Vorremmo ringraziare Michelle Moon (Vanderbilt University) per assistenza con la fotografia. Vanderbilt University fornito supporto per PA e SSLB è supportato da DGE-1445197.

<ol>
	<li>Brisson, J. A., Stern, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pea+aphid,+Acyrthosiphon+pisum.:+an+emerging+genomic+model+system+for+ecological,+developmental+and+evolutionary+studies.">The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum.: an emerging genomic model system for ecological, developmental and evolutionary studies.</a> BioEssays. 28, 747-755 (2006).</li><li>Dixon, A. F. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Aphid Ecology: An Optimization Approach. , (1985).</li><li>Consortium, T. I. A. 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W., M&#252;ller, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+chemistry+and+insect+sequestration.">Plant chemistry and insect sequestration.</a> Chemoecology. 19, 117-154 (2009).</li><li>Birnbaum, S. S. L., Abbot, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insect+adaptations+toward+plant+toxins+in+milkweed-herbivores+systems+-+a+review.">Insect adaptations toward plant toxins in milkweed-herbivores systems - a review.</a> Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 58, 579-610 (2018).</li><li>Rothschild, M., von Euw, J., Reichstein, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+glycosides+in+the+oleander+aphid,+Aphis+nerii.">Cardiac glycosides in the oleander aphid, Aphis nerii.</a> Journal of Insect Physiology. 16, 1141-1145 (1970).</li><li>Harrison, J. S., Mondor, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+an+invasive+aphid+'superclone':+extremely+low+genetic+diversity+in+oleander+aphid+(Aphis+nerii)+populations+in+the+southern+United+States.">Evidence for an invasive aphid 'superclone': extremely low genetic diversity in oleander aphid (Aphis nerii) populations in the southern United States.</a> PLoS ONE. 6, 17524 (2011).</li><li>Mooney, K. A., Halitschke, R., Kessler, A., Agrawal, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolutionary+trade-offs+in+plants+mediate+the+strength+of+trophic+cascades.">Evolutionary trade-offs in plants mediate the strength of trophic cascades.</a> Science. 327, 1642-1644 (2010).</li><li>Grabherr, M. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Full-length+transcriptome+assembly+from+RNA-Seq+data+without+a+reference+genome.">Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 29, 644-652 (2011).</li><li>Haas, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=De+novo+transcript+sequence+reconstruction+from+RNA-seq+using+the+Trinity+platform+for+reference+generation+and+analysis.">De novo transcript sequence reconstruction from RNA-seq using the Trinity platform for reference generation and analysis.</a> Nature Protocols. 8, 1494-1512 (2013).</li><li>Finn, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Pfam+protein+families+database:+towards+a+more+sustainable+future.">The Pfam protein families database: towards a more sustainable future.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 44, 279-285 (2016).</li><li>The UniProt Consortium. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=UniProt:+the+universal+protein+knowledgebase.">UniProt: the universal protein knowledgebase.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 45, 158-169 (2017).</li><li>Johnson, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NCBI+BLAST:+a+better+web+interface.">NCBI BLAST: a better web interface.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 1 (36), 5-9 (2008).</li><li>Fu, L., Niu, B., Zhu, Z., Wu, S., Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD-HIT:+accelerated+for+clustering+the+next+generation+sequencing+data.">CD-HIT: accelerated for clustering the next generation sequencing data.</a> Bioinformatics. 28 (23), 3150-3152 (2012).</li><li>Sim&#227;o, F. 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Lungamente è stato riconosciuto che l'aposematico a. nerii può fornire le comprensioni i modelli e meccanismi di resistenza per le difese della pianta e sequestro in particolare chimica18,37. Un numero di risorse genomiche è recentemente emerse per a. nerii10, offrendo nuove opportunità per studi di genomica funzionale ed ecologici che utilizzano a. nerii come un modello. Delineiamo protocolli di base nella c...

Gli afidi sono piccoli insetti hemimetabolous che colonizzano su famiglie di piante diverse in tutto il mondo. Sono distintivi per diverse funzioni, più in particolare i cicli di vita complessi che coinvolgono partenogenesi ciclica e discreti polyphenisms e loro simbiosi nutrizionali obbligano con endosimbionti batterici o lievito che forniscono le sostanze nutrienti mancanti da la loro dieta di pianta sap1. Mentre la maggior parte gli afidi sono specialisti di pianta ospite, alcune specie generalista sono parassiti delle colture importanti, infliggendo notevoli danni economici sulle colture sia direttamente o tramite gli agenti patogeni e virus hanno vector2. La pubblicazione del primo genoma afide nel 2010, l'afide di pisello Acyrthosiphon pisum3, segnò un'importante pietra miliare nello studio della biologia dell'afide perché ha fornito le risorse genomiche per questioni dell'insetto adattamenti agli erbivori stili di vita, comprese quelle che potrebbero portare a una migliore di strategie di controllo4. Da quel momento, ulteriori risorse genomiche hanno accumulato con la pubblicazione di un genoma con annotazioni per la soia afide glycines Aphis5e pubblicamente disponibile intero genoma risorse per un'altra specie di tre-afide (Myzus Cerasi (afide nero ciliegia), Myzus persicae (afide peach-patata), Rhopalosiphum padi (afide ciliegia di uccello-avena)6. Sono disponibili anche per un numero di altre specie di afide prezioso de novo Transcrittomica risorse (e.g.,Aphis gossypii (afide del cotone)7, Sitobion avenae (afide grano)8, Cinara pinitabulaeformis (afide pino)9, Aphis nerii (afide del milkweed-oleander)10).
Gli afidi hanno anche fatto duraturo contributo alla nostra comprensione delle interazioni pianta-insetto e l'ecologia della vita su piante11. Un'area dove gli afidi hanno dato contributi particolarmente importanti è nella nostra comprensione dell'ecologia chimica delle interazioni pianta dell'ospite. Adattamenti di esprimere diversi insetti erbivori per superare le difese della pianta e alcuni anche cooptare le difese della pianta per il proprio beneficio12,13,14. Ad esempio, l'afide del milkweed-oleander, Aphis nerii, è un brillante giallo, dilagante afide trovato nelle regioni temperate e tropicali in tutto il mondo che colonizza su piante appartenenti alla famiglia del milkweed (Apocynaceae). Piante della famiglia delle Apocynaceae si sono evolute diverse difese chimiche, tra cui lattice latteo e glicosidi cardiaci, noti come complessi, che legano il trasportatore di cationi Na, K-atpasi e sono efficaci deterrenti a generalista erbivori15, 16. specialisti milkweed express varie modalità di resistenza ai complessi, e alcuni in modo selettivo o passivamente si accumulano o modificare complessi nei loro tessuti come un mezzo per scoraggiare la predazione o per altri benefici17. A. nerii è pensato per sequestrare complessi in questo modo, anche se i meccanismi e i vantaggi funzionali rimangono poco chiari10,18.
Date le risorse genomiche a portata di mano, a. nerii fornisce un eccellente modello sperimentale per lo studio dei meccanismi molecolari e genetici coinvolti nelle interazioni chemio-ecologico tra piante tossiche e loro specialista erbivori. Vale la pena notare che, mentre alcuni dei primi studi di a. nerii incentrato sul sequestro di complessi19, da quel momento, gli studi di a. nerii hanno fornito le comprensioni in una vasta gamma di domande evolutive ed ecologiche, compresa la struttura genetica di insetti invasivi20 e l'interazione tra bottom up e top-down regolamento l'erbivoro densità21. A. nerii è così un buon candidato come un modello sperimentale per un insieme particolarmente vasto di studi delle interazioni insetto-pianta. Critico per il successo di qualsiasi studio con a. nerii è la cultura attenta dell'afide popolazioni, che comprende la coltura delle piante da cui dipendono gli afidi, come pure una generazione efficiente di dati di alta qualità - omic. Il nostro obiettivo è quello di guidare il lettore attraverso entrambi. Descritte di seguito sono i metodi per la generazione e la manutenzione delle colture vegetali e afide in serra e laboratorio, DNA ed estrazioni RNA, analisi dei microsatelliti, de novo del trascrittoma assemblaggio e annotazione, trascrittoma analisi di espressione differenziale e la verifica di qPCR di geni differenzialmente espressi. Mentre questi metodi vengono scritti per a. nerii, i metodi di coltura, estrazione e analisi generali possono estendersi ad una varietà di specie di afidi.

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	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:64px;">Sun Gro Fafard Germination Mix</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Hummert International</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">10-0952-2</td>
			<td style="width:412px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:64px;">Sun Gro Fafard 3B/ Metro Mix</td>
			<td>Hummert International</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">10-0951-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:64px;">2x 4&#34; Round Standard Pot</td>
			<td>Anderson Pots</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">1503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:64px;">DreamTaq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">EP0701</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:64px;">Trizol</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">15596026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SuperScript&#174; III First-Strand Synthesis kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">18080051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:64px;">Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">4367659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

maintaining biological cultures and measuring gene expression in aphis nerii: a non-model system for plant-insect interactions

Gli afidi sono eccellenti modelli sperimentali per una varietà di domande biologiche che vanno dall'evoluzione delle simbiosi e lo sviluppo di polyphenisms a domande che circondano interazioni dell'insetto con le loro piante ospite. Risorse genomiche sono disponibili per diverse specie di afidi, e i progressi compiuti il sequenziamento di nuova generazione, trascrittomica studi sono stati estesi a organismi non-modello che non dispongono di genomi. Inoltre, afide culture possono essere raccolti dal campo e allevate in laboratorio per l'uso negli esperimenti organismi e molecolari per colmare il divario tra gli studi ecologici e genetici. Infine, molti afidi possono essere mantenuti in laboratorio sulle loro piante ospite preferito in perpetui, partenogenetiche cicli di vita consentendo confronti di riprodursi asessualmente genotipi. Aphis nerii, l'afide del milkweed-oleander, fornisce un modello per studiare le interazioni insetto con piante tossiche utilizzando esperimenti sia organismi che molecolari. Metodi per la generazione e la manutenzione delle colture vegetali e afide nell'espressione differenziale di serra e laboratorio, estrazioni di DNA e RNA, l'analisi del microsatellite, de novo del trascrittoma assemblaggio e annotazione, trascrittoma analisi e la verifica di qPCR di geni differenzialmente espressi sono descritte e discusse qui.

Colture della pianta: Semi prenderà circa due-quattro settimane, a seconda della stagione, per diventare grande abbastanza per essere ri-vaso (Figura 1A). Re-potted piantine porterà un altro due-quattro settimane per aumentare a una dimensione ottima per le culture di afide (Figura 1B).
Culture afide:...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions at JoVE.com

Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions

L'afide Aphis nerii colonizza sulle piante altamente difeso nella famiglia dogbane (Apocyanaceae) e offre numerose opportunità per studiare le interazioni pianta-insetto. Qui, presentiamo una serie di protocolli per la manutenzione di impianti e afide, culture e la generazione e l'analisi di molecolare e dati - omic per a. nerii.

Mantenimento di colture biologiche e misurazione dell'espressione genica in Aphis nerii: un sistema Non-modello per le interazioni pianta-insetto

Aphids are excellent experimental models for a variety of biological questions ranging from the evolution of symbioses and the development of polyphenisms ...

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Genetics

Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions

7.5K Views.  Vanderbilt University. L'afide Aphis nerii colonizza sulle piante altamente difeso nella famiglia dogbane (Apocyanaceae) e offre numerose opportunità per studiare le interazioni pianta-insetto. Qui, presentiamo una serie di protocolli per la manutenzione di impianti e afide, culture e la generazione e l'analisi di molecolare e dati - omic per a. nerii.

Video: Maintaining Biological Cultures and Measuring Gene Expression in Aphis nerii: A Non-model System for Plant-insect Interactions

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures

Circadian clocks are functional in all light-sensitive organisms, allowing for an adaptation to the external world by anticipating daily environmental changes. Considerable progress in our understanding of the tight connection between the circadian clock and most aspects of physiology has been made in the field over the last decade. However, unraveling the molecular basis that underlies the function of the circadian oscillator in humans stays of highest technical challenge. Here, we provide a detailed description of an experimental approach for long-term (2-5 days) bioluminescence recording and outflow medium collection in cultured human primary cells. For this purpose, we have transduced primary cells with a lentiviral luciferase reporter that is under control of a core clock gene promoter, which allows for the parallel assessment of hormone secretion and circadian bioluminescence. Furthermore, we describe the conditions for disrupting the circadian clock in primary human cells by transfecting siRNA targeting CLOCK. Our results on the circadian regulation of insulin secretion by human pancreatic islets, and myokine secretion by human skeletal muscle cells, are presented here to illustrate the application of this methodology. These settings can be used to study the molecular makeup of human peripheral clocks and to analyze their functional impact on primary cells under physiological or pathophysiological conditions.

Here, we describe settings to monitor in parallel circadian bioluminescence and the secretory activity of human islet cells and primary myotubes. For this, we employed lentiviral gene delivery of a luciferase core clock reporter, followed by in vitro synchronization and collection of outflow medium by continuous cell perifusion.

Misura parallela di circadiano Clock espressione genica e la secrezione dell&#39;ormone in colture cellulari primarie umane

Circadian clocks are functional in all light-sensitive organisms, allowing for an adaptation to the external world by anticipating daily environmental ...

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Genetica

Perturbations of Circulating miRNAs in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Detected Using a Multiplexed High-throughput Gene Expression Platform

The gene expression platform assay allows for robust and highly reproducible quantification of the expression of up to 800 transcripts (mRNA or miRNAs) in a single reaction. The miRNA assay counts transcripts by directly imaging and digitally counting miRNA molecules that are labeled with color-coded fluorescent barcoded probe sets (a reporter probe and a capture probe). Barcodes are hybridized directly to mature miRNAs that have been elongated by ligating a unique oligonucleotide tag (miRtag) to the 3&#39; end. Reverse transcription and amplification of the transcripts are not required. Reporter probes contain a sequence of six color positions populated using a combination of four fluorescent colors. The four colors over six positions are used to construct a gene-specific color barcode sequence. Post-hybridization processing is automated on a robotic prep station. After hybridization, the excess probes are washed away, and the tripartite structures (capture probe-miRNA-reporter probe) are fixed to a streptavidin-coated slide via the biotin-labeled capture probe. Imaging and barcode counting is done using a digital analyzer. The immobilized barcoded miRNAs are visualized and imaged using a microscope and camera, and the unique barcodes are decoded and counted. Data quality control (QC), normalization, and analysis are facilitated by a custom-designed data processing and analysis software that accompanies the assay software. The assay demonstrates high linearity over a broad range of expression, as well as high sensitivity. Sample and assay preparation does not involve enzymatic reactions, reverse transcription, or amplification; has few steps; and is largely automated, reducing investigator effects and resulting in high consistency and technical reproducibility. Here, we describe the application of this technology to identifying circulating miRNA perturbations in irritable bowel syndrome.

We describe the use of a multiplexed high-throughput gene expression platform that quantitates gene expression by barcoding and counting molecules in biological substrates without the need for amplification. We used the platform to quantitate microRNA (miRNA) expression in whole blood in subjects with and without irritable bowel syndrome.

Perturbazioni di circolazione miRNA nella sindrome dell&#39;intestino irritabile rilevato utilizzando una piattaforma di espressione genica multiplex high-throughput

The gene expression platform assay allows for robust and highly reproducible quantification of the expression of up to 800 transcripts (mRNA or miRNAs) in ...

Single-cell Gene Expression Profiling Using FACS and qPCR with Internal Standards

Gene expression measurements from bulk populations of cells can obscure the considerable transcriptomic variation of individual cells within those populations. Single-cell gene expression measurements can help assess the role of noise in gene expression, identify correlations in the expression of pairs of genes, and reveal subpopulations of cells that respond differently to a stimulus. Here, we describe a procedure to measure the expression of up to 96 genes in single mammalian cells isolated from a population growing in tissue culture. Cells are sorted into lysis buffer by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and the mRNA species of interest are reverse-transcribed and amplified. Gene expression is then measured using a microfluidic real-time PCR machine, which performs up to 96 qPCR assays on up to 96 samples at a time. We also describe the generation and use of PCR amplicon standards to enable the estimation of the absolute number of each transcript. Compared with other methods of measuring gene expression in single cells, this approach allows for the quantification of more distinct transcripts than RNA FISH at a lower cost than RNA-Seq.

We describe a method to sort single mammalian cells and to quantify the expression of up to 96 target genes of interest in each cell. This method includes the use of internal qPCR standards to enable the estimation of absolute transcript counts.

Unicellulare profili di espressione genica Utilizzando FACS e qPCR con standard interni

Gene expression measurements from bulk populations of cells can obscure the considerable transcriptomic variation of individual cells within those ...

Sample Preparation and Analysis of RNASeq-based Gene Expression Data from Zebrafish

The analysis of global gene expression changes is a valuable tool for identifying novel pathways underlying observed phenotypes. The zebrafish is an excellent model for rapid assessment of whole transcriptome from whole animal or individual cell populations due to the ease of isolation of RNA from large numbers of animals. Here a protocol for global gene expression analysis in zebrafish embryos using RNA sequencing (RNASeq) is presented. We describe preparation of RNA from whole embryos or from cell populations obtained using cell sorting in transgenic animals. We also describe an approach for analysis of RNASeq data to identify enriched pathways and Gene Ontology (GO) terms in global gene expression data sets. Finally, we provide a protocol for validation of gene expression changes using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). These protocols can be used for comparative analysis of control and experimental sets of zebrafish to identify novel gene expression changes, and provide molecular insight into phenotypes of interest.

This protocol presents an approach for whole transcriptome analysis from zebrafish embryos, larvae, or sorted cells. We include isolation of RNA, pathway analysis of RNASeq data, and qRT-PCR-based validation of gene expression changes.

Preparazione dei campioni e analisi dei dati di espressione genica basati su RNASeq dallo Zebrafish

The analysis of global gene expression changes is a valuable tool for identifying novel pathways underlying observed phenotypes. The zebrafish is an ...

Measuring Gene Expression in Bombarded Barley Aleurone Layers with Increased Throughput

The aleurone layer of barley grains is an important model system for hormone-regulated gene expression in plants. In aleurone cells, genes required for germination or early seedling development are activated by gibberellin (GA), while genes associated with stress responses are activated by abscisic acid (ABA). The mechanisms of GA and ABA signaling can be interrogated by introducing reporter gene constructs into aleurone cells via particle bombardment, with the resulting transient expression measured using enzyme assays. An improved protocol is reported that partially automates and streamlines the grain homogenization step and the enzyme assays, allowing significantly more throughput than existing methods. Homogenization of the grain samples is carried out using an automated tissue homogenizer, and GUS (&#946;-glucuronidase) assays are carried out using a 96-well plate system. Representative results using the protocol suggest that phospholipase D activity may play an important role in the activation of HVA1 gene expression by ABA, through the transcription factor TaABF1.

An improved protocol is presented for the measurement of transient gene expression from reporter constructs in barley aleurone cells after particle bombardment. The combination of automated grain grinding with 96-well plate enzyme assays provides high throughput for the procedure.

Espressione genica in strati di Aleurone orzo bombardati con aumento della velocità di misura

The aleurone layer of barley grains is an important model system for hormone-regulated gene expression in plants. In aleurone cells, genes required for ...

Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio

Characterization of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system of Streptococcus pyogenes has enabled the development of a customizable platform to rapidly generate gene modifications in a wide variety of organisms, including zebrafish. CRISPR-based genome editing uses a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to target a CRISPR-associated (Cas) endonuclease to a genomic DNA (gDNA) target of interest, where the Cas endonuclease generates a double-strand break (DSB). Repair of DSBs by error-prone mechanisms lead to insertions and/or deletions (indels). This can cause frameshift mutations that often introduce a premature stop codon within the coding sequence, thus creating a protein-null allele. CRISPR-based genome engineering requires only a few molecular components and is easily introduced into zebrafish embryos by microinjection. This protocol describes the methods used to generate CRISPR reagents for zebrafish microinjection and to identify fish exhibiting germline transmission of CRISPR-modified genes. These methods include in vitro transcription of sgRNAs, microinjection of CRISPR reagents, identification of indels induced at the target site using a PCR-based method called a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA), and characterization of the indels using both a low throughput and a powerful next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based approach that can analyze multiple PCR products collected from heterozygous fish. This protocol is streamlined to minimize both the number of fish required and the types of equipment needed to perform the analyses. Furthermore, this protocol is designed to be amenable for use by laboratory personal of all levels of experience including undergraduates, enabling this powerful tool to be economically employed by any research group interested in performing CRISPR-based genomic modification in zebrafish.

Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio

Targeted genome editing in the model system Danio rerio (zebrafish) has been greatly facilitated by the emergence of CRISPR-based approaches. Herein, we describe a streamlined, robust protocol for generation and identification of CRISPR-derived nonsense alleles that incorporates the heteroduplex mobility assay and identification of mutations using next-generation sequencing.

Produzione efficiente e identificazione di CRISPR/Cas9-generato Gene Ko nel sistema modello Danio rerio

Characterization of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system of Streptococcus pyogenes has enabled the development ...

An Optogenetic Method to Control and Analyze Gene Expression Patterns in Cell-to-cell Interactions

Cells should respond properly to temporally changing environments, which are influenced by various factors from surrounding cells. The Notch signaling pathway is one of such essential molecular machinery for cell-to-cell communications, which plays key roles in normal development of embryos. This pathway involves a cell-to-cell transfer of oscillatory information with ultradian rhythms, but despite the progress in molecular biology techniques, it has been challenging to elucidate the impact of multicellular interactions on oscillatory gene dynamics. Here, we present a protocol that permits optogenetic control and live monitoring of gene expression patterns in a precise temporal manner. This method successfully revealed that intracellular and intercellular periodic inputs of Notch signaling entrain intrinsic oscillations by frequency tuning and phase shifting at the single-cell resolution. This approach is applicable to the analysis of the dynamic features of various signaling pathways, providing a unique platform to test a functional significance of dynamic gene expression programs in multicellular systems.

Here, we present a protocol to analyze cell-to-cell transfer of oscillatory information by optogenetic control and live monitoring of gene expression. This approach provides a unique platform to test a functional significance of dynamic gene expression programs in multicellular systems.

Un metodo di optogenetica per controllare e analizzare il pattern di espressione genica nelle interazioni della cellula--cellula

Cells should respond properly to temporally changing environments, which are influenced by various factors from surrounding cells. The Notch signaling ...

An Ecdysone Receptor-based Singular Gene Switch for Deliberate Expression of Transgene with Robustness, Reversibility, and Negligible Leakiness

Precise control of transgene expression is desirable in biological and clinical studies. However, because the binary feature of currently employed gene switches requires the transfer of two therapeutic expression units concurrently into a single cell, the practical application of the system for gene therapy is limited. To simplify the transgene expression system, we generated a gene switch designated as pEUI(+) encompassing a complete set of transgene expression modules in a single vector. Comprising of the GAL4 DNA-binding domain and modified EcR (GvEcR), a minimal VP16 activation domain fused with a GAL4 DNA-binding domain, as well as a modified Drosophila ecdysone receptor (EcR), the newly developed singular gene switch is highly responsive to the administration of a chemical inducer in a time- and dosage-dependent manner. The pEUI(+) vector is a potentially powerful tool for improving the control of transgene expression in both biological research and pre-clinical studies. Here, we present a detailed protocol for modulation of a transient and stable transgene expression using pEUI(+) vector by the treatment of tebufenozide (Teb). Additionally, we share important guidelines for the use of Teb as a chemical inducer.

Here, we present a protocol for the modulation of transgene expression using pEUI(+) singular gene switch by tebufenozide treatment.

Un ecdisone basati su recettori di interruttore di singolare Gene per deliberata espressione del Transgene con robustezza, reversibilità e permeabilità trascurabile

Precise control of transgene expression is desirable in biological and clinical studies. However, because the binary feature of currently employed gene ...

Exploring the Root Microbiome: Extracting Bacterial Community Data from the Soil, Rhizosphere, and Root Endosphere

The intimate interaction between plant host and associated microorganisms is crucial in determining plant fitness, and can foster improved tolerance to abiotic stresses and diseases. As the plant microbiome can be highly complex, low-cost, high-throughput methods such as amplicon-based sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene are often preferred for characterizing its microbial composition and diversity. However, the selection of appropriate methodology when conducting such experiments is critical for reducing biases that can make analysis and comparisons between samples and studies difficult. This protocol describes in detail a standardized methodology for the collection and extraction of DNA from soil, rhizosphere, and root samples. Additionally, we highlight a well-established 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing pipeline that allows for the exploration of the composition of bacterial communities in these samples, and can easily be adapted for other marker genes. This pipeline has been validated for a variety of plant species, including sorghum, maize, wheat, strawberry, and agave, and can help overcome issues associated with the contamination from plant organelles.

Here, we describe a protocol to obtain amplicon sequence data of soil, rhizosphere, and root endosphere microbiomes. This information can be used to investigate the composition and diversity of plant-associated microbial communities, and is suitable for the use with a wide range of plant species.

Esplorare il microbioma radice: estrazione dei dati di comunità batteriche dal suolo e la rizosfera radice Endosphere

The intimate interaction between plant host and associated microorganisms is crucial in determining plant fitness, and can foster improved tolerance to ...

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

Complex diseases are often underpinned by multiple common genetic variants that contribute to disease susceptibility. Here, we describe a cost-effective tag single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) approach using a multiplexed genotyping assay with mass spectrometry, to investigate gene pathway associations in clinical cohorts. We investigate the food allergy candidate locus Interleukin13 (IL13) as an example. This method efficiently maximizes the coverage by taking advantage of shared linkage disequilibrium (LD) within a region. Selected LD SNPs are then designed into a multiplexed assay, enabling up to 40 different SNPs to be analyzed simultaneously, boosting cost-effectiveness. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to amplify the target loci, followed by single nucleotide extension, and the amplicons are then measured using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight(MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The raw output is analyzed with the genotype calling software, using stringent quality control definitions and cut-offs, and high probability genotypes are determined and output for data analysis.

Identification of genetic variants contributing to complex human disease allows us to identify novel mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate a multiplex genotyping approach to candidate genes or gene pathway analysis that maximizes the coverage at low cost and is amenable to cohort-based studies.

Gene candidato test negli studi clinici di coorte con genotipizzazione multiplex e spettrometria di massa

Complex diseases are often underpinned by multiple common genetic variants that contribute to disease susceptibility. Here, we describe a cost-effective ...