-fine Eye Tracker</td> <td>cliente-grado Eye Tracker</td></tr> <tr><td>trasmissione</td> <td>890 ~ 940 nm</td> <td>circa 850 nm</td></tr></tbody></table>
		 Tabella 1. Dettagli delle due versioni del programma di installazione con cui abbiamo lavorato. 
		L'inseguitore dell'occhio &#39; gamma di lunghezza d'onda di s trasmissione è coperto dagli specchi &#39; gamma di trasmissione ad un angolo di incidenza di 45°, ma all'esterno la loro gamma di riflettanza.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Struttura dell'installazione <ol><li>costruire l'installazione su una scrivania. Oltre agli specchi e tracking di occhio, si compone solo di tre elementi su misura fatti di fibra di legno (vedere la Figura 2 per una guida di montaggio) e due monitor a schermo piatto sul monitor-armi disponibili da ufficio normali depositi del rifornimento.</li>
		<li>Elementi di fibra di legno <ol><li>costruire il quadro dell'installazione di tre componenti dei pannelli: una componente centrale e schede di riferimento due su ogni lato (vedere la Figura 1 per il posizionamento generale, tabella 2 per le dimensioni dettagliate e la Figura 2 per una guida di montaggio di ogni componente). Dipingere tutti questi pezzi in nero opaco per ridurre la dispersione di luce. 
			Nota: Il componente centrale (Vedi Figura 2B e 2D) contiene gli specchi e il tracking di occhio. Entrambi sono sull'altopiano stesso, mantenendo così il tracker di occhio alle partecipanti &#39; livello degli occhi.</li>
			<li>Posizionare l'elemento in cima di questa componente tale che lascia 8 cm in profondità nella parte anteriore della scrivania. Tale accordo permette uno spazio sufficiente per il partecipante &#39; s faccia quando stabilizzato sul resto testa ed evita la condensa sugli specchi durante l'espirazione, riducendo al minimo la distanza tra il partecipante &#39; gli occhi e gli specchi per massimizzare la possibile utilizzo del partecipante &#39; campo visivo s.</li>
			<li>Posizionare i due piani di riferimento direttamente di sotto del monitor (vedere la Figura 1 per il posizionamento e la Figura 2 pannelli A e C per una guida di montaggio) per facile calibrazione manuale degli schermi. Si noti che l'offset apparente nella Figura 1 tra schermo e bordo è a causa della limitata profondità spunti nell'immagine; le tavole sono direttamente sotto il monitor su entrambi i lati.</li>
			<li>Allineare esattamente horizontals lungo con i bordi della scrivania, mentre lasciano le verticali lunghi 4 cm oltre la parte anteriore della scrivania per facilitare la stabilizzazione di una tavola di calibrazione (Vedi sotto) per queste schede. I due piccoli centri di lavoro verticali garantirà il soggiorno lungo verticale verticale come il riferimento per i monitor.</li>
			<li>Facoltativamente, utilizzare un foglio di fibra di legno come una tavola di calibrazione (Vedi Figura 3). In questo caso, dopo aver ottenuto una posizione ottimale di un monitor, posizionare il bordo di calibrazione contro il bordo di riferimento e indicano le posizioni della scheda di riferimento sia il monitor sulla scheda di calibrazione mentre è a posto (nell'esempio del < forte classe = "xfig" > figura 3, doghe in legno forniscono queste indicazioni).</li>
			<li>Ogni volta che questo monitor posizione desiderata viene persa (accidentalmente o perché altri esperimenti richiedono una posizione diversa), recuperare questa posizione utilizzando le marcature sulla scheda di calibrazione per mettere il bordo di calibrazione torna nello stesso posto relativo alla scheda di riferimento che ha una posizione fissa sulla scrivania. Spostare il monitor di nuovo alla linea con le pertinenti marcature (vedere il punto 2.1.1. per i dettagli).
			<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"> <tbody><tr><td>componente</td> <td>dimensioni (cm)</td> <td>numero</td> <td>osservazione</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="4"> componente centrale < / TD > <td>80 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>top orizzontale</td></tr> <tr><td>23 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>orizzontale inferiore</td></tr> <tr><td>21 × 32 × 2</td> <td>1</td>
						<td>Verticale centrale</td></tr>
					<tr><td>32 × 25 × 2</td> <td>1</td> <td>frontale verticale</td></tr>
					<tr><td rowspan="3"> Schede di riferimento</td> <td>61 × 11 × 2</td> <td>2</td> <td>lungo orizzontale</td></tr>
					<tr><td>66 × 29 × 2</td> <td>2</td> <td>verticali lunghi</td></tr>
					<tr><td>11 × 15 × 2</td> <td>4</td> <td>piccola verticale</td>
					</tr></tbody></table> Tabella 2. Dettagli dei componenti PFL.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Monitor e specchi <ol><li>posizionare l'installazione su una scrivania ufficio standard.</li>
			<li>Montare due monitor a schermo piatto su monitor standard braccia fissate al lato della scrivania (scheda di riferimento sia il banco di bloccaggio). Queste armi consentono la traduzione in tre dimensioni e rotazione nel piano dello schermo. CRT-monitor convenzionali sono chiaramente compatibile anche con il programma di installazione, ma non potrebbe permettersi la stessa flessibilità in termini di posizionamento e riposizionamento.</li>
			<li>Montare gli specchi specchio monti che vengono venduti per lo scopo da parte dei fornitori stessi che stock specchi freddi. Collegare questi supporti per il cartone di fibra che tiene lo specchio alle partecipanti &#39; livello degli occhi. Posizione gli specchi di toccare un 90 ° angolo nel centro, proprio prima del partecipante &#39; naso s.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Rimanenti elementi Nota: alcuni esperimenti richiedono ai partecipanti non vedendo le schermate dall'angolo dei loro occhi, affinché una linea diretta di vista sugli schermi (linee tratteggiate in Figura 4A) dovrebbe essere evitato.
		<ol><li>In tal caso, creare &#34; paraocchi &#34; fatto di cartoncino nero e imbottito in schiuma foro cinghie verniciate in nero e collegarli ai posti di testa riposare (Vedi Figura 4B). Regolare i paraocchi in altezza e angolazione per ospitare singoli partecipanti. Se la parete di fronte il partecipante ha alta riflettenza, appeso un pezzo di tessuto nero vi aiuterà a risolvere il problema.</li>
		</ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2. Utilizzando il sistema <ol><li>calibrazione Hardware Nota: lo scopo della calibrazione è quello di ottenere un allineamento soddisfacente dei due monitor per facilitare la fusione dei due monitor &#39; immagini per ogni partecipante. Ciò può essere ottenuto in due passaggi: taratura hardware (descritto qui) e software (descritta sotto).
	<ol><li>Quando si utilizza una scheda di taratura, come descritto in precedenza, allinearlo con una delle schede di riferimento, tenendolo in luogo con un C-clamp, se necessario, e quindi spostare il monitor corrispondente di allinearsi con le linee di riferimento desiderato sulla scheda di calibrazione. I monitor devono essere paralleli tra loro, e ognuno dovrebbe essere dritto sopra la sua scheda di riferimento.</li>
		<li>Quando si utilizzano i paraocchi, spostarli al partecipante &#39; s livello degli occhi e ruotare leggermente verso la linea mediana, cioè più verso l'interno, rispetto all'orientamento del monitor. Assicurarsi che ogni occhio può vedere l'intero visual stimolo allo specchio senza vedere qualsiasi di esso direttamente. Girando i paraocchi verso piuttosto che partire dal midline riduce al minimo i partecipanti &#39; esposizione ad altri input visivo.</li>
	</ol></li> <li>Calibrazione software <ol><li>dato che i partecipanti possono variare nella loro posizione di occhio rispetto gli specchi nonostante l'uso di un poggiatesta, calibrare ulteriormente prima di fare esperimenti. Questa parte è fatto più facilmente nel software, cioè senza spostare l'installazione &#39; s parti qualsiasi ulteriormente. Ci sono due possibili metodi.
		<ol><li>Per la prima, presentare un puntino su ciascuno dei due schermi in alternanza e istruire il partecipante per eliminare il cambiamento di posizione percepita spostando il punto su uno degli schermi (o entrambi in direzioni opposte).</li>
			<li>Per il secondo metodo, indicare al partecipante di allineare i fotogrammi di stimoli sperimentali invece due punti così che entrambi gli occhi &#39; campi visivi fondamentali per l'esperimento particolare sono allineati.</li>
		</ol></li> <li>Dopo l'applicazione di entrambi i metodi, gli stimoli nell'esperimento su risultante sullo schermo posizioni di centro. Altri aspetti della configurazione di schermi e stimoli per presentazione dicoptico in generale può essere trovato altrove 5.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optokinetic+nystagmus+as+an+objective+indicator+of+binocular+rivalry.">Optokinetic nystagmus as an objective indicator of binocular rivalry.</a> Vision Res. 15 (7), 849-853 (1975).</li><li>Leopold, D. A., Fitzgibbons, J. C., Logothetis, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+Attention+in+Binocular+Rivalry+as+Revealed+through+Optokinetic+Nystagmus.">The Role of Attention in Binocular Rivalry as Revealed through Optokinetic Nystagmus.</a> , (1995).</li><li>Zaretskaya, N., Thielscher, A., Logothetis, N. K., Bartels, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disrupting+Parietal+Function+Prolongs+Dominance+Durations+in+Binocular+Rivalry.">Disrupting Parietal Function Prolongs Dominance Durations in Binocular Rivalry.</a> Curr. Biol. 20 (23), 2106-2111 (2010).</li><li>Robinson, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+of+Measuring+Eye+Movemnent+Using+a+Scieral+Search+Coil+in+a+Magnetic+Field.">A Method of Measuring Eye Movemnent Using a Scieral Search Coil in a Magnetic Field.</a> IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Electron. 10 (4), 137-145 (1963).</li><li>Kalisvaart, J. P., Goossens, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+Retinal+Image+Shifts+and+Extra-Retinal+Eye+Movement+Signals+on+Binocular+Rivalry+Alternations.">Influence of Retinal Image Shifts and Extra-Retinal Eye Movement Signals on Binocular Rivalry Alternations.</a> PLOS ONE. 8 (4), e61702 (2013).</li><li>Fr&#228;ssle, S., Sommer, J., Jansen, A., Naber, M., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+rivalry:+frontal+activity+relates+to+introspection+and+action+but+not+to+perception.">Binocular rivalry: frontal activity relates to introspection and action but not to perception.</a> J. Neurosci. 34 (5), 1738-1747 (2014).</li><li>Duchowski, A. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binocular+Eye+Tracking+in+Virtual+Reality+for+Inspection+Training.">Binocular Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality for Inspection Training.</a> Proc. 2000 Symp. Eye Track. Res. Appl. , 89-96 (2000).</li><li>Hayashi, R., Tanifuji, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Which+image+is+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry?+Reading+perceptual+status+from+eye+movements.">Which image is in awareness during binocular rivalry? Reading perceptual status from eye movements.</a> J. Vis. 12 (3), 5-5 (2012).</li><li>van Dam, L. C. J., van Ee, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+image+shifts,+but+not+eye+movements+per+se,+cause+alternations+in+awareness+during+binocular+rivalry.">Retinal image shifts, but not eye movements per se, cause alternations in awareness during binocular rivalry.</a> J. Vis. 6 (11), 3-3 (2006).</li><li>Maiello, G., Chessa, M., Solari, F., Bex, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simulated+disparity+and+peripheral+blur+interact+during+binocular+fusionShort+Title??.">Simulated disparity and peripheral blur interact during binocular fusionShort Title??.</a> J. Vis. 14 (8), 13-13 (2014).</li><li>Vinnikov, M., Allison, R. S., Fernandes, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+depth+of+field+simulation+on+visual+fatigue:+Who+are+impacted?+and+how?.">Impact of depth of field simulation on visual fatigue: Who are impacted? and how?.</a> Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud. 91, 37-51 (2016).</li><li>Tsuchiya, N., Wilke, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Lamme, V. A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=No-Report+Paradigms:+Extracting+the+True+Neural+Correlates+of+Consciousness.">No-Report Paradigms: Extracting the True Neural Correlates of Consciousness.</a> Trends Cogn. Sci. 19 (12), 757-770 (2015).</li><li>Naber, M., Fr&#228;ssle, S., Einh&#228;user, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptual+Rivalry:+Reflexes+Reveal+the+Gradual+Nature+of+Visual+Awareness.">Perceptual Rivalry: Reflexes Reveal the Gradual Nature of Visual Awareness.</a> PLOS ONE. 6 (6), e20910 (2011).</li></ol>

Gli autori non hanno nulla a rivelare.

Vi presentiamo una guida passo passo per la costruzione e l'uso di un apparato sperimentale che permette di tenere traccia simultaneo di entrambi gli occhi e dicoptico presentazione di stimoli visivi. In molte situazioni dove lo stimolo dicoptico è usato, la questione critica impedire rilevamento efficace occhio è che gli specchi per presentazione dicoptico bloccano la vista di inseguitori occhio basate su video. Questo viene risolto qui utilizzando specchi trasparenti all'infrarosso e infrarosso sensibili eye tracker....

In condizioni di normale visualizzazione ciascuno dei nostri occhi riceve un input visivo leggermente diverso. Questo input è poi elaborati per produrre una rappresentazione tridimensionale, coerente del mondo. Dicoptico presentazione, pratica del controllo in modo indipendente l'input ha presentato a ciascuno dei due occhi, quindi permette ai ricercatori di studiare come gli esseri umani ricostruire una rappresentazione tridimensionale da due immagini retiniche bidimensionali2 ,3,4. Inoltre, se immagini i due occhi sono troppo dissimile, questa combinazione interoculare non riesce, e osservatori invece segnalano la percezione di una sola delle immagini alla volta mentre l'altro rimane soppresso, fenomeni come antagonismo binoculare5 e continui flash soppressione6. Ricercatori di tale soppressione interoculare, utilizzano troppo, dicoptico presentazione, in questo caso per esaminare le questioni relazionati ad argomenti come il locus neurale di consapevolezza7, selezione percettiva8,9e inconscio trattamento10.
Lo sguardo e pupilla dinamiche sono registrate ai fini più nella ricerca sul comportamento umano e la percezione. Direzione dello sguardo può informare, per esempio, attenzione allocazione11,10,13 e decisione facendo14, mentre le dimensioni della pupilla possono rivelare aspetti di elaborazione visiva15, 16, compito fidanzamento17o intelligenza fluida18.
Combinazione di eye-tracking con dicoptico presentazione è utile nella ricerca in, per esempio, tre percezione dimensionale (3D)19,20,21,22 o oculare risposte a visual ingresso durante soppressione interoculare23,24,25. Ad esempio, i movimenti oculari sono stati trovati per rivelare l'elaborazione inconscia senza percezione soggettiva durante continui flash soppressione23. Ricercatori clinici visual possono utilizzare la capacità di tenere traccia di entrambi gli occhi durante la presentazione dicoptico per studiare le malattie oculari che colpiscono i due occhi asimmetricamente, ad esempio, per monitorare il monoculare e binoculare distorsioni visive che si verificano in ambliopia26 e maculopathy27.
Recentemente abbiamo descritto un'installazione1 che consente la combinazione di alta qualità basati su video eye tracking e dicoptico stimolazione con piccola limitazione sulla dimensione o colore degli stimoli, e abbiamo valutato le prestazioni. Qui di seguito riassumiamo la costruzione e l'utilizzo di questa configurazione.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Mirrors in Setup 1</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>&amp;nbsp;#64-452</td><td>dimensions 10.10 &amp;times; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 400 ~ 690 nm; Transmission: 750 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Mirrors in Setup 2</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>Item discontinued</td><td>dimensions 10.10 &amp;times; 12.70 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Other Mirror Option</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>#62-634</td><td>dimensions 12.50 &amp;times; 12.50 cm; Reflectance: 425 ~ 650 nm; Transmission: 800 ~ 1200nm</td></tr><tr><td>Eye Tracker in Setup 1</td><td>SR Research Ltd., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada</td><td>Eyelink 1000</td><td>Transmission: 890 ~ 940 nm</td></tr><tr><td>Eye Tracker in Setup 2</td><td>The Eye Tribe Aps, Copenhagen, Denmark</td><td>Eye Tribe (item discontinued)</td><td>Transmission: around 850 nm</td></tr></tbody></table>

how to build a dichoptic presentation system that includes an eye tracker

La presentazione di stimoli diversi per i due occhi, dicoptico presentazione, è essenziale per gli studi che coinvolgono la visione 3D e soppressione interoculare. C'è una crescente letteratura il valore sperimentale unico di misure pupillari e oculomotorie, soprattutto per la ricerca sulla soppressione interoculare. Anche se ottenere provvedimenti di eye tracking beneficerebbe così gli studi che utilizzano dicoptico presentazione, l'hardware essenziale per dicoptico presentazione (es. specchi) spesso interferisce con alta qualità eye-tracking, soprattutto quando si utilizza un occhio basati su video Tracker. Recentemente abbiamo descritto una messa a punto sperimentale che combina un sistema di presentazione standard dicoptico con infrarossi eye tracker utilizzando specchi infrarosso-trasparente1. Il programma di installazione è compatibile con monitor standard ed occhio inseguitori, facile da implementare e a prezzi accessibili (dell'ordine di US$ 1.000). Relativo ai metodi esistenti ha i vantaggi di non richiedere attrezzature speciali e in posa pochi limiti sulla natura e qualità dello stimolo visivo. Qui forniamo una guida visiva per la costruzione e l'utilizzo del nostro programma di installazione.

Dopo la calibrazione descritta nel protocollo, abbiamo effettuato una procedura di calibrazione-convalida senza problemi con gli specchi in luogo. L'efficacia del metodo è chiaramente illustrato dalla Figura 5, che mostra l'immagine della telecamera (con un occhio di fine ricerca sistema di tracciamento) con gli specchi in luogo. Le due serie di linee parallele lungo naso dei partecipanti e le linee sopra le sopracciglia sono i bordi degli specchi ma, tuttav...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker at JoVE.com

How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Abbiamo recentemente proposto un metodo che consente la presentazione di stimolo visivo dicoptico e binoculare eye-tracking contemporaneamente1. La chiave è la combinazione di infrarossi eye tracker e gli specchi a infrarossi-trasparente corrispondenti. Questo manoscritto fornisce un'approfondita protocollo per la configurazione iniziale e il funzionamento di tutti i giorni.

Come costruire un sistema di presentazione di dicoptico che include Eye Tracker

The presentation of different stimuli to the two eyes, dichoptic presentation, is essential for studies involving 3D vision and interocular suppression. ...

how-to-build-dichoptic-presentation-system-that-includes-an-eye

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

8.4K Views.  Michigan State University. Abbiamo recentemente proposto un metodo che consente la presentazione di stimolo visivo dicoptico e binoculare eye-tracking contemporaneamente1. La chiave è la combinazione di infrarossi eye tracker e gli specchi a infrarossi-trasparente corrispondenti. Questo manoscritto fornisce un'approfondita protocollo per la configurazione iniziale e il funzionamento di tutti i giorni.

Video: How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Measuring eye movements during reading is one of the most precise methods for measuring moment-by-moment (online) processing demands during text comprehension. Cognitive processing demands are reflected by several aspects of eye movement behavior, such as fixation duration, number of fixations, and number of regressions (returning to prior parts of a text). Important properties of eye tracking equipment that researchers need to consider are described, including how frequently the eye position is measured (sampling rate), accuracy of determining eye position, how much head movement is allowed, and ease of use. Also described are properties of stimuli that influence eye movements that need to be controlled in studies of text comprehension, such as the position, frequency, and length of target words. Procedural recommendations related to preparing the participant, setting up and calibrating the equipment, and running a study are given. Representative results are presented to illustrate how data can be evaluated. Although the methodology is described in terms of reading comprehension, much of the information presented can be applied to any study in which participants read verbal stimuli.

The present article describes how to use eye tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text comprehension. Descriptions of eye tracking equipment, how to develop experimental stimuli, and procedural recommendations are included. The information presented can be applied to most any study using verbal stimuli.

Utilizzo dei movimenti oculari per valutare i processi cognitivi coinvolti nella comprensione del testo

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

Ricerca

Comportamento

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank yesterday."), however such reports can often be unreliable or sensitive to response bias 1, and may be unobtainable in some participant populations. Furthermore, explicit reports only reveal when information has reached consciousness and cannot comment on when memories were accessed during processing, regardless of whether the information is subsequently accessed in a conscious manner. Eye movement monitoring (eye tracking) provides a tool by which memory can be probed without asking participants to comment on the contents of their memories, and access of such memories can be revealed on-line 2,3. Video-based eye trackers (either head-mounted or remote) use a system of cameras and infrared markers to examine the pupil and corneal reflection in each eye as the participant views a display monitor. For head-mounted eye trackers, infrared markers are also used to determine head position to allow for head movement and more precise localization of eye position. Here, we demonstrate the use of a head-mounted eye tracking system to investigate memory performance in neurologically-intact and neurologically-impaired adults. Eye movement monitoring procedures begin with the placement of the eye tracker on the participant, and setup of the head and eye cameras. Calibration and validation procedures are conducted to ensure accuracy of eye position recording. Real-time recordings of X,Y-coordinate positions on the display monitor are then converted and used to describe periods of time in which the eye is static (i.e. fixations) versus in motion (i.e., saccades). Fixations and saccades are time-locked with respect to the onset/offset of a visual display or another external event (e.g. button press). Experimental manipulations are constructed to examine how and when patterns of fixations and saccades are altered through different types of prior experience. The influence of memory is revealed in the extent to which scanning patterns to new images differ from scanning patterns to images that have been previously studied 2, 4-5. Memory can also be interrogated for its specificity; for instance, eye movement patterns that differ between an identical and an altered version of a previously studied image reveal the storage of the altered detail in memory 2-3, 6-8. These indices of memory can be compared across participant populations, thereby providing a powerful tool by which to examine the organization of memory in healthy individuals, and the specific changes that occur to memory with neurological insult or decline 2-3, 8-10.

Eye movement monitoring (or eye tracking) reveals where in space the eyes linger, when and for how long. Here, we demonstrate how eye tracking can be used to investigate the integrity of memory in multiple participant populations, without requiring verbal, or otherwise explicit, reports.

Eye Movement Monitoraggio della Memoria

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank ...

Neuroscienze

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and dysfunctional brain.1 However, development of a platform to stimulate and store eye movements can require substantial programming, time and costs. Many systems do not offer the flexibility to program numerous stimuli for a variety of experimental needs. However, the VisualEyes System has a flexible architecture, allowing the operator to choose any background and foreground stimulus, program one or two screens for tandem or opposing eye movements and stimulate the left and right eye independently. This system can significantly reduce the programming development time needed to conduct an oculomotor study. The VisualEyes System will be discussed in three parts: 1) the oculomotor recording device to acquire eye movement responses, 2) the VisualEyes software written in LabView, to generate an array of stimuli and store responses as text files and 3) offline data analysis. Eye movements can be recorded by several types of instrumentation such as: a limbus tracking system, a sclera search coil, or a video image system. Typical eye movement stimuli such as saccadic steps, vergent ramps and vergent steps with the corresponding responses will be shown. In this video report, we demonstrate the flexibility of a system to create numerous visual stimuli and record eye movements that can be utilized by basic scientists and clinicians to study healthy as well as clinical populations.

Neural control and cognitive processes can be studied through eye movements. The VisualEyes software allows an operator to program stimuli on two computer screens independently using a simple, custom scripting language. The system can stimulate tandem eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit) or opposing eye movements (vergence) or any combination.

VisualEyes: un sistema software modulare per la Sperimentazione oculomotoria

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

Eye Tracking Young Children with Autism

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a direct, detailed and objective measure of gaze behavior, eye-tracking has become a valuable tool for examining abnormal perceptual strategies in clinical populations and has been used to identify disorder-specific characteristics1, promote early identification2, and inform treatment3. In particular, investigators of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have benefited from integrating eye-tracking into their research paradigms4-7. Eye-tracking has largely been used in these studies to reveal mechanisms underlying impaired task performance8 and abnormal brain functioning9, particularly during the processing of social information1,10-11. While older children and adults with ASD comprise the preponderance of research in this area, eye-tracking may be especially useful for studying young children with the disorder as it offers a non-invasive tool for assessing and quantifying early-emerging developmental abnormalities2,12-13. Implementing eye-tracking with young children with ASD, however, is associated with a number of unique challenges, including issues with compliant behavior resulting from specific task demands and disorder-related psychosocial considerations. In this protocol, we detail methodological considerations for optimizing research design, data acquisition and psychometric analysis while eye-tracking young children with ASD. The provided recommendations are also designed to be more broadly applicable for eye-tracking children with other developmental disabilities. By offering guidelines for best practices in these areas based upon lessons derived from our own work, we hope to help other investigators make sound research design and analysis choices while avoiding common pitfalls that can compromise data acquisition while eye-tracking young children with ASD or other developmental difficulties.

Eye tracking has long been used to study gaze patterns in typically-developing individuals, but recent technological advancements have made its use with clinical populations, including autism, more feasible. While eye-tracking young children with autism can offer insight into early symptom manifestations, it involves methodological challenges. Suggestions for best practices are provided.

Eye tracking bambini piccoli con autismo

The rise of accessible commercial eye-tracking systems has fueled a rapid increase in their use in psychological and psychiatric research. By providing a ...

Medicina

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing and the perception of the visual world. The recording of eye-gaze patterns has provided good evidence for the contribution of both the visual context and linguistic/world knowledge to language comprehension. Initial research assessed object-context effects to test&#160;theories of modularity in language processing. In the introduction, we describe how subsequent investigations have taken the role of the wider visual context in language processing as a research topic in its own right, asking questions such as how our visual perception of events and of speakers contributes to&#160;comprehension informed by&#160;comprehenders&#39; experience. Among the examined aspects of the visual context are actions, events, a speaker&#39;s gaze, and emotional facial expressions, as well as spatial object configurations. Following an overview of the eye-tracking method and its different applications, we list the key steps of the methodology in the protocol, illustrating how to successfully use it to study visually-situated language comprehension. A final section presents three sets of representative results and illustrates the benefits and limitations of eye tracking for investigating the interplay between the perception of the visual world and language comprehension.

The present article reviews an eye-tracking methodology for studies on language comprehension. To obtain reliable data, key steps of the protocol must be followed. Among these are the correct set-up of the eye tracker (e.g., ensuring good quality of the eye and head images) and accurate calibration.

Eye Tracking durante la comprensione del linguaggio visivo situato: Flessibilità e limitazioni a scoprire gli effetti di contesto visivo

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As such, understanding the causes and mechanisms of regressions plays an important role in understanding eye movement behavior. Inhibition of return (IOR) is an oculomotor effect that results in increased latency to return attention to a previously attended target versus a target that was not previously attended. Thus, IOR may affect regressions. This paper describes how to design materials to distinguish between regressions caused by comprehension-related and oculomotor processes; the latter is subject to IOR. The method allows researchers to identify IOR and control the causes of regressions. While the method requires tightly controlled materials and large numbers of participants and materials, it allows researchers to distinguish and control the types of regressions that occur in their reading studies.

The method was designed to investigate the role of inhibition of return (IOR) in regressive eye movements during reading. The focus is on differentiating between regressions triggered as a result of comprehension difficulty versus those triggered from oculomotor error, including the role of IOR in the two types of regressions.

Eye-tracking per distinguere movimenti oculari regressivo oculomotoria basati e comprensione durante la lettura

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain injury. Quantitative recordings have a strong capacity to screen diagnostically. Concurrent examinations of the eye and upper limb movements directed toward shared functional goals (e.g., eye-hand coordination) serve as an additional robust biomarker-laden path to capture and interrogate neural injury, including acquired brain injury (ABI). While quantitative dual-effector recordings in 3-D afford ample opportunities within ocular-manual motor investigations in the setting of ABI, the feasibility of such dual recordings for both eye and hand is challenging in pathological settings, particularly when approached with research-grade rigor. Here we describe the integration of an eye tracking system with a motion tracking system intended primarily for limb control research to study a natural behavior. The protocol enables the investigation of unrestricted, three-dimensional (3D) eye-hand coordination tasks. More specifically, we review a method to assess eye-hand coordination in visually guided saccade-to-reach tasks in subjects with chronic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and compare them to healthy controls. Special attention is paid to the specific eye- and limb-tracking system properties in order to obtain high fidelity data from participants post-injury. Sampling rate, accuracy, permissible head movement range given anticipated tolerance and the feasibility of use were several of the critical properties considered when selecting an eye tracker and an approach. The limb tracker was selected based on a similar rubric but included the need for 3-D recording, dynamic interaction and a miniaturized physical footprint. The quantitative data provided by this method and the overall approach when executed correctly has tremendous potential to further refine our mechanistic understanding of eye-hand control and help inform feasible diagnostic and pragmatic interventions within the neurological and rehabilitative practice.&#160;

Cerebral injury can damage both ocular and somatic motor systems. Characterization of motor control post-injury affords biomarkers that assist in disease detection, monitoring, and prognosis. We review a method to measure eye-hand movement control in health and in pathologic incoordination, with look-and-reach paradigms to assess coordination between eye and hand.

Registrazione in modo efficiente la coordinazione occhio-mano allo spettro di incoordinazione

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain ...

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world around them. Eye tracking is a safe and non-invasive way to collect gaze data from infants, and the preferential looking paradigm is simple to design and only requires the infant to be attending to the screen. By simultaneously showing two visual stimuli that differ in one dimension, we can assess whether infants show different looking behavior for either stimulus, thus demonstrating sensitivity to that difference. The challenges in such experimental approaches are that experiments must be kept brief (no more than 10 min) and be carefully controlled such that the two stimuli differ in only one way. The interpretation of null results must also be carefully considered. In this paper, we illustrate a successful example of an infant eye tracking study with a preferential looking paradigm to discover that 6-month-olds are sensitive to linguistic cues in a signed language despite having no prior exposure to signed language, suggesting that infants possess intrinsic or innate sensitivities to these cues.

Eye tracking studies using a preferential looking paradigm can be used to study infants&#39;&#160;emerging understanding of, and attention to, their external visual world.

Esplorare la sensibilità del bambino al linguaggio visivo utilizzando eye tracking e il paradigma dall'aspetto preferenziale

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world ...

A Methodology for Capturing Joint Visual Attention Using Mobile Eye-Trackers

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency sensors, such as eye-trackers, electrodermal activity wristbands, EEG bands, and motion sensors provide observations at the millisecond level. This level of precision allows researchers to collect large datasets on social interactions. In this paper, I discuss how multiple eye-trackers can capture a fundamental construct in social interactions, joint visual attention (JVA). JVA has been studied by developmental psychologists to understand how children acquire language, learning scientists to understand how small groups of learners work together, and social scientists to understand interactions in small teams. This paper describes a methodology for capturing JVA in colocated settings using mobile eye-trackers. It presents some empirical results and discusses implications of capturing microobservations to understand social interactions.

Using multimodal sensors is a promising way to understand the role of social interactions in educational settings. This paper describes a methodology for capturing joint visual attention from colocated dyads using mobile eye-trackers.

Una metodologia per catturare l'attenzione visiva congiunta utilizzando Mobile Eye-Tracker

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency ...

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, like the microperimetry, can test only one eye at a time. Therefore, they cannot explain how the defects in each eye affect the binocular interaction and real-world function. Dichoptic stimulus presentation with a gaze-controlled system could provide a reliable measure of monocular/binocular visual fields. However, dichoptic stimulus presentation and simultaneous eye-tracking are challenging because optical devices of instruments that present stimulus dichoptically (e.g., haploscope) always interfere with eye-trackers (e.g., infrared video-based eye-trackers). Therefore, the goals were 1) to develop a method for dichoptic stimulus presentation with simultaneous eye-tracking, using 3D-shutter glasses and 3D-ready monitors, that is not affected by interference and 2) to use this method to develop a protocol for assessing central visual field in subjects with central vision loss. The results showed that this setup provides a practical solution for reliably measuring eye-movements in dichoptic viewing condition. In addition, it was also demonstrated that this method can assess gaze-controlled binocular central visual field in subjects with central vision loss.

Presented here is a protocol for assessing binocular eye movements and gaze-controlled central visual field screening in participants with central vision loss.

Valutazione del campo visivo centrale binoculare e dei movimenti degli occhi binocoli in una condizione di visualizzazione dicoptica

Macular degeneration typically results in heterogeneous binocular central visual defects. Currently available approaches to assess central visual field, ...