Ringraziamo Sean B. Carroll e Thomas Werner per fornire scorte volare, Naoyuki fusibile per attrezzature, Byung Seok Jin per la sua assistenza nella contaminazione, Kiyokazu Agata per tutoraggio ed Elizabeth Nakajima per l'editing di inglese. Questo lavoro è stato supportato da KAKENHI 17K 19427 e Takeda Science Foundation.

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M., Butts, J. C., Ordway, A., Vellky, J. E., Rebeiz, M., Williams, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+evolutionary+origination+and+diversification+of+a+dimorphic+gene+regulatory+network+through+parallel+innovations+in+cis+and+trans.">The evolutionary origination and diversification of a dimorphic gene regulatory network through parallel innovations in cis and trans.</a> PLoS Genet. 11 (4), e1005136 (2015).</li><li>Gompel, N., Prud'homme, B., Wittkopp, P. J., Kassner, V. A., Carroll, S. 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P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+evolution+through+multiple+cis-regulatory+mutations+at+a+single+gene.">Morphological evolution through multiple cis-regulatory mutations at a single gene.</a> Nature. 448 (7153), 587-590 (2007).</li><li>Tanaka, K., Barmina, O., Kopp, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+developmental+mechanisms+underlie+the+evolutionary+diversification+of+Drosophila+sex+combs.">Distinct developmental mechanisms underlie the evolutionary diversification of Drosophila sex combs.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (12), 4764-4769 (2009).</li><li>Werner, T., Koshikawa, S., Williams, T. M., Carroll, S. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+a+novel+wing+colour+pattern+by+the+Wingless+morphogen.">Generation of a novel wing colour pattern by the Wingless morphogen.</a> Nature. 464 (7292), 1143-1148 (2010).</li><li>Wittkopp, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraspecific+polymorphism+to+interspecific+divergence:+genetics+of+pigmentation+in+Drosophila.">Intraspecific polymorphism to interspecific divergence: genetics of pigmentation in Drosophila.</a> Science. 326 (5952), 540-544 (2009).</li><li>Lawrence, P. A., Morata, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Compartments+in+the+wing+of+Drosophila:+a+study+of+the+engrailed+gene.">Compartments in the wing of Drosophila: a study of the engrailed gene.</a> Dev Biol. 50 (2), 321-337 (1976).</li><li>Bainbridge, S. P., Bownes, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Staging+the+metamorphosis+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Staging the metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 66, 57-80 (1981).</li><li>Ashburner, M., Golic, K. G., Hawley, R. 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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIH+Image+to+ImageJ:+25+years+of+image+analysis.">NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.</a> Nat Methods. 9 (7), 671-675 (2012).</li><li>Izumitani, H. F., Kusaka, Y., Koshikawa, S., Toda, M. J., Katoh, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phylogeography+of+the+Subgenus+Drosophila+(Diptera:+Drosophilidae):+evolutionary+history+of+faunal+divergence+between+the+Old+and+the+New+Worlds.">Phylogeography of the Subgenus Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae): evolutionary history of faunal divergence between the Old and the New Worlds.</a> PLoS ONE. 11 (7), e0160051 (2016).</li><li>Resh, V. H., Card&#233;, R. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Encyclopedia of Insects. , (2009).</li><li>DeLean, A., Munson, P. J., Rodbard, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+analysis+of+families+of+sigmoidal+curves:+application+to+bioassay,+radioligand+assay,+and+physiological+dose-response+curves.">Simultaneous analysis of families of sigmoidal curves: application to bioassay, radioligand assay, and physiological dose-response curves.</a> Am J Physiol. 235 (2), E97-E102 (1978).</li><li>Robertson, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+metamorphosis+of+Drosophila+melanogaster,+including+an+accurately+timed+account+of+the+principal+morphological+changes.">The metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster, including an accurately timed account of the principal morphological changes.</a> J Morphol. 59 (2), 351-399 (1936).</li><li>McKinney, M. L., McNamara, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Heterochrony: the evolution of ontogeny. , (1991).</li><li>Hardie, D. C., Gregory, T. R., Hebert, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+pixels+to+picograms:+a+beginners'+guide+to+genome+quantification+by+Feulgen+image+analysis+densitometry.">From pixels to picograms: a beginners' guide to genome quantification by Feulgen image analysis densitometry.</a> J Histochem Cytochem. 50 (6), 735-749 (2002).</li><li>Koshikawa, S., Miyazaki, S., Cornette, R., Matsumoto, T., Miura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+size+of+termites+(Insecta,+Dictyoptera,+Isoptera)+and+wood+roaches+(Insecta,+Dictyoptera,+Cryptocercidae).">Genome size of termites (Insecta, Dictyoptera, Isoptera) and wood roaches (Insecta, Dictyoptera, Cryptocercidae).</a> Naturwissenschaften. 95 (9), 859-867 (2008).</li></ol>

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Descriviamo qui i protocolli per la definizione delle fasi pupal, rimuovendo il pupario per osservazione dettagliata, misurano la durate delle fasi pupal e misurazione dell'intensità delle macchie nere su un'ala a d. guttifera. Questi protocolli possono essere applicati per molti Drosophila e relative specie volare, soprattutto con la pigmentazione di ala.
Descrizione degli eventi inerenti allo sviluppo più dettagliati e approfondita osservazione consentirebbe ulteriore sud...

Alcune delle caratteristiche morfologiche di Drosophila sono diversificate tra specie1,2,3,4,5. Noi possiamo affrontare la questione della diversità come morfologica si pone confrontando i meccanismi di generazione di queste morfologie. Esempi di tali morfologie sono larvale Tricomi, sesso adulto pettini, apparato genitale esterno, pigmentazione addominale e ala pigmentazione6,7,8,9, 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15. per studiare le differenze morfologiche tra gli adulti, osservazione e analisi delle fasi pupale sono importanti, perché il destino dell'adulti tratti è determinato nelle ultime fasi larvali e successiva morfogenesi procede durante il periodo pupa.
Negli studi di biologia dello sviluppo di Drosophila melanogaster, "ore APF" (ore dopo formazione pupal) è il metodo comune per indicare una fase pupal16. Questo sistema impiega tempo assoluto dopo formazione pupal e molto comodo per gli esperimenti di routine. Tuttavia, velocità inerente allo sviluppo possono differire tra pupe e può essere influenzata da lievi differenze genetiche, epigenetiche o microambientali, e quindi avere lo stesso tempo assoluto dopo formazione pupal non garantisce che le pupe sono allo stesso Stadio di sviluppo. In molti casi, fasi definite da caratteristiche morfologiche sono preferibili per il confronto di più individui. Soprattutto, un confronto tra specie richiede stadiazione precisa e confronto tra le fasi (omologhi) corrispondente.
Bainbridge e Bownes17 riconosciuto 20 fasi pupal (P1 a P15(ii)) basata su caratteristiche morfologiche di Drosophila melanogaster pupe. Questa messa in scena è il sistema più diffuso di gestione temporanea dello sviluppo morfologico18. In uno studio precedente, abbiamo effettuato pupal messa in scena di Drosophila guttifera per stabilire una base per ala pigmentazione studi19. D. guttifera ha un modello di pois neri sulle ali ed è una delle specie modello per ala pigmentazione formazione20. Anche se abbiamo fatto riferimento ai criteri morfologici descritti nella Bainbridge e 'Bownes ricerca17, abbiamo misurato direttamente le durate fase di osservazioni di serie19, invece di utilizzare Bainbridge e 'Bownes stima delle durate di fase da frequenza osservata. Qui descriviamo il metodo di stadiazione pupal e misurazione delle durate delle fasi pupal di Drosophila utilizzato Fukutomi et al.19.
Per studiare il meccanismo inerente allo sviluppo della pigmentazione di ala, abbiamo bisogno di sapere quando nelle fasi di pupal o adulti la pigmentazione si verifica. Fukutomi et al. 19 quantificato densità ottica (ODs) di pigmentazione, pupa e adulto nella fase di analisi dell'immagine di immagini di ala. La pigmentazione delle ali di Drosophila è pensata per essere causato da accumulo di melanina nera21. Per la quantificazione dell'ODs, immagini in scala di grigio e ImageJ software (https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/)22 sono stati usati. Per riconoscere e quantificare la pigmentazione posto specifico (ΔOD), sottraiamo il OD di fuori di un posto dal OD all'interno di un punto. Per rendere questo metodo riproducibile ed obiettivo, dovrebbero essere determinati i posti di misura OD utilizzando le vene ala come punti di riferimento. In questo articolo, descriviamo in dettaglio questo metodo di quantificazione della pigmentazione di ala in Drosophila guttifera.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Drosophila guttifera&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>The Drosophila Species Stock Center at the U.C. San Diego</td><td>15130-1971.10</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Drosophila guttifera&lt;/em&gt;, a fruit fly species used in this article</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic vial</td><td>Hightech</td><td>MKC-30</td><td>Plastic vial, for fly stock maintenance</td></tr><tr><td>Buzz plugs vial and bottle closures for glass vials</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>AS-271</td><td>Cellulose plug, for fly stock maintenance</td></tr><tr><td>White soft sugar</td><td>Mitsui Sugar</td><td>J-500g</td><td>White soft sugar, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Corn flour</td><td>Nippon Flour Mills</td><td>F</td><td>Corn flour, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Corn grits - C</td><td>Nippon Flour Mills</td><td>GC</td><td>Corn grits - C, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Agar powder</td><td>Matsuki Kanten Sangyo</td><td>No.602</td><td>Agar powder, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Dry beer yeast</td><td>Asahi Food &amp;amp; Healthcare</td><td>Y2A</td><td>Dry beer yeast, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Butyl p-hydroxybenzoate</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>06327-02</td><td>Butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Wako</td><td>057-00456</td><td>Ethanol, for standard cornmeal/sugar/yeast/agar food</td></tr><tr><td>Flat bottom microtube</td><td>Ina Optica</td><td>CF-0150</td><td>1.5 mL microtube, for collecting pupae</td></tr><tr><td>CAPSULEFUGE</td><td>Tomy</td><td>PMC-060</td><td>Mini microcentrifuge, for collecting pupae</td></tr><tr><td>Sterilized Schale NB</td><td>Sansei Medical</td><td>01-013</td><td>Plastic Petri dish (diameter 90 mm x height 15 mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Serum tube rack</td><td>Iwaki</td><td>9796-050</td><td>Used as a moist chamber, for observation of pupa</td></tr><tr><td>Corning Falcon Easy-Grip tissue culture dish</td><td>Corning</td><td>353001</td><td>Plastic Petri dish (diameter 35 mm x height 10 mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Falcon standard tissue culture dish</td><td>Corning</td><td>353002</td><td>Plastic Petri dish (diameter 60 mm x height 15 mm)</td></tr><tr><td>Push-pin</td><td>Kokuyo</td><td>51233709</td><td>Push-pin, for making pinholes on the microtube lid</td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>SZX16</td><td>Stereomicroscope, for morphological observation</td></tr><tr><td>Digital camera</td><td>Olympus</td><td>DSE-330-A</td><td>Digital camera, for imaging</td></tr><tr><td>NICETACK double sided tape</td><td>Nichiban</td><td>NW-15SF</td><td>Double sided tape, for removing puparium</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11252-20</td><td>Forceps, for removing puparium</td></tr><tr><td>Van Gogh VISUAL Paint brush</td><td>Talens Japan</td><td>GWVR-#5/0</td><td>Paint brush, for removing puparium</td></tr><tr><td>Greiner CELLSTAR 12 well cell culture plate</td><td>Merck</td><td>665-180</td><td>12-well cell culture plate, for measuring durations of pupal periods</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Wako</td><td>191-01665</td><td>NaCl, for PBS</td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>285-14</td><td>KCl, for PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;12H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Wako</td><td>196-02835</td><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;12H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O, for PBS</td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Nacalai Tesque</td><td>28721-55</td><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, for PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Stepped Neutral Density (ND) Filter 0.04 - 3.0</td><td>Edmund Optics</td><td>64-384</td><td>Stepped density filter, for calibration of pigmentation measurement</td></tr><tr><td>ImageJ software</td><td>NIH</td><td>1.8.0-101</td><td>ImageJ software, for measurement of intensity of black spots on a wing (https://imagej.nih.gov)</td></tr><tr><td>FINE FROST glass slide</td><td>Matsunami Glass Ind</td><td>FF-001</td><td>Glass slide, for measurement of intensity of black spots on a wing</td></tr><tr><td>Square microscope cover glass 18 x 18</td><td>Matsunami Glass Ind</td><td>C018181</td><td>Cover slip, for measurement of intensity of black spots on a wing</td></tr></tbody></table>

methods for staging pupal periods and measurement of wing pigmentation of drosophila guttifera

Diversificato specie di Drosophila (moscerino della frutta) offrono l'opportunità di studiare i meccanismi di sviluppo e cambiamenti genetici responsabili di cambiamenti evolutivi. In particolare, la fase adulta è una fonte ricca di tratti morfologici per confronto interspecifico, compreso il raffronto di pigmentazione di ala. Per studiare le differenze di sviluppo tra specie, osservazione dettagliata e gestione temporanea appropriata sono necessari per confronto preciso. Qui descriviamo i protocolli per la stadiazione dei periodi pupal e quantificazione della pigmentazione di ala a pois moscerino della frutta, Drosophila guttifera. In primo luogo, descriviamo il metodo di osservazione morfologica dettagliata e definizione di fasi pupal basato sulle morfologie. Questo metodo include una tecnica per la rimozione del pupario, che è il caso di chitinoso esterno della pupa, per consentire l'osservazione dettagliata delle morfologie pupale. In secondo luogo, descriviamo il metodo per misurare la durata delle fasi di pupal definite. Infine, descriviamo il metodo per la quantificazione della pigmentazione di ala sulla base di analisi di immagine utilizzando immagini digitali e software ImageJ. Con questi metodi, possiamo stabilire una solida base per il confronto di processi di sviluppo dei tratti adulti durante fasi pupal.

Il periodo pupa di d. guttifera è diviso in 17 tappe (P1 - P15(ii); immagini del rappresentante tre fasi (P1, P5 - 6, P10) sono mostrati nella figura 3e 17 tutte le fasi sono illustrate nella Figura 4). Anche Bainbridge e Bownes17 riconosciuto 20 tappe in d. melanogaster, alcune di queste fasi non poteva essere applicata a d. guttifera. L'ordine di due eventi inerenti allo svilu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera at JoVE.com

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

Protocolli per la gestione temporanea di pupal periodi e misurazione della pigmentazione ala della Drosophila guttifera sono descritti. Staging e quantificazione della pigmentazione forniscono una solida base per lo studio di meccanismi di tratti di adulti e consentire interspecifico confronto tra lo sviluppo del tratto.

Metodi per la gestione temporanea Pupal periodi e misura di ala pigmentazione della Drosophila guttifera

Diversified species of Drosophila (fruit fly) provide opportunities to study mechanisms of development and genetic changes responsible for evolutionary ...

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Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

11.5K Views.  Kyoto University. Protocolli per la gestione temporanea di pupal periodi e misurazione della pigmentazione ala della Drosophila guttifera sono descritti. Staging e quantificazione della pigmentazione forniscono una solida base per lo studio di meccanismi di tratti di adulti e consentire interspecifico confronto tra lo sviluppo del tratto.

Video: Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

A Rapid and Efficient Method to Dissect Pupal Wings of Drosophila Suitable for Immunodetections or PCR Assays

Wing development in Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis at tissue level. These appendages develop from a group of cells named wing imaginal discs formed during embryonic development. In the larval stages the imaginal discs grow, increasing its number of cells and forming monolayered epithelial&#160;structures. Inside the pupal case, the imaginal discs bud out and fold into bilayers along a line that becomes the future margin of the wing. During this process, the longitudinal primodia veins originate vein cells on the prospective dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wing. During the pupal stage the stripes of vein cells of each surface communicate in order to generate tight tubes; at the same time, the cross-veins begin their formation.
With the help of appropriate molecular markers, it is possible to identify the major elements composing the wing during its development. For this reason, the ability to accurately detect transcripts or proteins in this structure is critical for studying their abundance and localization related to the development process of the wing.
The procedure described here focuses on manipulating pupal wings, providing detailed instructions on how to dissect the wing during the pupal stage. The dissection of pupal tissue is more difficult to perform than their counterparts in third instar larvae. This is why this approach was developed, to obtain rapid and efficient high quality samples. Details of how to immunostain and mount these wing samples, to allow the visualization of proteins or cell components, are provided in the protocol. With little expertise it is possible to collect 8-10 high quality pupal wings in a short amount of time.

A Rapid and Efficient Method to Dissect Pupal Wings of Drosophila Suitable for Immunodetections or PCR Assays

The ability to accurately detect transcripts or proteins in Drosophila tissues is critical for studying their abundance and localization related to the development process. Here is the description of a straightforward procedure to dissect pupal wings. These wings can be used as samples in several techniques (immunohistochemistry, PCR assay, etc.).

Un metodo rapido ed efficiente per sezionare Pupal ali della drosofila adatto per Immunodetections o analisi di PCR

Wing development in Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis at tissue level. These appendages develop from a group of cells ...

Ricerca

Biologia dello sviluppo

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other insects proprioception is provided by specialized sensory organs termed chordotonal organs (ChOs) 2. Like many other organs in Drosophila, ChOs develop twice during the life cycle of the fly. First, the larval ChOs develop during embryogenesis. Then, the adult ChOs start to develop in the larval imaginal discs and continue to differentiate during metamorphosis.
The development of larval ChOs during embryogenesis has been studied extensively 10,11,13,15,16. The centerpiece of each ChO is a sensory unit composed of a neuron and a scolopale cell. The sensory unit is stretched between two types of accessory cells that attach to the cuticle via specialized epidermal attachment cells 1,9,14. When a fly larva moves, the relative displacement of the epidermal attachment cells leads to stretching of the sensory unit and consequent opening of specific transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels at the outer segment of the dendrite 8,12. The elicited signal is then transferred to the locomotor central pattern generator circuit in the central nervous system.
Multiple ChOs have been described in the adult fly 7. These are located near the joints of the adult fly appendages (legs, wings and halters) and in the thorax and abdomen. In addition, several hundreds of ChOs collectively form the Johnston's organ in the adult antenna that transduce acoustic to mechanical energy 3,5,17,4.
In contrast to the extensive knowledge about the development of ChOs in embryonic stages, very little is known about the morphology of these organs during larval stages. Moreover, with the exception of femoral ChOs 18 and Johnston's organ, our knowledge about the development and structure of ChOs in the adult fly is very fragmentary.
Here we describe a method for staining and visualizing ChOs in third instar larvae and pupae. This method can be applied together with genetic tools to better characterize the morphology and understand the development of the various ChOs in the fly.

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

A method to immunostain and visualize chordotonal organs in larvae and pupae of Drosophila melanogaster is described.

Visualizzazione dei Propriorecettori in<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larve e pupe

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other ...

Neuroscienze

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

Unlike adult Drosophila ovaries, pupal ovaries are relatively difficult to access and examine due to their small size, translucence, and encasing within a pupal case. The challenge of dissecting pupal ovaries also lies in their physical location within the pupa: the ovaries are surrounded by fat body cells inside the pupal abdomen, and these fat cells must be removed to allow for proper antibody staining. To overcome these challenges, this protocol utilizes customized Pasteur pipets to extract fat body cells from the pupal abdomen. Moreover, a chambered coverglass is used in place of a microcentrifuge tube during the staining process to improve visibility of the pupae. However, despite these and other advantages of the tools used in this protocol, successful execution of these techniques may still involve several days of practice due to the small size of pupal ovaries. The techniques outlined in this protocol could be applied to time course experiments in which ovaries are analyzed at various stages of pupal development.

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

The Drosophila ovary is an excellent model system for studying stem cell niche development. Though methods for dissecting larval and adult ovaries have been published, pupal ovary dissections require different techniques that have not been published in detail. Here we outline a protocol for dissecting, staining, and mounting pupal ovaries.

Dissezione e colorazione delle ovaie Pupal Drosophila

Unlike adult Drosophila ovaries, pupal ovaries are relatively difficult to access and examine due to their small size, translucence, and encasing within a ...

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A remarkable example is given by sensory epithelia, where cells of the same or distinct identities are brought together via cell-cell adhesion showing highly organized planar patterns. Cells align to one another in the same direction and display equivalent polarity over large distances. This organization of the mature epithelia is established over the course of morphogenesis. To understand how the planar arrangement of the mature epithelia is achieved, it is crucial to track cell orientation and growth dynamics with high spatiotemporal fidelity during development in vivo. Robust analytical tools are also essential to identify and characterize local-to-global transitions. The Drosophila pupa is an ideal system to evaluate oriented cell shape changes underlying epithelial morphogenesis. The pupal developing epithelium constitutes the external surface of the immobile body, allowing long-term imaging of intact animals. The protocol described here is designed to image and analyze cell behaviors at both global and local levels in the pupal abdominal epidermis as it grows. The methodology described can be easily adapted to the imaging of cell behaviors at other developmental stages, tissues, subcellular structures, or model organisms.

Imaging and Analysis of Tissue Orientation and Growth Dynamics in the Developing Drosophila Epithelia During Pupal Stages

This protocol is designed for the imaging and analysis of the dynamics of cell orientation and tissue growth in the Drosophila abdominal epithelia as the fruit fly undergoes metamorphosis. The methodology described here can be applied to the study of different developmental stages, tissues, and subcellular structures in Drosophila or other model organisms.

Imaging e analisi dell'orientamento dei tessuti e delle dinamiche di crescita nell'epiteliale della Drosophila in via di sviluppo durante le fasi pupali

Within multicellular organisms, mature tissues and organs display high degrees of order in the spatial arrangements of their constituent cells. A ...

Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila

The scaling of body parts is a central feature of animal morphology1-7. Within species, morphological traits need to be correctly proportioned to the body for the organism to function; larger individuals typically have larger body parts and smaller individuals generally have smaller body parts, such that overall body shape is maintained across a range of adult body sizes. The requirement for correct proportions means that individuals within species usually exhibit low variation in relative trait size. In contrast, relative trait size can vary dramatically among species and is a primary mechanism by which morphological diversity is produced. Over a century of comparative work has established these intra- and interspecific patterns3,4.
Perhaps the most widely used approach to describe this variation is to calculate the scaling relationship between the size of two morphological traits using the allometric equation y=bx&alpha;, where x and y are the size of the two traits, such as organ and body size8,9. This equation describes the within-group (e.g., species, population) scaling relationship between two traits as both vary in size. Log-transformation of this equation produces a simple linear equation, log(y) = log(b) + &alpha;log(x) and log-log plots of the size of different traits among individuals of the same species typically reveal linear scaling with an intercept of log(b) and a slope of &alpha;, called the 'allometric coefficient'9,10. Morphological variation among groups is described by differences in scaling relationship intercepts or slopes for a given trait pair. Consequently, variation in the parameters of the allometric equation (b and &alpha;) elegantly describes the shape variation captured in the relationship between organ and body size within and among biological groups (see 11,12).
Not all traits scale linearly with each other or with body size (e.g., 13,14) Hence, morphological scaling relationships are most informative when the data are taken from the full range of trait sizes. Here we describe how simple experimental manipulation of diet can be used to produce the full range of body size in insects. This permits an estimation of the full scaling relationship for any given pair of traits, allowing a complete description of how shape covaries with size and a robust comparison of scaling relationship parameters among biological groups. Although we focus on Drosophila, our methodology should be applicable to nearly any fully metamorphic insect.

Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila

Morphological scaling relationships capture and describe organismal shape. We present a method to measure morphological scaling relationships across the natural range of body sizes in fully metamorphic insects. Using a simple diet manipulation we increase the distribution of trait sizes, permitting the accurate description of how shape and size co-vary.

La manipolazione sperimentale di Dimensione Corpo di Stima Relazioni scala morfologica in Drosophila</em

The scaling of body parts is a central feature of animal morphology1-7. Within species, morphological traits need to be correctly proportioned to the body ...

Biologia

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Imaging dal vivo esteso della morfogenesi della zampa pupale di Drosophila senza pupario

Long-Term Live Imaging of Drosophila Pupal Leg Development After Puparium Removal

Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of cell fate determination. However, the process by which fate-determined cells form three-dimensional organismal shapes remains unclear. Recent advances in confocal microscopy have facilitated efforts to observe cell dynamics during development through live imaging. The Drosophila melanogaster pupa is ideal for live imaging due to its immobility, transparent pupal cuticle, and the availability of fluorescent reporter lines. A primary challenge for imaging is the puparium, the cuticle surrounding the pupa, which obstructs optical imaging. While previous methods involved either partial or complete removal of the puparium, maintaining pupal viability for extended periods after this procedure has remained challenging. Here, a simple method is presented for days-long live imaging of the Drosophila leg during the pupal stage, involving complete puparium removal. The method includes removing the puparium from a pupa adhered to double-sided tape, followed by assembling a small chamber on a glass-bottom dish to enclose the pupa and a drop of water. This setup is straightforward, reliable, and supports extended pupal survival by preventing desiccation. Long-term live imaging of the Drosophila pupa has significantly contributed to capturing how the adult leg undergoes dramatic three-dimensional structural changes over 2-3 days. These changes include the transient formation of an intriguing structure (the Parthenon-like structure) by epithelial cells, rapid tissue narrowing, joint formation, and bristle elongation. This method is applicable to the observation of various tissues and can potentially be combined with other techniques, such as optical gene induction, to advance the understanding of cell dynamics during the final shape formation of tissues in the pupal stage.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autore in primo piano: Scoprire le strutture epiteliali dinamiche durante lo sviluppo della Drosophila

Here, a protocol is presented for long-term live imaging of the Drosophila leg during the pupal stage, involving complete removal of the puparium. This protocol can also be applied to other tissues.

Imaging dal vivo a lungo termine dello sviluppo della zampa pupale di Drosophila dopo la rimozione del pupario

Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of cell fate determination. However, the process by which ...

Long-term In Vivo Tracking of Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Within Drosophila Pupae

During the rapid inflammatory response to tissue damage, cells of the innate immune system are quickly recruited to the injury site. Once at the wound, innate immune cells perform a number of essential functions, such as fighting infection, clearing necrotic debris, and stimulating matrix deposition. In order to fully understand the diverse signaling events that regulate this immune response, it is crucial to observe the complex behaviors of (and interactions that occur between) multiple cell lineages in vivo, and in real-time, with the high spatio-temporal resolution. The optical translucency and the genetic tractability of Drosophila embryos have established Drosophila as an invaluable model to live-image and dissect fundamental aspects of inflammatory cell behavior, including mechanisms of developmental dispersal, clearance of apoptotic corpses&#160;and/or microbial pathogens, and recruitment to wounds. However, more recent work has now demonstrated that employing a much later stage in the Drosophila lifecycle &#8211; the Drosophila pupa &#8211; offers a number of distinct advantages, including improved RNAi efficiency, longer imaging periods, and significantly greater immune cell numbers. Here we describe a protocol for imaging wound repair and the associated inflammatory response at the high spatio-temporal resolution in live Drosophila pupae. To follow the dynamics of both re-epithelialization and inflammation, we use a number of specific in vivo fluorescent markers for both the epithelium and innate immune cells. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of photo-convertible fluorophores, such as Kaede, for following the specific immune cell subsets, to track their behavior as they migrate to, and resolve from, the injury site.

Long-term In Vivo Tracking of Inflammatory Cell Dynamics Within Drosophila Pupae

Here we present a protocol for live-imaging wound repair and the associated inflammatory response at high spatio-temporal resolution in vivo. This method utilizes the pupal stage of Drosophila development to enable long-term imaging and tracking of specific cell populations over time and is compatible with efficient RNAi-mediated gene inactivation.

Monitoraggio a lungo termine In Vivo della cellula infiammatoria dinamica all'interno della drosofila pupe

During the rapid inflammatory response to tissue damage, cells of the innate immune system are quickly recruited to the injury site. Once at the wound, ...

Immunologia e infezioni

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Gene expression patterns are specified by cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences, which are also called enhancers or cis-regulatory modules. A typical CRE possesses an arrangement of binding sites for several transcription factor proteins that confer a regulatory logic specifying when, where, and at what level the regulated gene(s) is expressed. The full set of CREs within an animal genome encodes the organism&prime;s program for development1, and empirical as well as theoretical studies indicate that mutations in CREs played a prominent role in morphological evolution2-4. Moreover, human genome wide association studies indicate that genetic variation in CREs contribute substantially to phenotypic variation5,6. Thus, understanding regulatory logic and how mutations affect such logic is a central goal of genetics. 
Reporter transgenes provide a powerful method to study the in vivo function of CREs. Here a known or suspected CRE sequence is coupled to heterologous promoter and coding sequences for a reporter gene encoding an easily observable protein product. When a reporter transgene is inserted into a host organism, the CRE&prime;s activity becomes visible in the form of the encoded reporter protein. P-element mediated transgenesis in the fruit fly species Drosophila (D.) melanogaster7 has been used for decades to introduce reporter transgenes into this model organism, though the genomic placement of transgenes is random. Hence, reporter gene activity is strongly influenced by the local chromatin and gene environment, limiting CRE comparisons to being qualitative. In recent years, the phiC31 based integration system was adapted for use in D. melanogaster to insert transgenes into specific genome landing sites8-10. This capability has made the quantitative measurement of gene and, relevant here, CRE activity11-13 feasible. The production of transgenic fruit flies can be outsourced, including phiC31-based integration, eliminating the need to purchase expensive equipment and/or have proficiency at specialized transgene injection protocols. 
Here, we present a general protocol to quantitatively evaluate a CRE&prime;s activity, and show how this approach can be used to measure the effects of an introduced mutation on a CRE&prime;s activity and to compare the activities of orthologous CREs. Although the examples given are for a CRE active during fruit fly metamorphosis, the approach can be applied to other developmental stages, fruit fly species, or model organisms. Ultimately, a more widespread use of this approach to study CREs should advance an understanding of regulatory logic and how logic can vary and evolve.

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Phenotypic variation for traits can result from mutations in cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences that control gene expression patterns. Methods derived for use in Drosophila melanogaster can quantitatively compare the levels of spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression mediated by modified or naturally occurring CRE variants.

Confronto quantitativo di Cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Attività in transgenici Drosophila melanogaster</em

Gene expression patterns are specified by cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences, which are also called enhancers or cis-regulatory modules. A typical CRE ...

Metodi per la gestione temporanea Pupal periodi e misura di ala pigmentazione della Drosophila guttifera

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Un metodo rapido ed efficiente per sezionare Pupal ali della drosofila adatto per Immunodetections o analisi di PCR

Visualizzazione dei Propriorecettori in

Dissezione e colorazione delle ovaie Pupal Drosophila

Imaging e analisi dell'orientamento dei tessuti e delle dinamiche di crescita nell'epiteliale della Drosophila in via di sviluppo durante le fasi pupali

La manipolazione sperimentale di Dimensione Corpo di Stima Relazioni scala morfologica in Drosophila

Imaging dal vivo a lungo termine dello sviluppo della zampa pupale di Drosophila dopo la rimozione del pupario

Imaging dal vivo a lungo termine dello sviluppo della zampa pupale di Drosophila dopo la rimozione del pupario

Imaging dal vivo a lungo termine dello sviluppo della zampa pupale di Drosophila dopo la rimozione del pupario

Monitoraggio a lungo termine In Vivo della cellula infiammatoria dinamica all'interno della drosofila pupe

Confronto quantitativo di Cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Attività in transgenici Drosophila melanogaster