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Method Article
Here, we document the use of the soft agar colony formation assay to test the effects of a peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI) enzyme inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine, on breast cancer tumorigenicity in vitro.
Given the inherent difficulties in investigating the mechanisms of tumor progression in vivo, cell-based assays such as the soft agar colony formation assay (hereafter called soft agar assay), which measures the ability of cells to proliferate in semi-solid matrices, remain a hallmark of cancer research. A key advantage of this technique over conventional 2D monolayer or 3D spheroid cell culture assays is the close mimicry of the 3D cellular environment to that seen in vivo. Importantly, the soft agar assay also provides an ideal tool to rigorously test the effects of novel compounds or treatment conditions on cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, this assay enables the quantitative assessment of cell transformation potential within the context of genetic perturbations. We recently identified peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) as a potential breast cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. Here we highlight the utility of the soft agar assay for preclinical anti-cancer studies by testing the effects of the PADI inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine (BB-CLA), on the tumorigenicity of human ductal carcinoma in situ (MCF10DCIS) cells.
Both non-transformed (normal) and transformed cells can readily proliferate in a 2D monolayer culture. This form of adherent cell growth is quite dissimilar from that which occurs in vivo where, in the absence of mitogenic stimulation, cells do not often rapidly divide within their microenvironment. The soft agar assay on the other hand is distinct from 2D culture systems because it quantifies tumorigenicity by measuring a cell’s ability to proliferate and form colonies in suspension within a semi-solid agarose gel1. In this setting, non-transformed cells are unable to rapidly propagate in the absence of anchorage to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and undergo apoptosis, a process known as anoikis. In contrast, cells that have undergone malignant transformation lose their anchorage dependence due to activation of signaling pathways such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and Rac/Cdc42/PAK. Therefore, these cells are able to grow and form colonies within the semi-solid soft agar matrix2.
A common use of the soft agar assay is to test whether specific compounds, such as PADI inhibitors, are able to suppress tumor growth in vitro. In general, colony count or colony sizes are quantitative read-outs from the assay that can be compared between control and treatment groups to assess differences in cellular tumorigenicity. Therefore, if one finds that colony formation is inversely correlated with increasing drug concentration, then a conclusion could be drawn that the drug is an effective inhibitor of tumorigenicity in vitro. On the other hand, if the drug does not affect colony formation, the drug is either not at the appropriate dosage or it is not an effective tumorigenic inhibitor. Aside from using a soft agar assay to test the anti-tumor effect of a drug, this assay can also be used to probe the relationship between a specific gene and tumorigenesis. For example, the effect of suppressing PADI2 expression on tumorigenicity can be addressed by PADI2-specific siRNA treatment.
PADIs are calcium-dependent enzymes that post-translationally modify proteins by converting positively charged arginine residues into neutrally charged citrulline in a process known as citrullination or deimination3-5. We have recently found that peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PADI2) may function as a novel breast cancer biomarker and that PADI inhibitors represent candidate therapies for early stage breast cancers6. For example, we have previously demonstrated that a “pan-PADI” inhibitor, Cl-amidine, suppresses the proliferation of breast cancer cells using 2D monolayers and that the inhibitor suppressed the growth of 3D tumor spheroids6. In this report, we extend these studies, and highlight the utility of the soft agar assay, by testing the efficacy of a new PADI inhibitor, BB-CLA, in suppressing the growth of MCF10DCIS breast cancer colonies7. We note that we used MCF10DCIS cells for this experiment because they are oncogenic derivatives of non-transformed human MCF10A cells and because they contain high steady state levels of PADI2 protein8. We hypothesize that PADI2 enzymatic activity plays a key role in the tumorigenicity of this cell line and that BB-CLA-mediated inhibition of PADI2 activity will suppress cancer progression.
3%の2-ヒドロキシエチルアガロースの調製
底層の調製:0.6%アガロースゲル
細胞を含有する層の調製:0.3%アガロースゲル
フィーダー層の4製造:0.3%アガロースゲル
5.データ収集
軟寒天コロニー形成アッセイは、癌細胞の腫瘍形成能を記録幅広い用途に使用することができます。この手法の主な利点は、半固体マトリックスが選択的足場に依存しない方法で増殖できる細胞の増殖に有利に働くということです。この特性は、主に癌細胞によってではなく、正常細胞によって示されます。我々は、主に薬剤による腫瘍増殖阻害の有効性を試験するために、この技術を使用?...
軟寒天におけるコロニー形成の速度は、細胞型9によって異なり。したがって、細胞の数を最適化し、それに応じて調整されるべきで開始します。提案さ始動範囲は6ウェルプレートを使用してあたり4×10 2〜1×10 5細胞の間です。また、コロニーの大きさは、各細胞の増殖速度に応じて変化します。そのため、コロニーの大きさのために事前に定義されたカットオフは、下流定?...
The authors have nothing to disclose.
We are thankful to Dr. Richard Cerione, Dr. Marc Antonyak, and Kelly Sullivan, Cornell University, for providing technical advice, and to Dr. Gerlinde Van de Walle, Cornell University, for sharing their Olympus CKX41 inverted microscope.
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Zeiss Axiopot | Carl Zeiss Microscopy | 1021859251 | |
Inverted Microscope | Olympus | CKX41 | |
DMEM/F-12 | Lonza BioWhittaker | 12-719F | |
HyClone Donor Equine Serum | Fisher Scientific | SH30074.03 | |
Penicillin Streptomycin | Life Technologies | 15140-122 | |
2-Hydroxyethylagarose: Type VII, low gelling temperature | Sigma-Aldrich | 39346-81-1 |
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