この研究は、統合失調症、うつ病に関する研究とカナダの精神医学研究財団（FDへ）からCPRF賞のための米国国立アライアンスから若手研究者賞によってサポートされていました。 EDは、ワイス- CIHRポストドクトラルフェローシップによってサポートされていました。著者はデータ分析の支援のためにfMRIのデータ収集とクリスティーナ孫の支援のためにピーターのセレスに感謝します。

1。コレクションと思い出、画像化されたタスク、および実験プロトコールの選択感情のAMのコレクション<ol><li>個人的な思い出は、非感情的なAMS（例えば、11、12）のために採用手順に似て、fMRIのセッションの前に行うインタビューの中で各参加者から引き出されている。ほとんどの前の技術とは異なり、私たちのAMQは特に感情的な個人的なエピソードと、その思い出の特性の評価を対象に構築されます。一般的に使用される行動研究の方法と神経画像研究での使用に適合はCrovitzと被験者がキューの言葉に応答する特定の、個人的に経験豊かなイベントを覚えてSchiffmanはテクニック13-15を伴います。写真のパラダイムは、fMRIの研究16、17により制御された設定にAMSを調査するために使用されています。しかし、これらの技術は、通常、追憶の資質の点で一致するAMS、の感情的成分の検討を対象としない。 </li><li>私たちのAMQは、他の18、19で使用されるリストの組み合わせと拡張である明確なライフイベント（例えば、家族の誕生、相対的に死亡）、115言語的な合図のリストで構成されます。各キューの場合は、参加者は自分の人生からユニークなエピソードを覚えてするように求められます、それはむしろ（例えば、一般的または繰り返しイベントを思い出すよりも、特定の場所と時間（秒/彼は特定のバスケットボールの試合でプレー例えば、一方のインスタンス）で発生、高校バスケットボールを）。重要なのは、メモリはむしろ他の人から話を聞くよりも、個人的にかかわることの記憶を添付しなければならない。 </li><li>回想すると、参加者はその後、（参加者は事前にスキャンインタビューの特定の目的へのナイーブな）機能的MRIのスキャン中にパーソナライズされたメモリのキューとして使用されるメモリの簡単な説明を（図1を参照）、提供するように求められます。 </li><li>各メモリは、（図1参照）、その現象論的性質を評価するために六リッカートスケール20、21日に日付と評価される。 、 感情の強さ 、 個人的な意味 、 文脈詳細の量は、visuo -知覚ディテールの量（：私たちのスケールは、（非常に肯定的な-3 =非常に負、0 =中立、+3 = 7点尺度を使用して） 感情価が含まれてすなわち、鮮やかさ）、および検索の頻度 （7点尺度を使用して、後者のすべて：1 =すべてではないで、7 =非常に）。 </li></ol><img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig1.jpg" /> 図1。 AMQ行政のイラストは、各キューに対して、参加者が覚えていると簡単に日付と6スケールでレートをして特定のイベントを記述する、と。 高感情AMの選択<ol start="5"><li>次に、40の最も感情的な思い出は（20正と20負）AMQ（すなわち、定格2または3と、それぞれ2、3、）で提供される格付けに基づいて、各参加者に選択されています。正と負のAMSはthen回想中の脳活動の違いがこれらの基本的な特性の違いによって交絡されないようにするために、年齢と現象学的特性の点で一致している。 </li><li>必要に応じて、選択されたメモリの手がかりの記述はわずかに長さや文法的複雑さのためできるかぎり一致するようになっている、それはまた練習の目的のためにいくつかの追加のメモリを選択することをお勧めします。 </li></ol> fMRIのタスク<ol start="7"><li> fMRIのタスクは、意味記憶（SM）制御タスクとAMタスクの比較を可能にするために設計されて、AMとSM検索の試験では、同様の一般的な構造を（図2Aを参照してください）​​。我々はCIGAL（使用<a href="http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/">http://www.nitrc.org/projects/cigal/を</a> MRスキャナーで刺激のプレゼンテーションのために）、しかし他の刺激のプレゼンテーションソフトを使用してもよい。 </li><li> AMのタスクは、スキャンする前に収集パーソナライズ手がかりに基づいています。各試験では、ボタンを押すと参加者によって示されているAMの記憶を、トリガーキューから始まります。その後、参加者は、金利再収集メモリを（図2B）に再びキューされるまで、イベントの詳細を覚え続ける。 </li><li> SMのタスクは、AMの取得、メモリ内の検索、拡張検索時間22（図2B）を含むような別の意味的なカテゴリー（例えば、楽器、スポーツ）、から手本の生成を伴います。セマンティックカテゴリがキューされている後に彼らがそのカテゴリから手本をリコール開始し、キューされるまで、メモリの評価のために再び想起し続けて、参加者はすぐにボタンを押してください。 </li></ol><img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig2a.jpg" /> <img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig2b.jpg" /> 図2。 fMRIの臨床試験の構造。A.一般試験の構造。 AMとSM試験のB.具体的な構造。 <ol start="10"><li> AMとSMの裁判の基本的な比較に加えて、他の操作にも関与することができます。例えば、AMの取得の焦点は、記憶のイベント（図2B）の感情的または非感情的な側面に注意を払うために、参加者を誘導することで操作することができます。この操作は、検索の焦点は、AMSの発生と関連する神経相関の任意の関連する変更に影響を及ぼすかもしれない方法の検討が可能になります。 </li><li>各AMまたはSMの試験は5点リッカート尺度を（図2Bを参照）を使用して、輪の順序で提示さ評価の画面が続きます。 </li><li>実験は、参加者の時間は休ませると機器の故障の場合のデータ損失を回避できるように両方の試験の実行/ブロックに分割されます。実行順序は、参加者の間で相殺される。各実行では、MR信号の安定化を可能にするために、固定の6秒から始まります。 AMとSMの条件は、変数の期間の間トライアル間隔（5-9秒、平均= 7秒。）で区切られたランダムな順序で表示されます。 </li></ol> 2。スキャンのために件名の準備すべての参加者は倫理委員会によって承認された実験的なプロトコルを、実行する前にインフォームドコンセントを書かれています。通常は、脳の活動の左右差に混乱さを避けるために、スキャンされた参加者は右利きです。 前にスキャン部屋に入る<ol><li>スキャンの日に、参加者の現在の感情状態は感情的なAMの回想で気分の影響を制御するために、23を評価される。ポストスキ​​ャンの評価と併せて、これらの初期の評価も調査への参加の結果として、気分の変化をスクリーニングすることができる、とfMRI解析における共変量として、現在の状態の影響を受けた脳の活動を調査する。同様に、性格特性の評価もAMのタスク24と関連付けられている神経相関に与える可能性バイアスを調査するために、（例えば、神経症的傾向）行うことができます。 </li><li>スキャンに先立ち、参加者は、スキャンの手順の詳細に通知され、行動課題のための具体的な指示を与えられている。また、参加者はタスクに慣れるために、短い練習セッションを完了します。 </li></ol>スキャン部屋に入る<ol start="3"><li>参加者は、スキャンベッドの上に仰臥位になるように指示され、スキャン中に快適性を確保し、動きを最小限に抑えるため、追加の頭部のクッションが設けられている。さらにヘッドの動きを最小限に抑えるために、テープの長さの非粘着面は、被験者の前頭部の周りに軽くラップされることがあります。被験者は、MRIスキャン中に実験者と通信するために耳の保護だけでなく、分離のヘッドフォンを与えられている。 </li><li>被験者の右手は、このように左手をサポートするためにまたは他の測定（例えば、皮膚コンダクタンス反応）のために使用できるように、レスポンスボックスに快適に配置されている。被験者はスキャナを停止するあらゆる緊急の必要性を示すことができるように緊急停止ボタンが近くに配置されます。 </li><li>データの収集を開始する前に、それは被験者が刺激提示のために明らかに画面の投影を見ることができると応答ボタンが正しく動作することを確認することが重要です。 </li></ol> 3。データの記録と処理スキャンパラメータ我々は、MRIの録音のために1.5テスラシーメンスソナタスキャナーを使用してMRIデータを収集した。解剖学的画像は、3D MPRAGEの解剖学的なシリーズでした（繰り返し時間（TR）= 1600ミリ秒、エコー時間（TE）= 3.82ミリ秒、スライスの数は= 112;ボクセルサイズ= 1x1x1 MM）、および機能画像が取得した、28の機能のスライスの連続でした軸方向にechoplanarシーケンスを使用して（TR = 2000ミリ秒、TE = 40ミリ秒、視野FOV = 256 × 256 mmのフィールド、ボクセルサイズ= 4x4x4 mm）を、こうしてフル脳カバーすることができます。 データ解析 ：我々は、統計的パラメトリックマッピング（SPM使用<a href="http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm">http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spmを</a>社内のMatlabベースのツールと組み合わせて）。前処理の標準的な手順：品質保証、TRのアライメント、動きの補正、共同登録、正規化、および平滑化（8 mm 3のカーネル）。個人およびグループレベルの統計分析では、メモリのタイプ（AM対SM）、感情価（ポジティブ対ネガティブ）、および検索のフォーカス（感情と非感情的な内容）に基づいて脳活動の比較を伴うことがあります。 4。代表的な結果<img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/2396/2396fig3.jpg" /> 図3。 AMの検索の神経相関。現在のプロトコルの検証、AMSの検索は、カバを含むAM検索ネットワーク4、25の活動の増加をもたらした一般的な記憶の想起に関与campal地域（）、、個人的な約束、楔状部/楔前部の領域と処理visuo -空間表現に関連付けられている頭頂後頭接合（C、E、それぞれ）、関連付けられている前頭前野の内側部（B）、 、そして感情AMの取得にかかわる前頭側頭接合部（D）、後者と同様の効果をも扁桃体（図示せず）で発見された。 &quot;活性化マップは、&quot;冠状（左パネル）に表示されている高解像度の脳の画像に重畳してsaggital（真ん中と右のパネル）のビューされ、カラーバーは、活性化マップのt値（P &lt;0.005、10の隣接するボクセルの勾配を示す26）、メモリのキューのオンセットにタイムロックの脳活動を反映する。線グラフは、各試験の種類とTR（1 TR = 2秒）のために、fMRIの信号（％信号の変化）の時間経過を示しています。 L =左、R =右。

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ここで紹介した実験的なデザインは、感情的な自伝的記憶を思い出すの神経相関の調査が可能になります。この設計では、脳が個人的な記憶を思い出すの情動バイアスを（正または負）を生成する方法についての我々の知識を前進させる可能性を秘めている、そしてどのようにこれらのバイアスは（感情的または非感情的な側面に関する）検索のフォーカスで変調可能性があります。このプ?...

brain imaging investigation of the neural correlates of emotional autobiographical recollection

感情的な自伝的記憶の回想（AMS）は健康な認知と感情の機能1に重要である-否定的なAMS上で覚えておくと反芻すると、情動障害を3につながる可能性があります一方、肯定的なAMSを思い出しては、幸福や自尊心2の増加、個人に関連付けられています。ものの大きな進展は、一般的にAMの検索を（、4に5レビュー）根底にある脳のメカニズムを理解する上でなされている、以下AMSと関連する神経相関の主観的な再体験に感情の影響についてはほとんど知られていない。これは部分的に実験室ベースのマイクロイベント（6、7-9でレビューさ）のためのメモリ上に感情の影響の調査とは異なり、多くの場合は研究がの感情的な側面に明確な焦点を持っていない回答、という事実によるものである個人的なイベントを思い出して（ただし10を参照）。ここで、我々は、機能的磁気共鳴画像（fMRI）を用いて感情的なAMSを回想の神経相関の調査を可能にするプロトコルを示す。これらの思い出の手がかりは、したがって、それらの現象論的特性（すなわち、強さ、鮮やかさ、個人的な有意性）に基づいて、感情的なAMの適切な選択を可能にする、自伝的記憶のアンケート（AMQ）によってスキャンする前に収集されます。このプロトコルは、同様に健康と臨床集団で使用することができます。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection at JoVE.com

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

我々は、機能的磁気共鳴画像法を用いて、感情的な自伝的記憶を回想の神経相関の調査を可能にするプロトコルを示す。このプロトコルは、健康と臨床の両方の参加者と一緒に使用することができます。

感情的な自伝追憶の神経相関の脳イメージング研究

Recollection of emotional autobiographical memories (AMs) is important to healthy cognitive and affective functioning 1 - remembering positive AMs is ...

brain-imaging-investigation-neural-correlates-emotional

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.7K ビュー.  University of Alberta, Edmonton. 我々は、機能的磁気共鳴画像法を用いて、感情的な自伝的記憶を回想の神経相関の調査を可能にするプロトコルを示す。このプロトコルは、健康と臨床の両方の参加者と一緒に使用することができます。

ビデオ: Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotional Autobiographical Recollection

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

仮想社会的相互作用を観察するの神経相関の脳イメージング研究

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

神経科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress has been made in understanding conscious/deliberate emotion regulation (ER), less is known about non-conscious/automatic ER and the associated neural correlates. This is in part due to the problems inherent in the unitary concepts of automatic and conscious processing1. Here, we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of both deliberate and automatic ER using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This protocol allows new avenues of inquiry into various aspects of ER. For instance, the experimental design allows manipulation of the goal to regulate emotion (conscious vs. non-conscious), as well as the intensity of the emotional challenge (high vs. low). Moreover, it allows investigation of both immediate (emotion perception) and long-term effects (emotional memory) of ER strategies on emotion processing. Therefore, this protocol may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in depression and anxiety disorders in which emotion dysregulation is often among the core debilitating features.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of deliberate and automatic emotion regulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used in healthy participants, both young and older, as well as in clinical patients.

情動表出の制御の神経相関の脳イメージング研究

The ability to control/regulate emotions is an important coping mechanism in the face of emotionally stressful situations. Although significant progress ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the neural mechanisms underlying this enhancing effect of emotion on memory. A method that has proven particularly influential in the 
investigation of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is the so-called subsequent memory paradigm (SMP). This method was originally used to investigate the 
neural correlates of non-emotional memories3, and more recently we and others also applied it successfully to studies of emotional memory (reviewed in4, 5-7). 
Here, we describe a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion using the SMP in conjunction with 
event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An important feature of the SMP is that it allows separation of brain activity specifically 
associated with memory from more general activity associated with perception. Moreover, in the context of investigating the impact of emotional stimuli, 
SMP allows identification of brain regions whose activity is susceptible to emotional modulation of both general/perceptual and memory-specific processing. 
This protocol can be used in healthy subjects8-15, as well as in clinical patients where there are alterations in the neural correlates of emotion perception 
and biases in remembering emotional events, such as those suffering from depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)16, 17.

We present a protocol that uses functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion. This protocol allows identification of brain activity specifically linked to memory-related processing, contrary to more general perceptual processing, and can be used with healthy and clinical populations.

感情の記憶増強効果の脳イメージング研究

Emotional events tend to be better remembered than non-emotional events1,2. One goal of cognitive and affective neuroscientists is 
to understand the ...

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

認知に関する情動の損なう効果の脳イメージング研究

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. Here we present a visualized experimental and methodological protocol to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia and to infer perivascular oxygen gradients in the mouse cortex. It is based on the non-linear relationship between nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) endogenous fluorescence intensity and oxygen partial pressure in the tissue, where observed tissue NADH fluorescence abruptly increases at tissue oxygen levels below 10 mmHg1. We use two-photon excitation at 740 nm which allows for concurrent excitation of intrinsic NADH tissue fluorescence and blood plasma contrasted with Texas-Red dextran. The advantages of this method over existing approaches include the following: it takes advantage of an intrinsic tissue signal and can be performed using standard two-photon in vivo imaging equipment; it permits continuous monitoring in the whole field of view with a depth resolution of ~50 &mu;m. We demonstrate that brain tissue areas furthest from cerebral blood vessels correspond to vulnerable watershed areas which are the first to become functionally hypoxic following a decline in vascular oxygen supply. This method allows one to image microregional cortical oxygenation and is therefore useful for examining the role of inadequate or restricted tissue oxygen supply in neurovascular diseases and stroke.

Here we describe a method to directly visualize microregional tissue hypoxia in the mouse cortex in vivo. It is based on concurrent two-photon imaging of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and the cortical microcirculation. This method is useful for high resolution analysis of tissue oxygen supply.

内在性NADH蛍光の二光子イメージングによるマウス大脳皮質におけるMicroregional低酸素の検出

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. ...

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents the return of fear. Pavlovian fear-conditioning paradigms are commonly employed to create a controlled, novel fear association in the laboratory. After pairing an innocuous stimulus (conditioned stimulus, CS) with an aversive outcome (unconditioned stimulus, US) we can elicit a fear response (conditioned response, or CR) by presenting just the stimulus alone1,2 . Once fear is acquired, it can be diminished using extinction training, whereby the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the aversive outcome until fear is no longer expressed3. This inhibitory learning creates a new, safe representation for the CS, which competes for expression with the original fear memory4. Although extinction is effective at inhibiting fear, it is not permanent. Fear can spontaneously recover with the passage of time. Exposure to stress or returning to the context of initial learning can also cause fear to resurface3,4.
Our protocol addresses the transient nature of extinction by targeting the reconsolidation window to modify emotional memory in a more permanent manner. Ample evidence suggests that reactivating a consolidated memory returns it to a labile state, during which the memory is again susceptible to interference5-9. This window of opportunity appears to open shortly after reactivation and close approximately 6hrs later5,11,16, although this may vary depending on the strength and age of the memory15. By allowing new information to incorporate into the original memory trace, this memory may be updated as it reconsolidates10,11. Studies involving non-human animals have successfully blocked the expression of fear memory by introducing pharmacological manipulations within the reconsolidation window, however, most agents used are either toxic to humans or show equivocal effects when used in human studies12-14. Our protocol addresses these challenges by offering an effective, yet non-invasive, behavioral manipulation that is safe for humans.
By prompting fear memory retrieval prior to extinction, we essentially trigger the reconsolidation process, allowing new safety information (i.e., extinction) to be incorporated while the fear memory is still susceptible to interference. A recent study employing this behavioral manipulation in rats has successfully blocked fear memory using these temporal parameters11. Additional studies in humans have demonstrated that introducing new information after the retrieval of previously consolidated motor16, episodic17, or declarative18 memories leads to interference with the original memory trace14. We outline below a novel protocol used to block fear recovery in humans.

Conditioned fear can be diminished through an inhibitory process called extinction, but can resurface under conditions such as the passage of time or exposure to stress. Our protocol presents a novel way of preventing fear recovery by introducing extinction during the reconsolidation window (the re-storage phase of a reactivated memory).

再固定ウィンドウの間に絶滅の訓練は恐怖の回復を防ぎ

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents ...

Co-analysis of Brain Structure and Function using fMRI and Diffusion-weighted Imaging

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when studying the brain, as the functional role that a brain area fulfills may be largely defined by its connections to other brain areas. In this report, we describe a novel, non-invasive approach for relating brain structure and function using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This approach, a combination of structural imaging of long-range fiber connections and functional imaging data, is illustrated in two distinct cognitive domains, visual attention and face perception. Structural imaging is performed with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fiber tractography, which track the diffusion of water molecules along white-matter fiber tracts in the brain (Figure 1). By visualizing these fiber tracts, we are able to investigate the long-range connective architecture of the brain. The results compare favorably with one of the most widely-used techniques in DWI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). DTI is unable to resolve complex configurations of fiber tracts, limiting its utility for constructing detailed, anatomically-informed models of brain function. In contrast, our analyses reproduce known neuroanatomy with precision and accuracy. This advantage is partly due to data acquisition procedures: while many DTI protocols measure diffusion in a small number of directions (e.g., 6 or 12), we employ a diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)1, 2 protocol which assesses diffusion in 257 directions and at a range of magnetic gradient strengths. Moreover, DSI data allow us to use more sophisticated methods for reconstructing acquired data. In two experiments (visual attention and face perception), tractography reveals that co-active areas of the human brain are anatomically connected, supporting extant hypotheses that they form functional networks. DWI allows us to create a "circuit diagram" and reproduce it on an individual-subject basis, for the purpose of monitoring task-relevant brain activity in networks of interest.

We describe a novel approach for simultaneous analysis of brain function and structure using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We assess brain structure with high-resolution diffusion-weighted imaging and white-matter fiber tractography. Unlike standard structural MRI, these techniques allow us to directly relate anatomical connectivity to functional properties of brain networks.

fMRIと拡散強調画像を用いた脳の構造と機能の同時分析

The study of complex computational systems is facilitated by network maps, such as circuit diagrams. Such mapping is particularly informative when ...

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

The patch-clamp technique is today the most well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual neurons or their subcellular compartments. Nevertheless, achieving stable recordings, even from individual cells, remains a time-consuming procedure of considerable complexity. Automation of many steps in conjunction with efficient information display can greatly assist experimentalists in performing a larger number of recordings with greater reliability and in less time. In order to achieve large-scale recordings we concluded the most efficient approach is not to fully automatize the process but to simplify the experimental steps and reduce the chances of human error while efficiently incorporating the experimenter's experience and visual feedback. With these goals in mind we developed a computer-assisted system which centralizes all the controls necessary for a multi-electrode patch-clamp experiment in a single interface, a commercially available wireless gamepad, while displaying experiment related information and guidance cues on the computer screen. Here we describe the different components of the system which allowed us to reduce the time required for achieving the recording configuration and substantially increase the chances of successfully recording large numbers of neurons simultaneously.

Multi-electrode patch-clamp recordings constitute a complex task. Here we show how, by automating of many of the experimental steps, it is possible to accelerate the process leading to qualitative improvement in performance and number of recordings.

コンピュータ支援多電極パッチクランプシステム

The patch-clamp technique is today the most  well-established method for recording electrical activity from individual  neurons or their subcellular ...

Analysis of Brain Mitochondria Using Serial Block-Face Scanning Electron Microscopy

Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, tri-carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathways to produce cellular energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Impairment of mitochondrial ATP production causes mitochondrial disorders, which present clinically with prominent neurological and myopathic symptoms. Mitochondrial defects are also present in neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism spectrum disorder) and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer&#39;s and Parkinson&#39;s diseases). Thus, there is an increased interest in the field for performing 3D analysis of mitochondrial morphology, structure and distribution under both healthy and disease states. The brain mitochondrial morphology is extremely diverse, with some mitochondria especially those in the synaptic region being in the range of &#60;200 nm diameter, which is below the resolution limit of traditional light microscopy. Expressing a mitochondrially-targeted green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the brain significantly enhances the organellar detection by confocal microscopy. However, it does not overcome the constraints on the sensitivity of detection of relatively small sized mitochondria without oversaturating the images of large sized mitochondria. While serial transmission electron microscopy has been successfully used to characterize mitochondria at the neuronal synapse, this technique is extremely time-consuming especially when comparing multiple samples. The serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) technique involves an automated process of sectioning, imaging blocks of tissue and data acquisition. Here, we provide a protocol to perform SBFSEM of a defined region from rodent brain to rapidly reconstruct and visualize mitochondrial morphology. This technique could also be used to provide accurate information on mitochondrial number, volume, size and distribution in a defined brain region. Since the obtained image resolution is high (typically under 10 nm) any gross mitochondrial morphological defects may also be detected.

Mitochondrial visualization and analysis from mammalian brain tissue is a challenging task. Here, we describe how three dimensional (3D) reconstruction analysis from the serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBFSEM) can be used to gain insights on the morphological and volumetric analysis of this critical energy generating organelle.

シリアルブロック・フェイス走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて脳ミトコンドリアの解析

Human brain is a high energy consuming organ that mainly relies on glucose as a fuel source. Glucose is catabolized by brain mitochondria via glycolysis, ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Thy1を用いた一次体性感覚野における神経活動のイメージング-GCaMP6s トランスジェニック マウス

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...