マイクロインジェクションの事前準備： <ol><li>血液の供給蚊：月曜日から前の金曜日の水曜日のフィード女性の注射用。木曜日と金曜日を注入するために、同じ週の月曜日にフィード女性。 </li><li>プログラム2と等張緩衝液を用いて石英の針を準備する（資料を参照）。 </li><li>胚は、&quot;管を敷設する&quot;定期的なショウジョウバエ培養バイアルです。それを覆うフィルター紙のウェットディスクと底に湿った脱脂綿、。 </li><li>一方の端に両面テープを貼り付けることによってプラスチックのカバースリップを準備します。それはカバースリップの端で終わるようにスリップをカバーするためにテープをトリミング。 </li><li>乾燥用のオイルを準備します。 </li><li>孵化のために胚を転送するために等張緩衝液でペトリ皿を準備します。 </li></ol>強制産卵のセットアップ： <ol><li>アスピレーターの使用で60から10の血液供給の女性を収集し、綿と等張緩衝液で湿った濾紙を持つショウジョウバエ培養バイアルに移す。 </li><li>蚊は、暗所でinsectery条件に戻し入れ、1時間と15分間産卵のために許可されています。 </li><li>大人はケージに飛ぶと胚とろ紙ディスクを削除できます。 </li><li>卵を整列するために、解剖範囲でそれを行う。細かいペイントブラシ（セーブル、なし0000）と卵の房を収集し、等張緩衝液に浸した3MMワットマン濾紙の準備正方形に転送する。すべての時間は、湿紙を保管してください。卵は乾燥させないでください。ブラシでexochorionを削除、それは良いテープに卵を固執するのに役立ちます。 </li><li>細かいforcep第5または罰金絵筆を使用して、暗い灰色の胚をピックアップし、等張緩衝液で濡れた3MMワットマンの正方形の上の行に配置します。 20から30胚からの位置を合わせます。注射は、後極にあるとする必要があるため、すべての胚は、同じ向きになっている必要があります。胚の前端は、後部より少し幅が広いです。その後、3MMワットマン濾紙のストライプを使用して、卵が卵に触れていない、卵の線の両側にハードを押して、並んでいるフィルターを乾燥させる。 </li><li>卵を転送するには、両面テープ（医学）を含むスライドを反転し、静かに卵に対して押してください。卵の後端は、両面テープの端に非常に近いことがあります。それは彼らが固執しませんあまりにもウェットの場合、紙の湿潤は、このために不可欠です。私は5-10秒から胚の乾燥を行うが、乾燥時間は、マイクロインジェクション室の湿気と温度から依存する。 </li><li> 乾燥は、卵のための非常に重要です：少し多すぎるビットと胚は孵化しません。乾燥のDNAなしで胚に行っていない。 </li><li>さらに乾燥を防ぐために、ハロカーボンのオイルで乾燥胚をカバーしています。 </li></ol>胚のマイクロインジェクション： 良い注射の最も重要な側面は、針の品質です（注を参照）。 <ol><li> microloader（エッペンドルフ＃5242 956.003）を使用して注入されるようにDNA溶液を使用してニードルを埋めます。非常に少ない注射soliutionは、1〜2 mlを必要とされる。 </li><li>射出時間と圧力を制御するエッペンドルフTransjector、、だけでなく、背に針を接続してください。マイクロインジェクションは、× 10の倍率とマイクロマニピュレータ（ライカ）で移動ステージ（ライカ）と顕微鏡を使用して実行されます。必要に応じて、発生顕微鏡のステージ4〜5顕微鏡スライドを積層することにより調製することができる。発生段階に胚を運ぶカバースリップを置きます。胚は150 °の角度で注入され、普及率は、後極になっているはず。注射のために、私は針が静止して保持し、顕微鏡のステージに移動。針が新しいとき、先端を密封し、通常、最初の注射で分解されています。私はいつもそれぞれの注入の間に石油へのDNAの小さな液滴を追放するために必要な圧力をひねり出す。 </li><li>私は0.2に注入時間を設定する - 0.9秒と1000hPaのを針が新しいとき。小さな液滴が油に針から出てくる見られるまで私は、圧力と時間を変化させる。背圧は約100に設定する必要があります。針の先端が摩耗されるように、射出圧力は、注入量の低い（約300ヘクトパスカル）を保つために縮小する必要があります。この後は、針の先端が大きすぎると胚のほとんどを殺している。 </li><li>注入後は、ティッシュペーパーで油を除去し、胚および等張緩衝液でペトリ皿の場所でスライドをカバー。 insectoryに皿を置き、胚が孵化するまでそこにそれらを残す。彼らは2-6日後に孵化し始める。地上の魚の餌のピンチを蒸留水に幼虫を移す。 </li></ol>ノート 注入用DNA：プラスミドDNA溶液注入用はEndoFreeプラスミドキットを用いて単離した。右側の濃度で一緒にプラスミドとヘルパープラスミドミックスを構築、イソプロパノールで沈殿。ペレットは射出バッファーで再懸濁する前に70％エタノールで洗浄した。マイレクス- GVのカラムを使用して注入する前に、きれいなDNA。 Izotonicバッファ： <table border="1" cellpadding="8"><tbody><tr><td> 1.68 M NaClを - 88.3ミリリットル 1.68 MのNaCl - 2.9メートル 1 Mは-10.7 mlのHEPES 1.12 M塩化カルシウム2〜2.2ミリリットル のdH 2 O - 896ミリリットル</td><td> OR </td><td> 5 M NaClを - 29.67ミリリットル 1 M塩化カリウム - 4.87ミリリットル 1 MのHepes - 10.7ミリリットル 1.12 M塩化カルシウム2〜2.2ミリリットル のdH 2 O - 952.56ミリリットル</td></tr></tbody></table> pH7.2に調整する

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Injection Quartz needles</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sutter Instrument</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>O.D.- 1.0 mm, I.D.-0.70, 10 cm length, are prepared by drawing capillary tubing into a fine 3-8 um with a shaft of approximately 100-300 mm micropipette puller. </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Quartz puller</td>
<td>Tool</td>
<td>Sutter Instrument Co</td>
<td>P-2000</td>
<td>Set-up: Heat-275, Fil-3, Vel-38, Del-250, Pull-141</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>EndoFree plasmid kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Quiagen</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isopropanol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Millex-GV column</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>SLGV RO4 NL</td>
<td>for DNA cleaning</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Construct DNA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>0.5 mg/ml </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Helper plasmid</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>0.3 mg/ml </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Injection solution</td>
<td>Buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>1x solution: 5mM KCl, 0.1mM sodium phosphate, ph 6. 8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Isotonic buffer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>see recipe in the protocol section</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dessication oil</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Halocarbon oil 700:Halocarbon oil 27(1:1). Mix well. Prepare in advance of microinjection.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Blood</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>to feed mosquitos</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Anopheles stephensi</td>
<td>Animal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Mosquitos, male and female.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Drosophila culture vial</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>for egg laying</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Petri dishes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>with isotonic buffer, for embryo hatching</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fine paintbrush</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sable # 0000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3MM Whatman paper</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Forceps #5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>double sided tape</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microloader</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>5242 956.003</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Transjector</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microscope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Leica</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>with moving stage and micromanipulator, set at 10x magnification </td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>
			<div>
					</div>

injection of an. stephensi embryos to generate malaria-resistant mosquitoes

蚊のゲノムへの外来遺伝子の導入は、関心のある特定の種に合わせたマイクロインジェクションの技術が必要です。このビデオプロトコルが変換された蚊の世代のためのハマダラカの胚にDNA構築物を顕微注入するためにジェームズ実験室で使用されるメソッドを示しています。 、マイクロインジェクションの針を準備する胚を収集し、準備やマイクロインジェクションを行うためのテクニックが示されている。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Injection of An. stephensi Embryos to Generate Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes at JoVE.com

Injection of An. stephensi Embryos to Generate Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes

ハマダラカ蚊は、インドやアジア各地に生息するマラリアのためのベクトルです。このビデオでは、蚊にマラリアに抵抗性を付与される導入遺伝子でこの種のmicroinjectionsを実行するためのテクニックを示しています。このビデオで示されて方法論の多くは、他の蚊の種のマイクロインジェクション技術に適用可能である。

の注入。ハマダラカの胚は、マラリア耐性の蚊を生成する

The introduction of exogenous genes into the genomes of mosquitoes requires microinjection techniques tailored to the specific species of interest. This ...

injection-an-stephensi-embryos-to-generate-malaria-resistant

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

12.9K ビュー.  University of California, Irvine (UCI). ハマダラカ蚊は、インドやアジア各地に生息するマラリアのためのベクトルです。このビデオでは、蚊にマラリアに抵抗性を付与される導入遺伝子でこの種のmicroinjectionsを実行するためのテクニックを示しています。このビデオで示されて方法論の多くは、他の蚊の種のマイクロインジェクション技術に適用可能である。

ビデオ: Injection of An. stephensi Embryos to Generate Malaria-resistant Mosquitoes

Microinjection of A. aegypti Embryos to Obtain Transgenic Mosquitoes

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue fever.  The techniques for correctly preparing microinjection needles, dessicating embryos, and performing microinjection are demonstrated.

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue fever. The techniques for correctly preparing microinjection needles, dessicating embryos, and performing microinjection are demonstrated.

トランスジェニック蚊を取得するA.ネッタイシマカの胚のマイクロインジェクション

In this video, Nijole Jasinskiene demonstrates the methodology employed to generate transgenic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which are vectors for dengue ...

生物学

In Utero Intraventricular Injection and Electroporation of E16 Rat Embryos

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic rat neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors lining the walls of the lateral ventricle. This technique is now widely used to study the processes involved in corticogenesis by over-expressing or knocking down genes and observing the effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In comparison to traditional knockout strategies, in-utero electroporation provides a rapid means to manipulate a population of cells during a specific temporal window. In this video protocol, we outline the experimental methodology for preparing rats for surgery, exposing the uterine horns through laporatomy, injecting DNA into the lateral ventricles of the developing embryo, electroporating DNA into the progenitors lining the lateral wall, and caring for animals post-surgery. Our laboratory uses this protocol for surgeries on E15-E21 rats, however it is most commonly performed at E16 as shown in this video.

E16ラット胚の子宮内での脳室内注入とエレクトロポレーションで

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic rat neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors ...

In Utero Intraventricular Injection and Electroporation of E15 Mouse Embryos

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic mouse neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors lining the walls of the lateral ventricle. This technique is now widely used to study the processes involved in corticogenesis by over-expressing or knocking down genes and observing the effects on cellular proliferation, migration, and differentiation. In comparison to traditional knockout strategies, in-utero electroporation provides a rapid means to manipulate a population of cells during a specific temporal window. In this video protocol we outline the experimental methodology for preparing mice for surgery, exposing the uterine horns through laporatomy, injecting DNA into the lateral ventricles of the developing embryo, electroporating DNA into the progenitors lining the lateral wall, and caring for animals post-surgery. Our laboratory uses this protocol for surgeries on E13-E16 mice, however, it is most commonly performed at E15, as shown in this video. 

E15マウス胚の子宮内での脳室内注入とエレクトロポレーションで

In-utero in-vivo injection and electroporation of the embryonic mouse neocortex provides a powerful tool for the manipulation of individual progenitors ...

Microinjection of Zebrafish Embryos to Analyze Gene Function

One of the advantages of studying zebrafish is the ease and speed of manipulating protein levels in the embryo.  Morpholinos, which are synthetic oligonucleotides with antisense complementarity to target RNAs, can be added to the embryo to reduce the expression of a particular gene product.  Conversely, processed mRNA can be added to the embryo to increase levels of a gene product.  The vehicle for adding either mRNA or morpholino to an embryo is microinjection.  Microinjection is efficient and rapid, allowing for the injection of hundreds of embryos per hour.  This video shows all the steps involved in microinjection.  Briefly, eggs are collected immediately after being laid and lined up against a microscope slide in a Petri dish.  Next, a fine-tipped needle loaded with injection material is connected to a microinjector and an air source, and the microinjector controls are adjusted to produce a desirable injection volume.  Finally, the needle is plunged into the embryo's yolk and the morpholino or mRNA is expelled.

This video shows how morpholino or mRNA can be injected into zebrafish embryos at the one-cell stage to decrease or increase the level of specific gene products during subsequent development.

遺伝子機能を解析するためにゼブラフィッシュ胚のマイクロインジェクション

One of the advantages of studying zebrafish is the ease and speed of manipulating protein levels in the embryo.  Morpholinos, which are synthetic ...

RNAi Interference by dsRNA Injection into Drosophila Embryos

Genetic screening is one of the most powerful methods available for gaining insights into complex biological process 1. Over the years many improvements and tools for genetic manipulation have become available in Drosophila 2. Soon after the initial discovery by Frie and Mello 3 that double stranded RNA can be used to knockdown the activity of individual genes in Caenorhabditis elegans, RNA interference (RNAi) was shown to provide a powerful reverse genetic approach to analyze gene functions in Drosophila organ development 4, 5.
Many organs, including lung, kidney, liver, and vascular system, are composed of branched tubular networks that transport vital fluids or gases 6, 7. The analysis of Drosophila tracheal formation provides an excellent model system to study the morphogenesis of other tubular organs 8. The Berkeley Drosophila genome project has revealed hundreds of genes that are expressed in the tracheal system. To study the molecular and cellular mechanism of tube formation, the challenge is to understand the roles of these genes in tracheal development. Here, we described a detailed method of dsRNA injection into Drosophila embryo to knockdown individual gene expression. We successfully knocked down endogenous dysfusion(dys) gene expression by dsRNA injection. Dys is a bHLH-PAS protein expressed in tracheal fusion cells, and it is required for tracheal branch fusion 9, 10. dys-RNAi completely eliminated dys expression and resulted in tracheal fusion defect. This relatively simple method provides a tool to identify genes requried for tissure and organ development in Drosophila.

RNAi Interference by dsRNA Injection into Drosophila Embryos

RNA interference has been proven very effective to analyze gene function in Drosophila tracheal development. A detailed protocol used by Jiang lab to inject dsRNA into fly embryos to knockdown gene expression is illustrated. This technique has the potential for screening genes required for tissue and organ development in Drosophila.

dsRNAをインジェクションによるRNAiの干渉にショウジョウバエ胚

Genetic screening is one of the most powerful methods available for gaining insights into complex biological process 1. Over the years many improvements ...

An in vivo Crosslinking Approach to Isolate Protein Complexes From Drosophila Embryos

Many cellular processes are controlled by multisubunit protein complexes. Frequently these complexes form transiently and require native environment to assemble. Therefore, to identify these functional protein complexes, it is important to stabilize them in vivo before cell lysis and subsequent purification. Here we describe a method used to isolate large bona fide protein complexes from Drosophila embryos. This method is based on embryo permeabilization and stabilization of the complexes inside the embryos by in vivo crosslinking using a low concentration of formaldehyde, which can easily cross the cell membrane. Subsequently, the protein complex of interest is immunopurified followed by gel purification and analyzed by mass spectrometry. We illustrate this method using purification of a Tudor protein complex, which is essential for germline development. Tudor is a large protein, which contains multiple Tudor domains - small modules that interact with methylated arginines or lysines of target proteins. This method can be adapted for isolation of native protein complexes from different organisms and tissues.

An in vivo Crosslinking Approach to Isolate Protein Complexes From Drosophila Embryos

Multi-component protein complexes play crucial roles during cellular function and development. Here we describe a method used to isolate native protein complexes from Drosophila embryos after in vivo crosslinking followed by purification of the crosslinked complexes for subsequent structure-function analysis.

アン in vivoで</emからのタンパク質複合体を分離するために>架橋アプローチショウジョウバエ胚

Many cellular processes are controlled by multisubunit protein complexes. Frequently these complexes form transiently and require native environment to ...

A Multi-detection Assay for Malaria Transmitting Mosquitoes

The Anopheles gambiae species complex includes the major malaria transmitting mosquitoes in Africa. Because these species are of such medical importance, several traits are typically characterized using molecular assays to aid in epidemiological studies. These traits include species identification, insecticide resistance, parasite infection status, and host preference. Since populations of the Anopheles gambiae complex are morphologically indistinguishable, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is traditionally used to identify species. Once the species is known, several downstream assays are routinely performed to elucidate further characteristics. For instance, mutations known as KDR in a para gene confer resistance against DDT and pyrethroid insecticides. Additionally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) or Plasmodium parasite DNA detection PCR assays are used to detect parasites present in mosquito tissues. Lastly, a combination of PCR and restriction enzyme digests can be used to elucidate host preference (e.g., human vs. animal blood) by screening the mosquito bloodmeal for host-specific DNA. We have developed a multi-detection assay (MDA) that combines all of the aforementioned assays into a single multiplex reaction genotyping 33SNPs for 96 or 384 samples at a time. Because the MDA includes multiple markers for species, Plasmodium detection, and host blood identification, the likelihood of generating false positives or negatives is greatly reduced from previous assays that include only one marker per trait. This robust and simple assay can detect these key mosquito traits cost-effectively and in a fraction of the time of existing assays.

Malaria transmitting mosquitoes have a number of epidemiologically important characteristics that can only be detected using molecular techniques. Utilizing a MALDI-TOF based SNP genotyping platform, we developed an assay for simultaneously detecting multiple key traits (species, insecticide resistance, parasite infection and host choice) of malaria vectors.

マラリア蚊。送信のためのマルチ検出分析

The Anopheles gambiae species complex includes the major malaria transmitting mosquitoes in Africa. Because these species are of such medical importance, ...

Protocols for Testing the Toxicity of Novel Insecticidal Chemistries to Mosquitoes

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such as Zika, dengue and malaria. Assays for rapid, high-throughput analyses of unformulated novel chemistries against mosquito larvae and adults are presented. We describe protocols for single point-dose and dose response assays to evaluate the toxicity of small molecule chemistries to the Aedes aegypti vector of Zika, dengue and yellow fever,&#160;the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae and the northern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, on contact and via ingestion. As an example, we evaluated the toxicity of amitriptyline, a small molecule antagonist of G protein-coupled receptors, via larval, adult topical and adult blood-feeding assay. The protocols provide a starting point to investigate insecticide potential. Results are discussed in the context of additional experiments to explore product applications and mechanisms for delivery.

Protocols are described for assessing the toxicity of chemistries to immature and adult mosquitoes for development as new classes of larvicides, adulticides and endectocides. The protocols enable high-throughput testing of multiple chemistries at single-point dose and subsequent evaluation via dose response assay to determine toxicity on contact or via ingestion.

蚊を殺虫化合物小説の毒性試験のプロトコル

New classes of insecticides with novel modes of action are needed to control insecticide resistant populations of mosquitoes that transmit diseases such ...

Forced Salivation As a Method to Analyze Vector Competence of Mosquitoes

Vector competence is defined as the potential of a mosquito species to transmit a mosquito-borne virus (mobovirus) to a vertebrate host. Viable virus particles are transmitted during a blood meal via the saliva of an infected mosquito. Forced salivation assays allow determining the vector potential on the basis of single mosquitoes, avoiding the use of animal experiments. The method is suitable to analyze a large number of mosquitoes in one experiment within a short period of time. Forced salivation assays were used to analyze 856 individual mosquitoes trapped in Germany, including two different Culex pipiens pipiens biotypes, Culex torrentium as well as Aedes albopictus, which were experimentally infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) and incubated at 18 &#176;C or 27 &#176;C for two and three weeks. The results indicated the lack of vector competence of the different Culex taxa for ZIKV. In contrast, Aedes albopictus was susceptible to ZIKV, but only at 27 &#176;C, with transmission rates similar to an Aedes aegypti laboratory colony tested in parallel.

For efficient control of mosquito borne virus transmission, the knowledge of the vector potential of respective mosquitoes is of particular interest. We describe forced salivation as a method to analyze vector competence of Aedes albopictus and three different Culex taxa for the transmission of Zika virus.

蚊のベクトル能力を分析する方法として唾液の分泌を強制

Vector competence is defined as the potential of a mosquito species to transmit a mosquito-borne virus (mobovirus) to a vertebrate host. Viable virus ...

A Blood-Free Diet to Rear Anopheline Mosquitoes

Malaria research requires large-scale breeding and production conditions for mosquitoes (Anopheles spp.) in captivity. The sustainable and reliable production of mosquitoes is currently inhibited by the supply of fresh vertebrate blood. Alternatives to blood are required to promote efficient control strategies for malaria and other vector borne diseases that are transmitted by blood feeding insects. With this in mind, artificial liquid diets were formulated as substitutes for fresh vertebrate blood. Herein we report a blood-free artificial liquid diet that delivers feeding rates similar to blood and mimics the physiological effects of a fresh vertebrate blood meal. The diet induces ovarian and egg maturation of Anopheles mosquitoes and also produces good larval survival and development of functional adults. The formulated blood-free liquid diet is an important advance towards sustainable mosquito breeding in captivity and will reduce the maintenance costs of mosquito colonies and eliminate the need for fresh vertebrate blood.

A protocol is presented for formulation of a blood-free artificial diet to feed Anopheles mosquitoes in captivity. This diet has a similar performance to vertebrate blood and triggers oogenesis and egg maturation and produces viable adult progeny.

アノフェリン蚊を後ろにする無血ダイエット

Malaria research requires large-scale breeding and production conditions for mosquitoes (Anopheles spp.) in captivity. The sustainable and reliable ...