Supported by University of Kentucky, Department of Biology, Office of Undergraduate Studies and College of Arts &amp; Sciences.

<ol>
	<li>Alexandrowicz, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle+receptor+organs+in+the+abdomen+of+Homarus+vulgaris+and+Palinurus+vulgaris.">Muscle receptor organs in the abdomen of Homarus vulgaris and Palinurus vulgaris.</a> Q. J. Microsc. Sci. 92, 163-199 (1951).</li><li>Brown, H. M., Ottoson, D., Rydqvist, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crayfish+stretch+receptor:+An+investigation+with+voltage-clamp+and+ion-sensitive+electrodes.">Crayfish stretch receptor: An investigation with voltage-clamp and ion-sensitive electrodes.</a> J. Physiol. 284, 155-179 (1978).</li><li>Burgess, P. R., Wei, J. Y., Clark, F. J., Simon, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+of+kinesthetic+information+by+peripheral+sensory+receptors.">Signaling of kinesthetic information by peripheral sensory receptors.</a> Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 171-187 (1982).</li><li>Cooper, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proprioceptive+neurons+of+chordotonal+organs+in+the+crab,+Cancer+magister+Dana+Decapoda,+Brachyura).">Proprioceptive neurons of chordotonal organs in the crab, Cancer magister Dana Decapoda, Brachyura).</a> Crustaceana. 81, 447-475 (2008).</li><li>Cooper, R. L., Govind, C. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon+composition+of+the+proprioceptive+PD+nerve+during+growth+and+regeneration+of+lobster+claws.">Axon composition of the proprioceptive PD nerve during growth and regeneration of lobster claws.</a> J. Exp. Zool. 260, 181-193 (1991).</li><li>Cooper, R. L., Ward, E., Braxton, R., Li, H., Warren, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+serotonin+and+ecdysone+on+primary+sensory+neurons+in+crayfish.">The effects of serotonin and ecdysone on primary sensory neurons in crayfish.</a> Microscopy Res. Technique. 60, 336-345 (2003).</li><li>Donelan, J. M., McVea, D. A., Pearson, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Force+regulation+of+ankle+extensor+muscle+activity+in+freely+walking+cats.">Force regulation of ankle extensor muscle activity in freely walking cats.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 101, 360-371 (2009).</li><li>Eckert, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reflex+relationships+of+the+abdominal+stretch+receptors+of+the+crayfish.+I.+Feedback+inhibition+of+the+receptors.">Reflex relationships of the abdominal stretch receptors of the crayfish. I. Feedback inhibition of the receptors.</a> J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 57, 149-162 (1961).</li><li>Eckert, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reflex+relationships+of+the+abdominal+stretch+receptors+of+the+crayfish.+II.+Stretch+receptor+involvement+during+the+swimming+reflex.">Reflex relationships of the abdominal stretch receptors of the crayfish. II. Stretch receptor involvement during the swimming reflex.</a> J. Cell. Comp. Physiol. 57, 163-174 (1961).</li><li>Edwards, C., Ottoson, D., Rydqvist, B., Swerup, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+permeability+of+the+transducer+membrane+of+the+crayfish+stretch+receptor+to+calcium+and+other+divalent+cations.">The permeability of the transducer membrane of the crayfish stretch receptor to calcium and other divalent cations.</a> Neurosci. 6, 1455-1460 (1981).</li><li>Elekes, K., Florey, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+types+of+synaptic+connections+in+crayfish+stretch+receptor+organs:+an+electron+microscopic+study.">New types of synaptic connections in crayfish stretch receptor organs: an electron microscopic study.</a> J. Neurocytol. 16, 613-626 (1987).</li><li>Elekes, K., Florey, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunocytochemical+evidence+for+the+GABAergic+innervation+of+the+stretch+receptor+neurons+in+crayfish.">Immunocytochemical evidence for the GABAergic innervation of the stretch receptor neurons in crayfish.</a> Neurosci. 22, 1111-1122 (1987).</li><li>Erxleben, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stretch-activated+current+through+single+ion+channels+in+the+abdominal+stretch+receptor+organ+of+the+crayfish.">Stretch-activated current through single ion channels in the abdominal stretch receptor organ of the crayfish.</a> J. Gen. Physiol. 94, 1071-1083 (1989).</li><li>Fields, H. L., Mill, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crustacean+abdominal+and+thoracic+muscle+receptor+organs.">Crustacean abdominal and thoracic muscle receptor organs.</a> Structure and function of proprioceptors in the invertebrates. , 65-114 (1976).</li><li>Florey, E., Florey, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microanatomy+of+the+abdominal+stretch+receptors+of+the+crayfish+Astacus+fluviatilis+L.">Microanatomy of the abdominal stretch receptors of the crayfish Astacus fluviatilis L.</a> J. Gen. Physiol. 39, 69-85 (1955).</li><li>Hartman, H. B., Cooper, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regeneration+and+molting+effects+on+the+proprioceptor+organ+in+the+Dungeness+crab,+Cancer+magister.">Regeneration and molting effects on the proprioceptor organ in the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister.</a> J. Neurobiol. 25, 461-471 (1994).</li><li>Hunt, C. C., Wilkerson, R. S., Fukami, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ionic+basis+of+the+receptor+potential+in+primary+endings+of+mammalian+muscle+spindles.">Ionic basis of the receptor potential in primary endings of mammalian muscle spindles.</a> J. Gen. Physiol. 71, 683-698 (1978).</li><li>Kuffler, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+activation+and+motor+control+of+stretch+receptors+in+lobster+and+crayfish.">Mechanisms of activation and motor control of stretch receptors in lobster and crayfish.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 17, 558-574 (1954).</li><li>Kuffler, S. W., Eyzaguirre, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+inhibition+in+an+isolated+nerve+cell.">Synaptic inhibition in an isolated nerve cell.</a> J. Gen. Physiol. 39, 155-184 (1955).</li><li>Macmillan, D. L., Patullo, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+for+robotic+design+from+studies+of+the+control+of+abdominal+position+in+crayfish.">Insights for robotic design from studies of the control of abdominal position in crayfish.</a> Biol. Bull. 200, 201-205 (2001).</li><li>Marino, B. F., Stucchi, N., Nava, E., Haggard, P., Maravita, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distorting+the+visual+size+of+the+hand+affects+hand+pre-shaping+during+grasping.">Distorting the visual size of the hand affects hand pre-shaping during grasping.</a> Exp. Brain Res. , 202-202 (2010).</li><li>McCarthy, B. J., MacMillian, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+muscle+receptor+organ+in+the+control+of+the+abdominal+extension+in+the+crayfish+Cherax.">The role of the muscle receptor organ in the control of the abdominal extension in the crayfish Cherax.</a> J. Exp. Biol. 198, 2253-2259 (1995).</li><li>Mill, P. J., Lowe, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fine+structure+of+the+PD+proprioceptor+of+Cancer+pagurus.I.+The+receptor+strand+and+the+movement+sensitive+cells.">The fine structure of the PD proprioceptor of Cancer pagurus.I. The receptor strand and the movement sensitive cells.</a> Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 184, 179-197 (1973).</li><li>Nakajima, Y., Onodera, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+properties+of+the+stretch+receptor+neurons+of+crayfish+with+particular+reference+to+mechanisms+of+sensory+adaptation.">Membrane properties of the stretch receptor neurons of crayfish with particular reference to mechanisms of sensory adaptation.</a> J. Physiol. 200, 161-185 (1969).</li><li>Nakajima, Y., Takahashi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-tetanic+hyperpolarization+and+electrogenic+Na+pump+in+stretch+receptor+neurone+of+crayfish.">Post-tetanic hyperpolarization and electrogenic Na pump in stretch receptor neurone of crayfish.</a> J. Physiol. 187, 105-127 (1966).</li><li>Pasztor, V. M., MacMillan, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+actions+of+proctolin,+octopamine+and+serotonin+on+the+crustacean+proprioceptors+show+species+and+neurone+specificity.">The actions of proctolin, octopamine and serotonin on the crustacean proprioceptors show species and neurone specificity.</a> J. Exp. Biol. 152, 485-504 (1990).</li><li>Patel, M., Fransson, P. A., Karlberg, M., Malmstrom, E. M., Magnusson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Change+of+body+movement+coordination+during+cervical+proprioceptive+disturbances+with+increased+age.">Change of body movement coordination during cervical proprioceptive disturbances with increased age.</a> Gerontol. 56, 284-290 (2010).</li><li>Patullo, B., Faulkes, Z., Macmillan, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle+receptor+organs+do+not+mediate+load+compensation+during+body+roll+and+defense+response+extensions+in+the+crayfish+Cherax+destructor.">Muscle receptor organs do not mediate load compensation during body roll and defense response extensions in the crayfish Cherax destructor.</a> J. Exp. Zool. 290, 783-790 (2001).</li><li>Purali, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Mechanisms of adaptation in a mechanoreceptor. A study of mechanical and ionic factors in the crayfish stretch receptors [dissertation]. , (1988).</li><li>Purali, N., Rydqvist, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Block+of+potassium+outward+currents+in+the+crayfish+stretch+receptor+neurons+by+4-aminopyridine,+tetraethylammonium+chloride+and+some+other+chemical+substances.">Block of potassium outward currents in the crayfish stretch receptor neurons by 4-aminopyridine, tetraethylammonium chloride and some other chemical substances.</a> Acta Physiol. Scand. 146, 67-77 (1992).</li><li>Rabin, E., Muratori, L., Svokos, K., Gordon, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tactile/proprioceptive+integration+during+arm+localization+is+intact+in+individuals+with+Parkinson's+disease.">Tactile/proprioceptive integration during arm localization is intact in individuals with Parkinson's disease.</a> Neurosci. Lett. 470, 38-42 (2010).</li><li>Rydqvist, B., Purali, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential-dependent+potassium+currents+in+the+rapidly+adapting+stretch+receptor+neuron+of+the+crayfish.">Potential-dependent potassium currents in the rapidly adapting stretch receptor neuron of the crayfish.</a> Acta Physiol. Scand. 142, 67-76 (1991).</li><li>Rydqvist, B., Swerup, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulus-response+properties+of+the+slowly+adapting+stretch+receptor+neuron+of+the+crayfish.">Stimulus-response properties of the slowly adapting stretch receptor neuron of the crayfish.</a> Acta Physiol. Scand. 143, 11-19 (1991).</li><li>Rossignol, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Locomotion+and+its+recovery+after+spinal+injury.">Locomotion and its recovery after spinal injury.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10, 708-716 (2000).</li><li>Rossignol, S., Giroux, N., Chau, C., Marcoux, J., Brustein, J., Reader, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+aids+to+locomotor+training+after+spinal+injury+in+the+cat.">Pharmacological aids to locomotor training after spinal injury in the cat.</a> J. Physiol. 533, 65-74 (2001).</li><li>Rossignol, S., Bouyer, L., Barthelemy, D., Langlet, C., Leblond, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recovery+of+locomotion+in+the+cat+following+spinal+cord+lesions.">Recovery of locomotion in the cat following spinal cord lesions.</a> Brain Res. Rev. 40, 257-266 (2002).</li><li>Sohn, J., Mykles, D. L., Cooper, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+anatomical,+physiological+and+biochemical+characterization+of+muscles+associated+with+the+articulating+membrane+in+the+dorsal+surface+of+the+crayfish+abdomen.">The anatomical, physiological and biochemical characterization of muscles associated with the articulating membrane in the dorsal surface of the crayfish abdomen.</a> J. Exp. Zool. 287, 353-377 (2000).</li><li>Svensson, E., Woolley, J., Wikstr&#246;m, M., Grillner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endogenous+dopaminergic+modulation+of+the+lamprey+spinal+locomotor+network.">Endogenous dopaminergic modulation of the lamprey spinal locomotor network.</a> Brain Res. 970, 1-8 (2003).</li><li>Swerup, C., Rydqvist, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+abdominal+stretch+receptor+organ+of+the+crayfish.">The abdominal stretch receptor organ of the crayfish.</a> Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. 103, 433-431 (1992).</li><li>Vargas, J. G., Yu, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Audio+aided+electro-tactile+perception+training+for+finger+posture+biofeedback.">Audio aided electro-tactile perception training for finger posture biofeedback.</a> Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc. 2008, 4230-4233 (2008).</li><li>Vedel, J. P., Clarac, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combined+reflex+actions+by+several+proprioceptive+inputs+in+the+rock+lobster+legs.">Combined reflex actions by several proprioceptive inputs in the rock lobster legs.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. 130, 251-258 (1979).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

The details provided in the associated movie and text have provided key steps in order to sufficiently record the activity in the MRO of the crayfish in situ. One goal of our report is to increase the awareness in the potential for this preparation in student run investigative laboratories to teach fundamental concepts in sensory physiology. The preparations are very robust in viability while being bathed in a minimal saline.
The motor control on the MRO muscles has been identified but the regulation in transmission and the potential of synaptic plasticity as well as efficacy of transmission for the excitatory and inhibitory neurons remains an open area for investigation (Elekes and Florey, 1987a,b; Florey and Florey, 1955; Kuffler, 1954; Kuffler and Eyzaguirre, 1955).
This preparation can be used to investigate a number of experimental conditions as well as the natural range of locomotion within the animal to better understand the biology of the MRO for primary research as well as demonstrative purposes. The biophysical properties of these sensory neurons has in part been addressed in their nature of adaptation in the neural activity with a maintained stimulus (Brown et al, 1978; Edwards et al., 1981; Purali, 1997; Rydqvist and Purali,1991; Rydqvist and Swerup, 1991). However, only a few reports address neuromodulation on these sensory receptors and associated muscle fibers (Cooper et al., 2003; Pasztor and Macmillan, 1990). The reports deal with only a few of the many compounds that are known to be present in the hemolymph. Many modulators and cocktails of modulators remain to be examined on the MRO complex (muscles and neurons). Pasztor and Macmillan (1990) did examine the neuromodulators 5-HT and octopamine on the activity of MROs among various crustacean species and noted that there are species differences. They did not examine in detail the long-term influences of these neuromodulators nor the effects on activity at different static positions of the MRO.
This type of preparation can aid in understanding the basis of sensory perception and regulation of neural processing which is important in rehabilitation and disease management for humans with motor unit abnormities (Patel et al., 2009; Rabin et al., 2009; Marino et al., 2010). The various types of input and firing patterns for monitoring joint movements in accessible invertebrate preparations can be used in robotics/prosthesis (Macmillan and Patullo, 2001). There are still many questions awaiting answers in this preparation that can be beneficial in a number of ways.

<ol>
<li><a href="http://www.adinstruments.com/products/hardware/corporate/product/ML856/" target="_blank">PowerLab 26T (AD Instruments)</a> </li>
<li><a href="http://www.adinstruments.com/products/software/research/LabChart-Software/" target="_blank">LabChart 7 (ADI Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA)</a> </li>
</ol>

muscle receptor organs in the crayfish abdomen: a student laboratory exercise in proprioception

The primary purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate primary sensory neurons conveying information of joint movements and positions as proprioceptive information for an animal. An additional objective of this experiment is to learn anatomy of the preparation by staining, dissection and viewing of neurons and sensory structures under a dissecting microscope. This is performed by using basic neurophysiological equipment to record the electrical activity from a joint receptor organ and staining techniques. The muscle receptor organ (MRO) system in the crayfish is analogous to the intrafusal muscle spindle in mammals, which aids in serving as a comparative model that is more readily accessible for electrophysiological recordings. In addition, these are identifiable sensory neurons among preparations. The preparation is viable in a minimal saline for hours which is amenable for student laboratory exercises. The MRO is also susceptible to neuromodulation which encourages intriguing questions in the sites of modulatory action and integration of dynamic signals of movements and static position along with a gain that can be changed in the system.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Muscle Receptor Organs in the Crayfish Abdomen: A Student Laboratory Exercise in Proprioception at JoVE.com

Muscle Receptor Organs in the Crayfish Abdomen: A Student Laboratory Exercise in Proprioception

The primary purpose of this experiment is to understand how primary sensory neurons convey information of joint movements and positions as proprioceptive information for an animal. An additional objective of this report is present the anatomy of the preparation by dissection and viewing of neurons under a dissecting microscope.

The primary purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate primary sensory neurons conveying information of joint movements and positions as proprioceptive ...

muscle-receptor-organs-crayfish-abdomen-student-laboratory-exercise

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

22.0K ビュー.  University of Kentucky. この実験の主な目的は、一次感覚ニューロンは、動物のための固有感覚情報として関節の動きと位置の情報を伝える方法を理解することです。このレポートの追加の目的は、現在の解剖顕微鏡下でニューロンの解剖して参照することによって、準備の解剖学です。