We thank Susanne Fenz for discussing the possibility of reconstituting proteins by agarose swelling, Feng Ching Tsai for current measurements, and present and former members of the Bassereau group for support and assistance. The project was funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (grant BLAN-0057-01), by the European Commission (NoE SoftComp), by the Universit&#233; Pierre et Marie Curie (grant from the FED21, Dynamique des Syst&#232;mes Complexes). M.G. was supported by an Institut Curie International PhD Fellowship, S.A. by a fellowship from the Fondation pour la Recherche M&#233;dicale, G.E.S.T. by a Marie Curie Incoming International Fellowship from the European Commission and a grant from the Universit&#233; Pierre et Marie Curie. The publication fees were covered by the Labex &#8216;CelTisPhyBio&#8217; (ANR-11-LABX0038).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

バイオミメティックモデル系は、タンパク質および膜の特性との相互作用を研究するための重要なツールである。 BLMSまたはサポートされている脂質膜、GUVベースのシステムかなりの膜組成、張力および形状の制御、ならびに真オイルフリーであることを含む本いくつかの機会のような他の再構成されたシステムと比較して。しかし、GUVsに、そのようなKvAPなどの膜貫通タンパク質を、組み込...

生体系を支配する物理的原理を研究する際に、ボトムアップアプローチは、実験者は、システム構成および容易に細胞ベースのシステム1で操作されていない他のパラメータを制御することを可能にする。 10 -彼らは顕微鏡研究とマイクロマニピュレーション8に非常に適しているとして7 -膜ベースのプロセス、ジャイアントの単層ベシクル（GUVs、直径〜1-100μm）のために非常に有用な生体模倣システム2であることが証明された。 GUVsを生成するために、多くの異なるプロトコルが存在するが、大部分は2つのカテゴリーに分類さ- 16 -ベースのエマルジ ​​ョンは、脂質膜13を再水和に基づいて、11,12および技法に近づく。エマルジョンベースの方法では、GUV膜の内側と外側のリーフレットは、水/油界面での脂質単層から順に組み立てられる。このアプローチは、との可溶性タンパク質をカプセル化するための理想的ですGUVsで、非対称リーフレット脂質組成物を用いたGUVsを形成するため。しかし、エマルジ ​​ョンから形成GUVs、膜の機械的特性17を変更する微量の溶媒を保持することができ、そしてアプローチは、特に膜貫通タンパク質の再構成に適していない。 フィルム再水和法は、（脱水）を乾燥して膜の多層のスタックを形成する多くの脂質混合物を生じるという事実に依存している。このスタックは、その後水性緩衝液と接触させて配置されている場合は、スタック内の膜は、それらの間に、スタックの表面のような溶媒の流れを離れて移動し、個々の膜はGUVs 13,18（同様の真の動物園を形成するために取り外すことができる他の脂質のオブジェクト）。しかし、最適な緩衝液及び脂質組成物のために、この古典的な「自発膨潤」方法は、欠陥のないGUVs比較的低い収率を有する。無欠陥GUVsの収率を高めるために1つの広く使用されている方法は、「電鋳である交流電流（AC）フィールドは、フィルム再水和の間に適用される221 ;,。メカニズムはよくわかっていないままであるが、「電鋳「壮大なGUVの収量を与えることができます（&gt;有利な状況では90％）、低塩濃度バッファー用（&lt;5mm）を14,19、さらには（〜100 mM）の生理的緩衝液中で作業することができます使用して高い周波数（10 Hzの対500 Hz）の交流電界と白金電極15。無欠陥GUVsの収率を高めるための別のアプローチは、「ゲル支援膨潤」、脂質溶液はなく、古典的な「自発腫脹で使用される受動的な（ 例えば 、ガラス、PTFE）基板より高分子ゲル基材上に堆積されている&quot;。結果として得られる脂質/ゲルフィルムを再水和されると、GUVsは急速にも生理的なバッファ16,20のために形成することができる。 これら全ての方法は、次のような膜結合現象を研究するために使用することができる脂質のみGUVsを生成することができ可溶性タンパク質および膜との相互作用。しかし、GUVsに膜貫通タンパク質を組み込むために、重要な改変は、タンパク質が再構成手順の間、機能状態に留まることを確実にするために必要とされる。有機溶媒（ 例えば、クロロホルム、シクロヘキサン）中の脂質溶液は脂質膜を製造するための理想的であるが、それらの疎水性膜貫通ドメインが脂質二重層に埋め込 ​​まれた、または界面活性剤ミセルにより囲まれている場合に、膜貫通タンパク質は、（典型的にのみ安定している例えば、タンパク質精製の ​​間に）。したがって、再構成のための出発材料は、典型的には界面活性剤の除去によって形成されたネイティブの膜、洗剤溶液中で精製されたタンパク質、または小さな単層のタンパク質含有小胞（プロテオのSUV）および/またはマルチラメラ小胞（MLVはプロテオ）である脂質の存在。 GUVs、これらの膜タンパク質を組み込むために、ほとんどの方法は、3つのカテゴリーに分類される。 ダイレクトInsertionは洗剤に懸濁トランスメンブレンタンパク質は、予め形成された、脂質のみ、穏やか洗剤可溶化GUVsと混合し、界面活性剤は、次にバイオビーズ21を用いて除去される。概念的には簡単ながら、この方法は、高すぎる界面活性剤濃度は、濃度が、タンパク質がアンフォールディングまたは凝集する可能性が低すぎる一方GUVsを溶解することができるように、界面活性剤濃度の正確な制御を必要とする。 GUV /プロテオSUV融合：プロテオSUVの中のタンパク質は、予め形成され、脂質専用GUVsと合わせ、融合は、特殊な膜融合性ペプチド22または洗剤21で促進される。通常、融合の程度は低タンパク質密度でGUVsにつながる制限されている。 脱水/再水和：タンパク質含有脂質膜を部分的プロテオSUVの脱水（またはプロテオMLV）溶液GUVsによって形成され、その後、純粋な脂質膜として成長させる。明白な課題は、部分的なdehydrati間にタンパク質を保護することです25 -ステップ23が、この方法で正常にGUVs 7,23にそのようなバクテリオロドプシン、カルシウムATPアーゼ、インテグリンとVDACとして膜貫通タンパク質を再構成するために使用されています。 この記事では、Hyper-好熱性古細菌、Aeropyrumのペルニクスから、電位依存性カリウムチャネル、KvAPを含むGUVsを作るために、脱水/再水和プロトコルについて説明します。KvAPは、真核生物の電圧依存性カリウムチャンネル26と既知の結晶構造27に高度の相同性を有している、それ電圧ゲーティングのメカニズムを研究するための優れたモデルとなっています。プロテオのSUVの生産は以前に詳細に記載し、このチュートリアル26,28,29の一部ではありませんされています。重要なことには、KvAPのプロテオSUVは、それらが長期間（&gt; 1年）のために-80℃で小さい（ 例えば、10μl）を一定分量で保存することができるように、各GUV調製のために生成する必要はない。電鋳またはゲル補助膨張はその後KvAPのプロテオのSUV（またはプロテオたMLV）からGUVsを成長させるために使用することができる。 電鋳プロトコルの重要なステップは、 図1に示されている。タンパク質を含有するSUVの溶液の液滴の白金線（ 図2に示す）上に堆積される。 SUV懸濁液の部分的脱水のSUVの融合による脂質タンパク質フィルムの形成をもたらす。再水和の間に、交流電界を離層とGUVsを形成するための脂質層を支援するために電極に印加される。 「低塩」を使用するときに10Hzのフィールドはうまく機能（&lt;5 mM）の再水和緩衝液28とGUVsは数時間かかるが成長する。対照的に、生理的なバッファ（〜100mMの塩を含む）より低い電圧、500 HzのAC場でうまく動作しますが、長期（〜12時間）を必要とする期間15膨潤 。このメソッドは、ITOが24スライドが、カスタム室続きを使用して使用して、以前のプロトコルに基づいています図2に示すように、（単純な、即興室のための設計の詳細や提案のための議論を参照）は、2つの白金線をaining。 図3は、ゲル支援膨潤法を例示する。プロトコルは、生理的塩濃度の緩衝液を用いてうまく迅速で、より均一なタンパク質分布をGUVsを生成する。しかし、単離された、明らかに欠陥のないGUVsの収率は（ すなわち、GUV膜は、光学長さスケールで均一であり、任意のオブジェクトを囲むされません）は、パッチクランプとマイクロマニピュレーションの実験のために十分な数を提供していますが、低く、 。この方法は、脂質のみGUVs 16を生成するために、アガロースゲルを用いたプロトコルに基づいており、エレクトロフォーメーション法よりも少ない特殊な装置を必要とした。 蛍光顕微鏡によるGUVsの特徴について説明したが、同様に、標準的なパッチクランプセットアップを用いて、手順「インサイドアウト」にKvAP活性を測定は、膜パッチを切除し。 成長タンパク質含有GUVsは脂質のみGUVsよりも困難であることができる。具体的には、最終的なGUV収率はSUV溶液が膜スタックを形成するために堆積され、脱水された方法を正確に敏感に依存することができる。 GUVsと以前の経験のない人のために、第一の膜の膜は、有機溶媒から脂質を堆積することによって形成される従来のプロトコル15,16以下の脂質のみGUVsを成長させることが有用であろう。従来のプロトコルがうまく機能すると、SUVの堆積と部分脱水は、新しい脂質組成のためのプロトコルを調整する際にも非常に有用である脂質専用のSUVを、使用して習得することができます。 GUVs脂質のみのSUVから確実に成長する場合には、プロテオのSUVからのタンパク質含有GUVsを生成するためにわずかなステップがある。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="599">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Name of the 
			Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Comments/ Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td dir="LTR" height="60" style="height:60px;width:163px;">DPhPC (1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine)</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Avanti Polar Lipids&#160;</td>
			<td>850356P</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td dir="LTR" height="60" style="height:60px;width:163px;">Egg PC L-&#945;-phosphatidylcholine (Egg, Chicken)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Avanti Polar Lipids&#160;</td>
			<td>840051P</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Egg PA L-&#945;-phosphatidic acid (Egg, Chicken)</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Avanti Polar Lipids&#160;</td>
			<td>840101P</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td dir="LTR" height="60" style="height:60px;width:163px;">18:1 (&#916;9-Cis) PC (DOPC) 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Avanti Polar Lipids&#160;</td>
			<td>850375P</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">cholesterol (ovine wool, &#62;98%)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Avanti Polar Lipids&#160;</td>
			<td>700000P</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">TRed-DHPE</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Invirtogen</td>
			<td>T-1395MP</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">labeled lipid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">BPTR-Ceramide</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Invirtogen</td>
			<td>D-7540&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">labeled lipid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Choloroform</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">VWR</td>
			<td>22711.290</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">AnalaR Normapur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">VWR</td>
			<td>20066.296</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">AnalaR Normapur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">VWR</td>
			<td>20821.330</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">AnalaR Normapur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Kimwipe</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Kimtech</td>
			<td>7552</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Hamilton syringes&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Hamilton Bonaduz AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:149px;">diverse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Amber vials and teflon cups</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>SU860083 and SU860076</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">VWR</td>
			<td>291-1214</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:149px;">diverse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Euromex</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">LM3 (1670-B, Tg 25.7C, Tm 64C)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>84097-1kg</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Glucose&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>G8270-1kg</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Trehalose</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>T9531-25G</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>P9333-1kg</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Hepes</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>H3375-100G</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">TRIS</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Euromex</td>
			<td>EU0011-A</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Osmometer</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Wescor</td>
			<td>Vapro</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">pH meter</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Schott instruments</td>
			<td>Lab850</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Sonicator</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Elmasonic</td>
			<td>S 180 H</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Syringe filter 0.2&#181;m</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sartorius steim</td>
			<td>Minisart 16532</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Function generator</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">TTi</td>
			<td>TG315</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Platinum wires</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Goodfellow</td>
			<td>LS413074</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">99.99+%, d=0.5mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Polytetrafluoroethylene</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Goodfellow</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Dow Corning &#39;high vacuum grease&#39;</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">VWR</td>
			<td>1597418</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">sealing paste</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Vitrex medical A/S, Denmark</td>
			<td>REF 140014</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigillum Wax</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Cover slides 22x40 mm No1,5</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">VWR&#160;</td>
			<td>631-0136</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Cover slides 22x22 mm No1,5</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">VWR&#160;</td>
			<td>631-0125</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">plasma cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Harrick</td>
			<td>PDC-32G</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">airplasma, setting &#39;high&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Falcon BD</td>
			<td>REF 353001</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">3.5 cmx1cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">patch clamp amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Axon instruments</td>
			<td>Multiclamp700B</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">DAQ Card</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td>PCI-6221</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Labview</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td>version 8.6</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td dir="LTR" height="60" style="height:60px;width:163px;">Glass pipettes boro silicate OD 1mm ID 0.58mm</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>GC100-15</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Electrode holder</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Warner Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td>Q45W-T10P</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Micromanipulator</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sutter&#160;</td>
			<td>MP-285</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">pipette puller</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sutter&#160;</td>
			<td>P-2000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Camera</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">ProSilica&#160;</td>
			<td>GC1380</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Zeiss microscope</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axiovert 135</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td dir="LTR" height="60" style="height:60px;width:163px;">Objective</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:149px;">40x long working distance, Phase contrast</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Objective&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:149px;">100x Plan-Apochromat NA 1.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Filterset GFP (for Alexa-488)</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Horiba</td>
			<td>XF100-3</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">Filterset Cy3 (for TexasRed)</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Horiba</td>
			<td>XF101-2</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">beta-casein</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td>C6905-1G</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td dir="LTR" height="40" style="height:40px;width:163px;">confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Nikon Eclipse TE 2000-E</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:149px;">D-Eclipse C1 confocal head</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td dir="LTR" height="20" style="height:20px;width:163px;">Objective</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Plan Fluor 100&#215; NA1.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td dir="LTR" height="60" style="height:60px;width:163px;">matlab</td>
			<td style="width:132px;">Mathworks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:149px;">for image processing and analysis of the current traces</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reconstitution of a transmembrane protein, the voltage-gated ion channel, kvap, into giant unilamellar vesicles for microscopy and patch clamp studies

ジャイアント層小胞（GUVs）は膜結合現象を研究するための人気のある生体模倣システムです。しかし、GUVsを成長させる一般的に使用されるプロトコルは、機能的な膜貫通タンパク質を含むGUVsを形成するために修正されなければならない。電鋳とゲル支援腫脹 - - 電位依存性カリウムチャネル、KvAPを含むGUVsを形成するために、この記事では、2脱水 - 再水和の方法について説明します。両方の方法では、タンパク質含有小単層小胞の溶液を再水和緩衝液中で膨潤させた膜のスタックを形成するために部分的に脱水される。 AC電界は、フィルム再水和の間に適用することができるようにエレクトロフォーメーション法では、フィルムは、白金電極上に堆積される。対照的に、ゲルアシスト膨潤法は、フィルム再水和を向上させるためにアガロースゲル基質を使用する。どちらの方法も、低い（ 例えば5mm）でGUVsおよび生理学的（ 例えば、100 mM）の塩濃度を生成することができます。得られGUVs蛍光顕微鏡、及びインサイドアウトパッチクランプ構成を使用して測定された再構成されチャネルの機能を介して特徴付けられる。交番電界（電鋳）の存在下で膨潤が無欠陥GUVsの高収率を与え、一方、ゲルアシスト膨潤法は、より均一なタンパク質分布を生成し、特殊な装置を必要としない。

GUVsの成長を迅速に顕微鏡下で成長チャンバを調べることによって評価することができる。電鋳のために、GUVs、 図4に示すように、白金線に沿って房に成長する傾向がある。ゲルアシスト膨潤時に、GUVsは急速に成長し（ 図5）融着球状構造として現れる。 欠陥のないGUVsは、より容易に識別され、観察室に転送した後に評価されます。較正測定は?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reconstitution of a Transmembrane Protein, the Voltage-gated Ion Channel, KvAP, into Giant Unilamellar Vesicles for Microscopy and Patch Clamp Studies at JoVE

Reconstitution of a Transmembrane Protein, the Voltage-gated Ion Channel, KvAP, into Giant Unilamellar Vesicles for Microscopy and Patch Clamp Studies

電鋳し、ゲル支援腫れ - 巨人層小胞（GUVs）に貫通タンパク質、KvAPの再構成は、2脱水 - 再水和法について実証されている。両方の方法では、タンパク質を含む小さな単層小胞を蛍光顕微鏡法およびパッチクランプ電気生理学によって研究することができるGUVsを形成するために一緒に融合される。

膜貫通タンパク質の再構成、顕微鏡およびパッチクランプ研究のための巨大単膜小胞への電位依存性イオンチャネル、KvAP、

Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs) are a popular biomimetic system for studying membrane associated phenomena. However, commonly used protocols to grow ...

reconstitution-transmembrane-protein-voltage-gated-ion-channel-kvap

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

18.9K ビュー.  Université Pierre et Marie Curie. 電鋳し、ゲル支援腫れ - 巨人層小胞（GUVs）に貫通タンパク質、KvAPの再構成は、2脱水 - 再水和法について実証されている。両方の方法では、タンパク質を含む小さな単層小胞を蛍光顕微鏡法およびパッチクランプ電気生理学によって研究することができるGUVsを形成するために一緒に融合される。 

ビデオ: Reconstitution of a Transmembrane Protein, the Voltage-gated Ion Channel, KvAP, into Giant Unilamellar Vesicles for Microscopy and Patch Clamp Studies

Methods for Patch Clamp Capacitance Recordings from the Calyx

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. Electrical recordings from the presynaptic terminal allow the measurement of action potentials, calcium channel currents, vesicle fusion (exocytosis) and subsequent membrane uptake (endocytosis). The fusion of vesicles containing neurotransmitter causes the vesicle membrane to be added to the cell membrane of the calyx. This increase in the amount of cell membrane is measured as an increase in capacitance. The subsequent reduction in capacitance indicates endocytosis, the process of membrane uptake or removal from the calyx membrane. Endocytosis, is necessary to maintain the structure of the calyx and it is also necessary to form vesicles that will be filled with neurotransmitter for future exocytosis events. Capacitance recordings at the calyx of Held have made it possible to directly and rapidly measure vesicular release and subsequent endocytosis in a mammalian CNS nerve terminal. In addition, the corresponding postsynaptic activity can be simultaneously measured by using paired recordings. Thus a complete picture of the presynaptic and postsynaptic electrical activity at a central nervous system synapse is achievable using this preparation. Here, the methods for slice preparation, morphological features for identification of calyces of Held, basic patch clamping techniques, and examples of capacitance recordings to measure exocytosis and endocytosis are presented.

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal.

がくからパッチクランプの静電容量の録音のための方法

We demonstrate the basic techniques for presynaptic patch clamp recording at the calyx of Held, a mammalian central nervous system nerve terminal. ...

生物学

Patch Clamp Recording of Ion Channels Expressed in  Xenopus Oocytes

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological measurement of single or multiple ion channels in cells. This technique can be applied to ion channels in both their native environment and expressed in heterologous cells, such as oocytes harvested from the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. Here, we describe the well-established technique of patch clamp recording from Xenopus oocytes. This technique is used to measure the properties of expressed ion channels either in populations (macropatch) or individually (single-channel recording). We focus on techniques to maximize the quality of oocyte preparation and seal generation. With all factors optimized, this technique gives a probability of successful seal generation over 90 percent. The process may be optimized differently by every researcher based on the factors he or she finds most important, and we present the approach that have lead to the greatest success in our hands.

This is intended as an introduction to patch clamp recording from Xenopus laevis oocytes. It covers vitelline membrane removal, formation of a gigaohm seal (gigaseal), and the optional conversion of the patch to the outside-out topology.

アフリカツメガエルの卵母細胞で発現イオンチャネルのパッチクランプ記録

Since its development by Sakmann and Neher 1, 2, the patch clamp has become established as an extremely useful technique for electrophysiological ...

Pressure-polishing Pipettes for Improved Patch-clamp Recording

Pressure-polishing is a method for shaping glass pipettes for patch-clamp recording. We first developed this method for fabricating pipettes suitable for recording from small (&lt;3 m) neuronal cell bodies. The basic principal is similar to glass-blowing and combines air pressure and heat to modify the shape of patch pipettes prepared by a conventional micropipette puller. It can be applied to so-called soft (soda lime) and hard (borosilicate) glasses. Generally speaking, pressure polishing can reduce pipette resistance by 25% without decreasing the diameter of the tip opening (Goodman and Lockery, 2000). It can be applied to virtually any type of glass and requires only the addition of a high-pressure valve and fitting to a microforge. This technique is essential for recording from ultrasmall cells (&lt;5 m) and can also improve single-channel recording by minimizing pipette resistance. The blunt shape is also useful for perforated-patch clamp recording since this tip shape results in a larger membrane bleb available for perforation.

This is a guide to modifying the shape of glass micropipettes. Specifically, by using heat and air pressure the taper is widened without increasing the tip opening, leading to lower pipette resistance. This is critical to obtain low noise recordings of small cells but is useful in many applications.

改善されたパッチクランプ記録のための圧力 - 研磨ピペット

Pressure-polishing is a method for shaping glass pipettes for patch-clamp recording.  We first developed this method for fabricating pipettes suitable for ...

Mutagenesis and Functional Analysis of Ion Channels Heterologously Expressed in Mammalian Cells

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (referred to as GIRK) channels, which are important for regulating the excitability of neurons. There are four different mammalian GIRK channel subunits (GIRK1-GIRK4) - we focus on GIRK2 because it forms a homotetramer. Stimulation of different types of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the muscarinic receptor (M2R), leads to activation of GIRK channels. Alcohol also directly activates GIRK channels. We will show how to mutate one amino acid by specifically changing one or more nucleotides in the cDNA for the GIRK channel. This mutated cDNA sequence will be amplified in bacteria, purified, and the presence of the point mutation will be confirmed by DNA sequencing. The cDNAs for the mutated and wild-type GIRK channels will be transfected into human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells cultured in vitro. Lastly, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology will be used to study the macroscopic potassium currents through the ectopically expressed wild-type or mutated GIRK channels. In this experiment, we will examine the effect of a L257W mutation in GIRK2 channels on M2R-dependent and alcohol-dependent activation.

We will demonstrate how to study the effect of a single point mutation on the function of an ion channel.

異種哺乳動物細胞で発現したイオンチャネルの変異導入と機能解析

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying ...

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may also be used to study the structure-function relationship for other ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors1. BK channels are widely expressed in different tissues and have been implicated in many physiological functions, including regulation of smooth muscle contraction, frequency tuning of inner hair cells and regulation of neurotransmitter release2-6. BK channels are activated by membrane depolarization and by intracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ 6-9. Therefore, the protocol is designed to control both the membrane voltage and the intracellular solution. In this protocol, messenger RNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes (stage V-VI) followed by 2-5 days of incubation at 18&deg;C10-13. Membrane patches that contain single or multiple BK channels are excised with the inside-out configuration using patch clamp techniques10-13. The intracellular side of the patch is perfused with desired solutions during recording so that the channel activation under different conditions can be examined. To summarize, the mRNA of BK channels is injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes to express channel proteins on the oocyte membrane; patch clamp techniques are used to record currents flowing through the channels under controlled voltage and intracellular solutions.

Patch Clamp and Perfusion Techniques for Studying Ion Channels Expressed in Xenopus oocytes

Ionic current of BK channels is recorded using patch clamp techniques. BK channels are expressed in Xenopus oocytes by injecting messenger RNA. The intracellular solution during patch clamp recordings is controlled by a perfusion system.

イオンチャネル研究のためのパッチクランプおよび灌流のテクニックで表さアフリカツメガエル卵母細胞

The protocol presented here is designed to study the activation of the large conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. The protocol may ...

Optimized Transfection Strategy for Expression and Electrophysiological Recording of Recombinant Voltage-Gated Ion Channels in HEK-293T Cells

The in vitro expression and electrophysiological recording of recombinant voltage-gated ion channels in cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) is a ubiquitous research strategy. HEK-293T cells must be plated onto glass coverslips at low enough density so that they are not in contact with each other in order to allow for electrophysiological recording without confounding effects due to contact with adjacent cells. Transfected channels must also express with high efficiency at the plasma membrane for whole-cell patch clamp recording of detectable currents above noise levels. Heterologous ion channels often require long incubation periods at 28&deg;C after transfection in order to achieve adequate membrane expression, but there are increasing losses of cell-coverslip adhesion and membrane stability at this temperature. To circumvent this problem, we developed an optimized strategy to transfect and plate HEK-293T cells. This method requires that cells be transfected at a relatively high confluency, and incubated at 28&deg;C for varying incubation periods post-transfection to allow for adequate ion channel protein expression. Transfected cells are then plated onto glass coverslips and incubated at 37&deg;C for several hours, which allows for rigid cell attachment to the coverslips and membrane restabilization. Cells can be recorded shortly after plating, or can be transferred to 28&deg;C for further incubation. We find that the initial incubation at 28&deg;C, after transfection but before plating, is key for the efficient expression of heterologous ion channels that normally do not express well at the plasma membrane. Positively transfected, cultured cells are identified by co-expressed eGFP or eGFP expressed from a bicistronic vector (e.g. pIRES2-EGFP) containing the recombinant ion channel cDNA just upstream of an internal ribosome entry site and an eGFP coding sequence. Whole-cell patch clamp recording requires specialized equipment, plus the crafting of polished recording electrodes and L-shaped ground electrodes from borosilicate glass. Drug delivery to study the pharmacology of ion channels can be achieved by directly micropipetting drugs into the recording dish, or by using microperfusion or gravity flow systems that produce uninterrupted streams of drug solution over recorded cells.

Reliable method for highly efficient in vitro expression and subsequent electrophysiological recording of recombinant voltage-gated ion channels in cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T).

発現とHEK - 293T細胞における組換え電位依存性イオンチャネルの電気生理学的記録用に最適化されたトランスフェクション戦略

The in vitro expression and electrophysiological recording of recombinant voltage-gated ion channels in cultured human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293T) ...

Measuring Peptide Translocation into Large Unilamellar Vesicles

There is an active interest in peptides that readily cross cell membranes without the assistance of cell membrane receptors1. Many of these are referred to as cell-penetrating peptides, which are frequently noted for their potential as drug delivery vectors1-3. Moreover, there is increasing interest in antimicrobial peptides that operate via non-membrane lytic mechanisms4,5, particularly those that cross bacterial membranes without causing cell lysis and kill cells by interfering with intracellular processes6,7. In fact, authors have increasingly pointed out the relationship between cell-penetrating and antimicrobial peptides1,8. A firm understanding of the process of membrane translocation and the relationship between peptide structure and its ability to translocate requires effective, reproducible assays for translocation. Several groups have proposed methods to measure translocation into large unilamellar lipid vesicles (LUVs)9-13. LUVs serve as useful models for bacterial and eukaryotic cell membranes and are frequently used in peptide fluorescent studies14,15. Here, we describe our application of the method first developed by Matsuzaki and co-workers to consider antimicrobial peptides, such as magainin and buforin II16,17. In addition to providing our protocol for this method, we also present a straightforward approach to data analysis that quantifies translocation ability using this assay. The advantages of this translocation assay compared to others are that it has the potential to provide information about the rate of membrane translocation and does not require the addition of a fluorescent label, which can alter peptide properties18, to tryptophan-containing peptides. Briefly, translocation ability into lipid vesicles is measured as a function of the Foster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between native tryptophan residues and dansyl phosphatidylethanolamine when proteins are associated with the external LUV membrane (Figure 1). Cell-penetrating peptides are cleaved as they encounter uninhibited trypsin encapsulated with the LUVs, leading to disassociation from the LUV membrane and a drop in FRET signal. The drop in FRET signal observed for a translocating peptide is significantly greater than that observed for the same peptide when the LUVs contain both trypsin and trypsin inhibitor, or when a peptide that does not spontaneously cross lipid membranes is exposed to trypsin-containing LUVs. This change in fluorescence provides a direct quantification of peptide translocation over time.

This protocol details a method for the quantitative measure of peptide translocation into large unilamellar lipid vesicles. This method also provides information about the rate of membrane translocation and can be used to identify peptides that efficiently and spontaneously cross lipid bilayers.

大型単層小胞へのペプチドの転座の測定

There is an active interest in peptides that readily cross cell membranes without the assistance of cell membrane receptors1.  Many of these are referred ...

Exploring Arterial Smooth Muscle Kv7 Potassium Channel Function using Patch Clamp Electrophysiology and Pressure Myography

Contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the walls of resistance arteries determines the artery diameter and thereby controls flow of blood through the vessel and contributes to systemic blood pressure. The contraction process is regulated primarily by cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt), which is in turn controlled by a variety of ion transporters and channels. Ion channels are common intermediates in signal transduction pathways activated by vasoactive hormones to effect vasoconstriction or vasodilation. And ion channels are often targeted by therapeutic agents either intentionally (e.g. calcium channel blockers used to induce vasodilation and lower blood pressure) or unintentionally (e.g. to induce unwanted cardiovascular side effects).
Kv7 (KCNQ) voltage-activated potassium channels have recently been implicated as important physiological and therapeutic targets for regulation of smooth muscle contraction. To elucidate the specific roles of Kv7 channels in both physiological signal transduction and in the actions of therapeutic agents, we need to study how their activity is modulated at the cellular level as well as evaluate their contribution in the context of the intact artery.
The rat mesenteric arteries provide a useful model system. The arteries can be easily dissected, cleaned of connective tissue, and used to prepare isolated arterial myocytes for patch clamp electrophysiology, or cannulated and pressurized for measurements of vasoconstrictor/vasodilator responses under relatively physiological conditions. Here we describe the methods used for both types of measurements and provide some examples of how the experimental design can be integrated to provide a clearer understanding of the roles of these ion channels in the regulation of vascular tone.

Measurements of Kv7 (KCNQ) potassium channel activity in isolated arterial myocytes (using patch clamp electrophysiological techniques) in parallel with measurements of constrictor/dilator responses (using pressure myography) can reveal important information about the roles of Kv7 channels in vascular smooth muscle physiology and pharmacology.

パッチクランプ電気生理学および圧力筋運動記録法を用いた動脈平滑筋KV7カリウムチャネル機能を探る

Contraction  or relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the walls of resistance arteries  determines the artery diameter and thereby controls flow of ...

Giant Liposome Preparation for Imaging and Patch-Clamp Electrophysiology

The reconstitution of ion channels into chemically defined lipid membranes for electrophysiological recording has been a powerful technique to identify and explore the function of these important proteins. However, classical preparations, such as planar bilayers, limit the manipulations and experiments that can be performed on the reconstituted channel and its membrane environment. The more cell-like structure of giant liposomes permits traditional patch-clamp experiments without sacrificing control of the lipid environment.
Electroformation is an efficient mean to produce giant liposomes &gt;10 &mu;m in diameter which relies on the application of alternating voltage to a thin, ordered lipid film deposited on an electrode surface. However, since the classical protocol calls for the lipids to be deposited from organic solvents, it is not compatible with less robust membrane proteins like ion channels and must be modified. Recently, protocols have been developed to electroform giant liposomes from partially dehydrated small liposomes, which we have adapted to protein-containing liposomes in our laboratory.
We present here the background, equipment, techniques, and pitfalls of electroformation of giant liposomes from small liposome dispersions. We begin with the classic protocol, which should be mastered first before attempting the more challenging protocols that follow. We demonstrate the process of controlled partial dehydration of small liposomes using vapor equilibrium with saturated salt solutions. Finally, we demonstrate the process of electroformation itself. We will describe simple, inexpensive equipment that can be made in-house to produce high-quality liposomes, and describe visual inspection of the preparation at each stage to ensure the best results.

Reconstituting functional membrane proteins into giant liposomes of defined composition is a powerful approach when combined with patch-clamp electrophysiology. However, conventional giant liposome production may be incompatible with protein stability. We describe protocols for producing giant liposomes from pure lipids or small liposomes containing ion channels.

イメージングとパッチクランプ電気生理学用ジャイアントリポソーム製剤

The reconstitution of ion channels into chemically defined lipid membranes for electrophysiological recording has been a powerful technique to identify ...

Reconstitution of a Kv Channel into Lipid Membranes for Structural and Functional Studies

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined lipid composition. We are studying the lipid-dependent gating effects in a prototype voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel, and have worked out detailed procedures to reconstitute the channels into different membrane systems. Our reconstitution procedures take consideration of both detergent-induced fusion of vesicles and the fusion of protein/detergent micelles with the lipid/detergent mixed micelles as well as the importance of reaching an equilibrium distribution of lipids among the protein/detergent/lipid and the detergent/lipid mixed micelles. Our data suggested that the insertion of the channels in the lipid vesicles is relatively random in orientations, and the reconstitution efficiency is so high that no detectable protein aggregates were seen in fractionation experiments. We have utilized the reconstituted channels to determine the conformational states of the channels in different lipids, record electrical activities of a small number of channels incorporated in planar lipid bilayers, screen for conformation-specific ligands from a phage-displayed peptide library, and support the growth of 2D crystals of the channels in membranes. The reconstitution procedures described here may be adapted for studying other membrane proteins in lipid bilayers, especially for the investigation of the lipid effects on the eukaryotic voltage-gated ion channels.

Procedures for complete reconstitution of a prototype voltage-gated potassium channel into lipid membranes are described. The reconstituted channels are suitable for biochemical assays, electrical recordings, ligand screening and electron crystallographic studies. These methods may have general applications to the structural and functional studies of other membrane proteins.

構造と機能研究のための脂質膜へのKvチャネルの再構築

To study the lipid-protein interaction in a reductionistic fashion, it is necessary to incorporate the membrane proteins into membranes of well-defined ...