<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Analisi dei circuiti sinaptici e localizzazione delle proteine nella retina del topo

<ol>
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S., Wang, Y. X., Diamond, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+quantitative+immunogold+analysis+of+membrane+receptors+at+retinal+ribbon+synapses.">High-resolution quantitative immunogold analysis of membrane receptors at retinal ribbon synapses.</a> J Vis Exp. 108, e53547 (2016).</li><li>Ottersen, O. P., Landsend, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+of+glutamate+receptors+at+the+synapse.">Organization of glutamate receptors at the synapse.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 9 (11), 2219-2224 (1997).</li><li>Greferath, U., Gr&#252;nert, U., W&#228;ssle, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rod+bipolar+cells+in+the+mammalian+retina+show+protein+kinase+C-like+immunoreactivity.">Rod bipolar cells in the mammalian retina show protein kinase C-like immunoreactivity.</a> J Comp Neurol. 301 (3), 433-442 (1990).</li><li>Wang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+and+synaptic+organization+of+substance+P-like+immunoreactive+neurons+in+the+mouse+retina.">Distribution and synaptic organization of substance P-like immunoreactive neurons in the mouse retina.</a> Brain Struct Funct. 228 (7), 1703-1724 (2023).</li><li>van Opbergen, C. 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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=34;Orphan&amp;#34;+Connexin43+in+Plakophilin-2+deficient+hearts+revealed+by+volume+electron+microscopy.">34;Orphan&amp;#34; Connexin43 in Plakophilin-2 deficient hearts revealed by volume electron microscopy.</a> Front Cell Dev Biol. 10, 843687 (2022).</li><li>Li, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safe+and+efficient+oral+allergy+immunotherapy+using+one-pot-prepared+mannan-coated+allergen+nanoparticles.">Safe and efficient oral allergy immunotherapy using one-pot-prepared mannan-coated allergen nanoparticles.</a> Biomaterials. 303, 122381 (2023).</li><li>Yamashita, K., Kusakabe, M., Sano, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+and+rapid+method+of+dissociating+hepatocytes+from+fixed+liver+of+the+mouse.">A simple and rapid method of dissociating hepatocytes from fixed liver of the mouse.</a> Stain Technol. 56 (1), 29-33 (1981).</li><li>Tanabe, T., Shin, M., Fujiwara, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunoelectron+microscopy+study+of+polyamines+using+a+newly+prepared+monoclonal+antibody+against+spermidine:+use+of+a+mixture+of+glutaraldehyde+and+paraformaldehyde+as+a+cross-linking+agent+in+the+preparation+of+the+antigen.">Immunoelectron microscopy study of polyamines using a newly prepared monoclonal antibody against spermidine: use of a mixture of glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde as a cross-linking agent in the preparation of the antigen.</a> J Biochem. 135 (4), 501-507 (2004).</li><li>Xiao, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rod+bipolar+cells+receive+cone+photoreceptor+inputs+through+both+invaginating+synapses+and+flat+contacts+in+the+mouse+and+guinea+pig+retinas.">Rod bipolar cells receive cone photoreceptor inputs through both invaginating synapses and flat contacts in the mouse and guinea pig retinas.</a> J Comp Neurol. 531 (11), 1184-1197 (2023).</li><li>Yang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+&#945;-Synuclein+in+the+mouse+retina+is+confined+to+inhibitory+presynaptic+elements.">Expression of &#945;-Synuclein in the mouse retina is confined to inhibitory presynaptic elements.</a> J Comp Neurol. 531 (10), 1057-1079 (2023).</li><li>Yazulla, S., Studholme, K. M., Zucker, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+organization+of+substance+P-like+immunoreactive+amacrine+cells+in+goldfish+retina.">Synaptic organization of substance P-like immunoreactive amacrine cells in goldfish retina.</a> J Comp Neurol. 231 (2), 232-238 (1985).</li><li>Sasso&#232;-Pognetto, M., W&#228;ssle, H., Gr&#252;nert, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycinergic+synapses+in+the+rod+pathway+of+the+rat+retina:+cone+bipolar+cells+express+the+alpha+1+subunit+of+the+glycine+receptor.">Glycinergic synapses in the rod pathway of the rat retina: cone bipolar cells express the alpha 1 subunit of the glycine receptor.</a> J Neurosci. 14 (8), 5131-5146 (1994).</li><li>Hartveit, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+and+developmental+expression+of+the+NMDA+receptor+subunit+NR2A+in+the+mammalian+retina.">Localization and developmental expression of the NMDA receptor subunit NR2A in the mammalian retina.</a> J Comp Neurol. 348 (4), 570-582 (1994).</li><li>Perkins, G. 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			<td>1 mL syringe needle</td>
			<td>kangdelai</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>1% OsO4</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>19100</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>2,2,2-Tribromoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T48402</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>8% Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>16020</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>8% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>157-8</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>10000</td>
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			<td>Anti-rabbit PKC</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4334</td>
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			<td>Anti-Rabbit SP</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab67006</td>
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			<td>DAB Substrate kit</td>
			<td>MXB Biotechnologies</td>
			<td>KIT-9701/9702/9703</td>
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			<td>Elbow scissors</td>
			<td>Suzhou66 vision company</td>
			<td>54010</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Electron microscope</td>
			<td>Phillips</td>
			<td>CM120</td>
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			<td>Epon resin</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>14910</td>
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			<td>forcep</td>
			<td>Suzhou66 vision company</td>
			<td>S101A</td>
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			<td>Millipore filter paper</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore&#160;</td>
			<td>PR05538</td>
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			<td>Na2HPO4&#183; 12H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>71650</td>
			<td>A component of phosphate buffer</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4&#183; H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>71507</td>
			<td>A component of phosphate buffer</td>
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			<td>Picric acid</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>19550</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Sodium borohydride (NaBH4)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>215511</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Tris</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>917R071</td>
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			<td>Ultramicrotome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
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			<td>Uranyl acetate</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science</td>
			<td>22400</td>
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			<td>VACTASTAIN ABC kit, Peroxidase (Rabbit IgG)</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>PK-4001</td>
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investigating retinal circuits and molecular localization by pre&#45;embedding immunoelectron microscopy

The complexity of neuronal circuits in the retina presents challenges for exploration, considering the diverse cell types within its structure1,2. The initial step involves identifying synaptic connections between different cells and determining the cellular localization of specific neurotransmitters or neuropeptides. As molecular biology advances introduce new proteins, precise localization in the retina becomes crucial for understanding their functions and analyzing retinal circuits and synaptic connections3,4,5.
Due to the limited resolution of light microscopy, electron microscopy (EM) is commonly used to detect the subcellular structures of nerve cells. EM has various classifications, with conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) utilized for observing cell ultrastructures6,7,8,9. Immunoelectron microscopy (immuno-EM), which combines the spatial resolution of EM with the chemical identification ability of antibodies binding specifically to proteins10, stands out as the optimal and exclusive method for investigating synaptic connections and subcellular protein localization in the retina11,12.
Immuno-EM techniques can be divided into pre-embedding and post-embedding methods based on the order of embedding and antibody incubation. Compared with the post-embedding method, the pre-embedding approach is capable of large-scale and long-distance identification13,14,15, offering an optimal approach for studying cell processes like axons and dendrites. Additionally, this technique provides a strong signal and broad field of view, making it advantageous for comprehensive investigations of protein expression and molecular localization in the cytoplasm. This method proves particularly valuable in ensuring chemically identified structures that are visible throughout the entire cytoplasm, cells, or retina.
However, the post-embedding method, while having lower penetration or diffusion compared to the pre-embedding method, is not as sensitive16,17. In simple terms, if the goal is to explore the localization of specific neurotransmitters in the cytoplasm or synaptic terminals, the pre-embedding immuno-EM is the preferred method. Conversely, for identifying the localization of membrane receptors, it is more recommended to utilize post-embedding immunogold EM.
Given these considerations, we opt for the pre-embedding immuno-EM method to delve into retinal circuits, including the interaction between cone and rod pathways, and molecular localization, such as the distribution and synaptic organization of substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-IR) in the mouse retina.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autore in primo piano: Comprendere le basi ultrastrutturali della connettività sinaptica retinica e della localizzazione dei neurotrasmettitori nei topi

Studio dei circuiti retinici e della localizzazione molecolare mediante microscopia immunoelettronica pre-incorporata

In our research, we focus on retinal physiology and the disease. They need to investigate the cellular composition and the specific neurotransmitters within the retina neural circuit. The overarching goal is to explore synaptic connections and the cellular localization of neurotransmitters throughout the entire pathway.The biggest challenge of immuno electron microscope technology is difficult in achieving a balance between structure, integrity, and positive signals. Through body immunoelectron microscopy, we provide for the first time immunochemically verified ultrastructural evidence for the labs and the review and explicit distribution, novel organic cell features, and the synaptic organization or SPIR is the most All findings suggest that the crosstalk between and the raw pathway is much more extensive than previously assumed. This neurochemically identified ultrastructural results reveal that on and off signaling may interconnect through chemical synapse in the retina's OPL.

The retina comprises numerous cells forming diverse neuronal circuits, which constitute the first stage of the visual pathway. Each circuit is ...

investigating-retinal-circuits-molecular-localization-pre-embedding

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Investigating Retinal Circuits and Molecular Localization by Pre&#45;Embedding Immunoelectron Microscopy

145 Views.  Wenzhou Medical University. Nella nostra ricerca, ci concentriamo sulla fisiologia retinica e sulla malattia. Hanno bisogno di studiare la composizione cellulare e i neurotrasmettitori specifici all'interno del circuito neurale della retina. L'obiettivo generale è quello di esplorare le connessioni sinaptiche e la localizzazione cellulare dei neurotrasmettitori lungo l'intero percorso.La sfida più grande della tecnologia dei microscopi elettronici immunoelettronici è quella di...

Video: Autore in primo piano: Comprendere le basi ultrastrutturali della connettività sinaptica retinica e della localizzazione dei neurotrasmettitori nei topi 