この作品は、アメリカ心臓協会（09PRE2260209）とBKMへアーサー·J·シュミット財団からの国立心臓、肺、血液研究所（NIH R01-HL089564）からKLBと事前博士フェローシップの助成金によって賄われていた。

<ol>
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特別な利害関係は宣言されません。

ここに記載される方法および実験的アプローチが非常に強固であり、細部にまで細心の注意を払って適用されたときに明確かつ再現性のある結果を生成することができます。良い電気生理学的記録及び狭窄/動脈セグメントの拡張は、それぞれ細胞と動脈セグメントの健康に依存しています。細胞調製も同じプロトコルを使用して、日ごとに変化することができる。アイソレーションソリュー...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 名前 </td><td> 会社 </td><td> カタログ番号 </td><td>注釈</td></tr><tr><td>塩化ナトリウム</td><td>シグマ</td><td> S5886 </td><td>解剖ソリューション：145 電気生理学のための浴溶液*：140 電気生理学のための内部溶液：10 筋細胞用アイソレーション·ソリューション*：140 圧力筋運動記録法のための浴溶液：145 圧力筋運動記録法のルーメン液：145 </td></tr><tr><td>塩化カリウム</td><td>シグマ</td><td> P5405 </td><td>解剖ソリューション：4.7 電気生理学のための浴溶液*：5.36 電気生理学のための内部溶液：135 筋細胞用アイソレーション·ソリューション*：5.36 圧力筋運動記録法のための浴溶液：4.7 圧力筋運動記録法のルーメン液：4.7 </td></tr><tr><td>カリウムのEGTA </td><td>シグマ</td><td> E4378 </td><td>電気生理学のための内部溶液：0.05 </td></tr><tr><td> HEPES </td><td>シグマ</td><td> H9136 </td><td>電気生理学のための浴溶液*：10 電気生理学のための内部溶液：10 筋細胞用アイソレーション·ソリューション*：10 </td></tr><tr><td>リン酸水素二ナトリウム</td><td>シグマ</td><td> S5136 </td><td>筋細胞用アイソレーション·ソリューション*：0.34 </td></tr><tr><td>リン酸水素カリウム</td><td>シグマ</td><td> P5655 </td><td>筋細胞用アイソレーション·ソリューション*：0.44 </td></tr><tr><td>塩化マグネシウム</td><td>シグマ</td><td> M2393 </td><td>電気生理学のための浴溶液*：1.2 電気生理学のための内部溶液：1 筋細胞用アイソレーション·ソリューション*：1.2 </td></tr><tr><td>塩化カルシウム</td><td>シグマ</td><tD&gt; C7902 </td><td>電気生理学のための浴溶液*：2 筋細胞用アイソレーション·ソリューション*：0.05 </td></tr><tr><td>リン酸ナトリウム</td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> BP331-1 </td><td>解剖ソリューション：1.2 圧力筋運動記録法のための浴溶液：1.2 圧力筋運動記録法のルーメン液：1.2 </td></tr><tr><td>硫酸マグネシウム</td><td>シグマ</td><td> M2643 </td><td>解剖ソリューション：1.17 圧力筋運動記録法のための浴溶液：1.17 圧力筋運動記録法のルーメン液：1.17 </td></tr><tr><td> MOPS </td><td>フィッシャー·サイエンティフィック</td><td> BP308 </td><td>解剖ソリューション：3 圧力筋運動記録法のための浴溶液：3 圧力筋運動記録法のルーメン液：3 </td></tr><tr><td>ピルビン酸</td><td>シグマ</td><td> P4562 </td><td> 2：ソリューションを解剖する 用浴溶液圧力筋運動記録法：2 圧力筋運動記録法のルーメン液：2 </td></tr><tr><td> EDTA二水和物</td><td>リサーチ·オーガニック</td><td> 9572E </td><td>解剖ソリューション：0.02 圧力筋運動記録法のための浴溶液：0.02 圧力筋運動記録法のルーメン液：0.02 </td></tr><tr><td> D-グルコース</td><td>シグマ</td><td> G7021 </td><td>解剖ソリューション：5 電気生理学のための浴溶液*：10 電気生理学のための内部溶液：20 筋細胞用アイソレーション·ソリューション*：10 圧力筋運動記録法のための浴溶液：5 圧力筋運動記録法のルーメン液：5 </td></tr><tr><td>ウシ血清アルブミン</td><td>シグマ</td><td> A3912 </td><td>解剖解決策：1％ 圧力筋運動記録法のルーメン液：1％ </td></tr><tr><td> pHは</td><td></td><td></td><td> Solutioを解剖するN：7.4 電気生理学のための浴溶液*：7.3 電気生理学用の内部液：7.2 筋細胞用アイソレーション·ソリューション*：7.2 圧力筋運動記録法のための浴溶液：7.4 圧力筋運動記録法のルーメン液：7.4 </td></tr><tr><td>オスモル濃度</td><td></td><td></td><td>解剖ソリューション：300 電気生理学のための浴溶液*：298 電気生理学用の内部液：298 筋細胞用アイソレーション·ソリューション*：298 圧力筋運動記録法のための浴溶液：300 圧力筋運動記録法のルーメン液：300 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> * 11 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 表1実験に用いたソリューションのコンポーネント。 </td></tr></tbody></table>

exploring arterial smooth muscle kv7 potassium channel function using patch clamp electrophysiology and pressure myography

抵抗動脈の壁内の平滑筋細胞の収縮や弛緩が動脈径を決定して、それによって血管を通る血液の流れを制御し、全身血圧に貢献しています。収縮過程は主に順番にイオントランスポーターやチャネルの多様によって制御され細胞質カルシウム濃度（[Ca 2 +] cytの）によって規制されています。イオンチャネルは、血管収縮または血管拡張をもたらすために血管作動性ホルモンによって活性化されるシグナル伝達経路における共通の中間体である。とイオンチャネルはしばしば故意治療薬または意図せずに（不要な心血管系の副作用を誘発するなど ）（ 例えば 、カルシウムチャネル遮断薬は血管拡張と低血圧を誘発するために使用）が対象とされています。 KV7（KCNQ）電圧活性化カリウムチャネルは、最近の重要な生理学的および治療ターグとして関与している平滑筋収縮を調節するためのETS。両方の生理学的信号伝達において、治療薬の作用でKV7チャネルの特定の役割を解明するために、我々は、彼らの活動をそのまま動脈のコンテキストでの貢献を評価するだけでなく、細胞レベルで変調されているかを研究する必要があります。 ラット腸間膜動脈は、有用なモデル系を提供する。動脈は簡単に、解剖し、結合組織を除去し、パッチクランプ電気生理学のために隔離動脈筋細胞を調製するために使用される、またはカニューレを挿入し、相対的に生理的条件下での血管収縮剤/血管拡張反応の測定に加圧することができる。ここでは、測定値の両方のタイプのために使用するメソッドを記述し、実験的なデザインは血管緊張の調節におけるこれらのイオンチャネルの役割の明確な理解を提供するために統合することができる方法のいくつかの例を提供します。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exploring Arterial Smooth Muscle Kv7 Potassium Channel Function using Patch Clamp Electrophysiology and Pressure Myography at JoVE.com

Exploring Arterial Smooth Muscle Kv7 Potassium Channel Function using Patch Clamp Electrophysiology and Pressure Myography

収縮/拡張器応答の測定と並行して孤立した動脈筋細胞（電気生理学的手法をクランプするパッチを使用）（圧力筋運動記録法を用いて）でKV7（KCNQ）カリウムチャネル活性の測定は、血管平滑筋生理学でKV7チャネルの役割に関する重要な情報を明らかにすることができますし、薬理学。

パッチクランプ電気生理学および圧力筋運動記録法を用いた動脈平滑筋KV7カリウムチャネル機能を探る

Contraction  or relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the walls of resistance arteries  determines the artery diameter and thereby controls flow of ...

exploring-arterial-smooth-muscle-kv7-potassium-channel-function-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

15.0K ビュー.  Loyola University Chicago. 収縮/拡張器応答の測定と並行して孤立した動脈筋細胞（電気生理学的手法をクランプするパッチを使用）（圧力筋運動記録法を用いて）でKV7（KCNQ）カリウムチャネル活性の測定は、血管平滑筋生理学でKV7チャネルの役割に関する重要な情報を明らかにすることができますし、薬理学。

ビデオ: Exploring Arterial Smooth Muscle Kv7 Potassium Channel Function using Patch Clamp Electrophysiology and Pressure Myography

Methods for Patch Clamp Capacitance Recordings from the Calyx

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. Electrical recordings from the presynaptic terminal allow the measurement of action potentials, calcium channel currents, vesicle fusion (exocytosis) and subsequent membrane uptake (endocytosis). The fusion of vesicles containing neurotransmitter causes the vesicle membrane to be added to the cell membrane of the calyx. This increase in the amount of cell membrane is measured as an increase in capacitance. The subsequent reduction in capacitance indicates endocytosis, the process of membrane uptake or removal from the calyx membrane. Endocytosis, is necessary to maintain the structure of the calyx and it is also necessary to form vesicles that will be filled with neurotransmitter for future exocytosis events. Capacitance recordings at the calyx of Held have made it possible to directly and rapidly measure vesicular release and subsequent endocytosis in a mammalian CNS nerve terminal. In addition, the corresponding postsynaptic activity can be simultaneously measured by using paired recordings. Thus a complete picture of the presynaptic and postsynaptic electrical activity at a central nervous system synapse is achievable using this preparation. Here, the methods for slice preparation, morphological features for identification of calyces of Held, basic patch clamping techniques, and examples of capacitance recordings to measure exocytosis and endocytosis are presented.

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal.

がくからパッチクランプの静電容量の録音のための方法

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. ...

生物学

Patch Clamp Recording of Ion Channels Expressed in  Xenopus Oocytes

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological measurement of single or multiple ion channels in cells. This technique can be applied to ion channels in both their native environment and expressed in heterologous cells, such as oocytes harvested from the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Here, we describe the well-established technique of patch clamp recording from Xenopus oocytes. This technique is used to measure the properties of expressed ion channels either in populations (macropatch) or individually (single-channel recording). We focus on techniques to maximize the quality of oocyte preparation and seal generation. With all factors optimized, this technique gives a probability of successful seal generation over 90 percent. The process may be optimized differently by every researcher based on the factors he or she finds most important, and we present the approach that have lead to the greatest success in our hands.

This is intended as an introduction to patch clamp recording from Xenopus laevis oocytes. It covers vitelline membrane removal, formation of a gigaohm seal (gigaseal), and the optional conversion of the patch to the outside-out topology.

アフリカツメガエルの卵母細胞で発現イオンチャネルのパッチクランプ記録

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological ...

Pressure-polishing Pipettes for Improved Patch-clamp Recording

Pressure-polishing is a method for shaping glass pipettes for patch-clamp recording. We first developed this method for fabricating pipettes suitable for recording from small (&lt;3 m) neuronal cell bodies. The basic principal is similar to glass-blowing and combines air pressure and heat to modify the shape of patch pipettes prepared by a conventional micropipette puller. It can be applied to so-called soft (soda lime) and hard (borosilicate) glasses. Generally speaking, pressure polishing can reduce pipette resistance by 25% without decreasing the diameter of the tip opening (Goodman and Lockery, 2000). It can be applied to virtually any type of glass and requires only the addition of a high-pressure valve and fitting to a microforge. This technique is essential for recording from ultrasmall cells (&lt;5 m) and can also improve single-channel recording by minimizing pipette resistance. The blunt shape is also useful for perforated-patch clamp recording since this tip shape results in a larger membrane bleb available for perforation.

This is a guide to modifying the shape of glass micropipettes. Specifically, by using heat and air pressure the taper is widened without increasing the tip opening, leading to lower pipette resistance. This is critical to obtain low noise recordings of small cells but is useful in many applications.

改善されたパッチクランプ記録のための圧力 - 研磨ピペット

Pressure-polishing is a method for shaping glass pipettes for patch-clamp recording.  We first developed this method for fabricating pipettes suitable for ...

Focal Ca2+ Transient Detection in Smooth Muscle

Ca2+ imaging of smooth muscle provides insight into cellular mechanisms that may not result in changes of membrane potential, such as the release of Ca2+ from internal stores, and allows multiple cells to be monitored simultaneously to assess, for example, coupling in syncytial tissue. Subcellular Ca2+ transients are common in smooth muscle, yet are difficult to measure accurately because of the problems caused by their stochastic occurrence, over an often wide field of view, in an organ that it prone to contract. To overcome this problem, we've developed a series of imaging protocols and analysis routines to acquire and then analyse, in an automated fashion, the frequency, location and amplitude of such events. While this approach may be applied in other contexts, our own work involves the detection of local purinergic Ca2+ transients for locating transmitter release with submicron resolution. 
ATP is released as a cotransmitter from autonomic nerves, where it binds to P2X1 receptors on the smooth muscle of the detrusor and vas deferens. Ca2+ enters the smooth muscle, resulting in purinergic neuroeffector Ca2+ transients (NCTs). The focal Ca2+ transients allow the optical monitoring of neurotransmitter release in a manner that has many advantages over electrophysiology. Apart from the greatly improved spatial resolution, optical recording has the additional advantage of allowing the recording of transmitter release from many distinguishable sites simultaneously. Furthermore, the optical plane of focus is easier to maintain or correct during long recording series than is the repositioning of an intracellular sharp microelectrode. 
In summary, a method for imaging of Ca2+ fluorescence is outlined which details the preparation of tissue, and the acquisition and analysis of data. We outline the use of several scripts for the analysis of such Ca2+ transients.

Focal Ca2+ Transient Detection in Smooth Muscle

Details methods for high-resolution Ca2+ imaging of smooth muscle within isolated organs, including: preparation of the tissue, image acquisition and data analysis.

焦点のCa 2 +</sup平滑筋の>過渡検出

Ca2+ imaging of smooth muscle provides insight into cellular mechanisms that may not result in changes of membrane potential, such as the release of Ca2+ ...

Isolation of Human Umbilical Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells (HUASMC)

The human umbilical cord (UC) is a biological sample that can be easily obtained just after birth. This biological sample is, most of the time, discarded and their collection does not imply any added risk to the newborn or mother s health. Moreover no ethical concerns are raised. The UC is composed by one vein and two arteries from which both endothelial cells (ECs) 1 and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) 2, two of the main cellular components of blood vessels, can be isolated. In this project the SMCs were obtained after enzymatic treatment of the UC arteries accordingly the experimental procedure previously described by Jaffe et al 3. After cell isolation they were kept in t-flash with DMEM-F12 supplemented with 5% of fetal bovine serum and were cultured for several passages. Cells maintained their morphological and other phenotypic characteristics in the different generations. The aim of this study was to isolate smooth muscle cells in order to use them as models for future assays with constrictor drugs, isolate and structurally characterize L-type calcium channels, to study cellular and molecular aspects of the vascular function 4 and to use them in tissue engineering.

Isolation of Human Umbilical Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells HUASMC

The umbilical cords are used to isolate smooth muscle cells by different ways. In this work we used the enzymatic treatment to isolated smooth muscle cells.

ヒト臍帯動脈平滑筋細胞の単離（HUASMC）

The human umbilical cord (UC) is a biological sample that can be easily obtained just after birth. This biological sample is, most of the time, discarded ...

Giant Liposome Preparation for Imaging and Patch-Clamp Electrophysiology

The reconstitution of ion channels into chemically defined lipid membranes for electrophysiological recording has been a powerful technique to identify and explore the function of these important proteins. However, classical preparations, such as planar bilayers, limit the manipulations and experiments that can be performed on the reconstituted channel and its membrane environment. The more cell-like structure of giant liposomes permits traditional patch-clamp experiments without sacrificing control of the lipid environment.
Electroformation is an efficient mean to produce giant liposomes &gt;10 &mu;m in diameter which relies on the application of alternating voltage to a thin, ordered lipid film deposited on an electrode surface. However, since the classical protocol calls for the lipids to be deposited from organic solvents, it is not compatible with less robust membrane proteins like ion channels and must be modified. Recently, protocols have been developed to electroform giant liposomes from partially dehydrated small liposomes, which we have adapted to protein-containing liposomes in our laboratory.
We present here the background, equipment, techniques, and pitfalls of electroformation of giant liposomes from small liposome dispersions. We begin with the classic protocol, which should be mastered first before attempting the more challenging protocols that follow. We demonstrate the process of controlled partial dehydration of small liposomes using vapor equilibrium with saturated salt solutions. Finally, we demonstrate the process of electroformation itself. We will describe simple, inexpensive equipment that can be made in-house to produce high-quality liposomes, and describe visual inspection of the preparation at each stage to ensure the best results.

Reconstituting functional membrane proteins into giant liposomes of defined composition is a powerful approach when combined with patch-clamp electrophysiology. However, conventional giant liposome production may be incompatible with protein stability. We describe protocols for producing giant liposomes from pure lipids or small liposomes containing ion channels.

イメージングとパッチクランプ電気生理学用ジャイアントリポソーム製剤

The reconstitution of ion channels into chemically defined lipid membranes for electrophysiological recording has been a powerful technique to identify ...

Assessing Murine Resistance Artery Function Using Pressure Myography

Pressure myograph systems are exquisitely useful in the functional assessment of small arteries, pressurized to a suitable transmural pressure. The near physiological condition achieved in pressure myography permits in-depth characterization of intrinsic responses to pharmacological and physiological stimuli, which can be extrapolated to the in vivo behavior of the vascular bed. Pressure myograph has several advantages over conventional wire myographs. For example, smaller resistance vessels can be studied at tightly controlled and physiologically relevant intraluminal pressures. Here, we study the ability of 3rd order mesenteric arteries (3-4 mm long), preconstricted with phenylephrine, to vaso-relax in response to acetylcholine. Mesenteric arteries are mounted on two cannulas connected to a pressurized and sealed system that is maintained at constant pressure of 60 mmHg. The lumen and outer diameter of the vessel are continuously recorded using a video camera, allowing real time quantification of the vasoconstriction and vasorelaxation in response to phenylephrine and acetylcholine, respectively.
	To demonstrate the applicability of pressure myography to study the etiology of cardiovascular disease, we assessed endothelium-dependent vascular function in a murine model of systemic hypertension. Mice deficient in the &alpha;1 subunit of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC&alpha;1-/-) are hypertensive when on a 129S6 (S6) background (sGC&alpha;1-/-S6) but not when on a C57BL/6 (B6) background (sGC&alpha;1-/-B6). Using pressure myography, we demonstrate that sGC&alpha;1-deficiency results in impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. The vascular dysfunction is more pronounced in sGC&alpha;1-/-S6 than in sGC&alpha;1-/-B6 mice, likely contributing to the higher blood pressure in sGC&alpha;1-/-S6 than in sGC&alpha;1-/-B6 mice. 
	Pressure myography is a relatively simple, but sensitive and mechanistically useful technique that can be used to assess the effect of various stimuli on vascular contraction and relaxation, thereby augmenting our insight into the mechanisms underlying cardiovascular disease.

In pressure myography, an intact small segment of a vessel is mounted onto two small cannulas and pressurized to a suitable luminal pressure. Here, we describe the method to measure vasorelaxation response of the mouse 3rd order mesenteric arteries in c57 and sGC&alpha;1-/- mice using pressure myography.

圧力筋運動記録法を用いたマウス抵抗動脈機能を評価

Pressure myograph systems are  exquisitely useful in the functional assessment of small arteries, pressurized  to a suitable transmural pressure. The  ...

One-channel Cell-attached Patch-clamp Recording

Ion channel proteins are universal devices for fast communication across biological membranes. The temporal signature of the ionic flux they generate depends on properties intrinsic to each channel protein as well as the mechanism by which it is generated and controlled and represents an important area of current research. Information about the operational dynamics of ion channel proteins can be obtained by observing long stretches of current produced by a single molecule. Described here is a protocol for obtaining one-channel cell-attached patch-clamp current recordings for a ligand gated ion channel, the NMDA receptor, expressed heterologously in HEK293 cells or natively in cortical neurons. Also provided are instructions on how to adapt the method to other ion channels of interest by presenting the example of the mechano-sensitive channel PIEZO1. This method can provide data regarding the channel&#8217;s conductance properties and the temporal sequence of open-closed conformations that make up the channel&#8217;s activation mechanism, thus helping to understand their functions in health and disease.

Described here is a procedure for obtaining long stretches of current recording from one ion channel with the cell-attached patch-clamp technique. This method allows for observing, in real time, the pattern of open-close channel conformations that underlie the biological signal. These data inform about channel properties in undisturbed biological membranes.

一チャネルセル付パッチクランプ法

Ion channel proteins are universal devices for fast communication across biological membranes. The temporal signature of the ionic flux they generate ...

Reconstitution of a Transmembrane Protein, the Voltage-gated Ion Channel, KvAP, into Giant Unilamellar Vesicles for Microscopy and Patch Clamp Studies

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow GUVs must be modified in order to form GUVs containing functional transmembrane proteins. This article describes two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation and gel-assisted swelling &#8212; to form GUVs containing the voltage-gated potassium channel, KvAP. In both methods, a solution of protein-containing small unilamellar vesicles is partially dehydrated to form a stack of membranes, which is then allowed to swell in a rehydration buffer. For the electroformation method, the film is deposited on platinum electrodes so that an AC field can be applied during film rehydration. In contrast, the gel-assisted swelling method uses an agarose gel substrate to enhance film rehydration. Both methods can produce GUVs in low (e.g., 5 mM) and physiological (e.g., 100 mM) salt concentrations. The resulting GUVs are characterized via fluorescence microscopy, and the function of reconstituted channels measured using the inside-out patch-clamp configuration. While swelling in the presence of an alternating electric field (electroformation) gives a high yield of defect-free GUVs, the gel-assisted swelling method produces a more homogeneous protein distribution and requires no special equipment.

The reconstitution of the transmembrane protein, KvAP, into giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) is demonstrated for two dehydration-rehydration methods &#8212; electroformation, and gel-assisted swelling. In both methods, small unilamellar vesicles containing the protein are fused together to form GUVs that can then be studied by fluorescence microscopy and patch-clamp electrophysiology.

膜貫通タンパク質の再構成、顕微鏡およびパッチクランプ研究のための巨大単膜小胞への電位依存性イオンチャネル、KvAP、

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow ...

Measurement of Smooth Muscle Function in the Isolated Tissue Bath-applications to Pharmacology Research

Isolated tissue bath assays are a classical pharmacological tool for evaluating concentration-response relationships in a myriad of contractile tissues. While this technique has been implemented for over 100 years, the versatility, simplicity and reproducibility of this assay helps it to remain an indispensable tool for pharmacologists and physiologists alike. Tissue bath systems are available in a wide array of shapes and sizes, allowing a scientist to evaluate samples as small as murine mesenteric arteries and as large as porcine ileum &#8211; if not larger. Central to the isolated tissue bath assay is the ability to measure concentration-dependent changes to isometric contraction, and how the efficacy and potency of contractile agonists can be manipulated by increasing concentrations of antagonists or inhibitors. Even though the general principles remain relatively similar, recent technological advances allow even more versatility to the tissue bath assay by incorporating computer-based data recording and analysis software. This video will demonstrate the function of the isolated tissue bath to measure the isometric contraction of an isolated smooth muscle (in this case rat thoracic aorta rings), and share the types of knowledge that can be created with this technique. Included are detailed descriptions of aortic tissue dissection and preparation, placement of aortic rings in the tissue bath and proper tissue equilibration prior to experimentation, tests of tissue viability, experimental design and implementation, and data quantitation. Aorta will be connected to isometric force transducers, the data from which will be captured using a commercially available analog-to-digital converter and bridge amplifier specifically designed for use in these experiments. The accompanying software to this system will be used to visualize the experiment and analyze captured data.

This protocol describes the measurement of isometric contraction in an isolated smooth muscle preparation, using an isolated tissue bath system and computer-based data acquisition.

薬理研究に単離された組織のバース·アプリケーションにおける平滑筋機能の測定

Isolated tissue bath assays are a classical pharmacological tool for evaluating concentration-response relationships in a myriad of contractile tissues.  ...