本研究の一部はCSIC（I + DプロジェクトC022）とPEDECI​​BAによってサポートされていました。著者は優しく、このプロジェクトで使用されているすべてのモルモット標本を提供するために細胞生物学MoFloのセルソーターに関する彼らの寛大なコラボレーションのためのユニット（パスツール研究所デモンテビデオ）、およびメリアル·モンテビデオからマリエラBollatiとヴァレンティナポロに感謝したいと思います。 図1図2と図3、およびS. KargerのAG、バーゼルの許可を得て、表1;; BioMedの中央の許可を得て再現しましたし、 図4と図5は、ジョン·ワイリー＆サンズ株式会社（が所有する著作権の許可を得て複製したり、適応したワイリーブラックウェル、2011）。

1。細胞懸濁液の調製<ol><li>このような動物実験委員会または同等の専門委員会の勧告後に使用する試験片を生け贄に捧げる（ウルグアイ、国家委員会における動物実験のための[CNEA]）。我々のケースでは、ペントバルビタールの過剰摂取は、投与した。 </li><li>標準的な承認さ​​れた手順に従って、精巣を解剖し、氷冷DMEM、10 mlを入れ、氷の上に96ミリメートルのガラスペトリ皿に配置し、10％ウシ胎児血清を添加した。 </li><li>白膜を取り外し、2の平方根の部分にカプセル開放精巣をカット - それぞれの側に3ミリメートル。 </li><li>それらの作品は、その後Medimachine、組織があきステンレススクリーン、金属ローターを含む使い捨てユニットの内側に細分化され自動化された機械的な粉砕機で処理されます。 50μmの使い捨てユニット、disaggregatorのスイッチ、その過程で、これらの作品の5 - そのためには、風邪の代わりに1ミリリットルはDMEMと4を補足<html>メーカーからの簡単な指示に従う50秒のために。 </li><li>針なしの5ミリリットルの注射器 - 3を使用して分解ユニットから得られた細胞懸濁液を回復。 </li><li>以前にDME​​Mを補足0.5mlの浸し、50μmのナイロンメッシュを通して濾過する。 </li><li>氷の上で浸した25μmのナイロンメッシュ、と場所を使用して再度サスペンションをフィルタリング。 </li><li>ノイバウアー室にカウントし、1に対する細胞濃度を調整- 2×10 7細胞/ ml添加したDMEMで。精巣材料の少なくとも4×10 7細胞/グラムは、通常得られる。 </li><li>最後に、細胞凝集を防止するために0.2％の最終濃度にNDA（2 - ナフトール-6,8 - ジスルホン酸、カリウム塩）を追加する。 </li><li>オプション：製造者の指示に従って、動物細胞のための市販のキットに生存精巣細胞懸濁液の細胞生存率を確認する。 </li></ol> 2。フローサイトメトリー分析ve_content &quot;&gt;我々は、ヨウ化プロピジウムの高濃度（PI）により染色した細胞の分析のために488nmで発光するように調整されたコヒーレントアルゴンイオンレーザーを備えたベクトン·ディッキンソンFACSVantageフローサイトメーターを使用している。（未定着にPI入り口の問題ストレス下の細胞は、他の場所で9,10）対処されている。 <ol><li> PI染色のため、細胞懸濁液に50μgの/ mlの最終濃度で蛍光色素追加し、0℃で10分間インキュベート℃の暗所でC。 </li><li>レーザパワーは100mWに設定され、26分の575バンドパスフィルタFL2にPI-発せられる蛍光を収集するために使用される。 </li><li>私たちは、70μmのノズルをFC測定を行う。精母細胞集団を選別するため、エンベロープとして3並べ滴を使用して、通常の-Rやノーマル-Cモードでソート設定。 3でのサンプルとコレクションチューブ保つ - 4°冷却ユニットを使用してC。毎秒500〜1,500の割合で細胞を分析するサンプルの差を調整します。 </li><li>分析するセルクエストソフトウェア（BD）を使用次のパラメーター：前方散乱（FSC-H）、側方散乱（SSC-H）、総放出される蛍光またはパルス面積（FL2-）、および蛍光発光またはパルス幅（FL2-W）が持続。 </li></ol>代わりに、我々は5μgの/ mlの最終濃度に生体染色色素ヘキスト33342を採用し、37時10分°C、暗所でインキュベートした。細胞分析はMoFloサイトメーター（DakoCytomation）を用いて25mWでのUV励起波長のレーザを動作させて搭載し、70μmのノズルを用いて行った。データ操作はサミットv4.3のソフトウェア（DakoCytomation）を用いて行った。

<ol>
	<li>Meistrich, M. L., Prescott, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+spermatogenic+cells+and+nuclei+from+rodent+testes.">Separation of spermatogenic cells and nuclei from rodent testes.</a> Methods of Cell Biology. 15, 15-54 (1977).</li><li>Lam, D. M. K., Furrer, R., Bruce, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+separation,+physical+characterization,+and+differentiation+kinetics+of+spermatogonial+cells+of+the+mouse.">The separation, physical characterization, and differentiation kinetics of spermatogonial cells of the mouse.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 65, 192-199 (1970).</li><li>Romrell, L. J., Bellve, A. R., Fawcet, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+mouse+spermatogenic+cells+by+sedimentation+velocity.">Separation of mouse spermatogenic cells by sedimentation velocity.</a> Dev. Biol. 19, 119-131 (1976).</li><li>Geisinger, A., Rodr&#237;guez-Casuriaga, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry+for+gene+expression+studies+in+mammalian+spermatogenesis.">Flow cytometry for gene expression studies in mammalian spermatogenesis.</a> Cytogenet. Genome Res. 128, 46-56 (2010).</li><li>Getun, I. V., Torres, B., Bois, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry+purification+of+mouse+meiotic+cells.">Flow cytometry purification of mouse meiotic cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (50), e2602 (2011).</li><li>Meistrich, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separation+of+mouse+spermatogenic+cells+by+velocity+sedimentation.">Separation of mouse spermatogenic cells by velocity sedimentation.</a> J. Cell Physiol. 80, 299-312 (1972).</li><li>Meistrich, M. L., Bruce, W. R., Clermont, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+composition+of+fractions+of+mouse+testis+cells+following+velocity+sedimentation+separation.">Cellular composition of fractions of mouse testis cells following velocity sedimentation separation.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 79, 213-227 (1973).</li><li>Malkov, M., Fisher, Y., Don, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+schedule+of+the+postnatal+rat+testis+determined+by+flow+cytometry.">Developmental schedule of the postnatal rat testis determined by flow cytometry.</a> Biol. Rep. 59, 84-92 (1998).</li><li>Rodr&#237;guez-Casuriaga, R., Geisinger, A., Santi&#241;aque, F., L&#243;pez, B., Folle, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-purity+flow+sorting+of+early+meiocytes+based+on+DNA+analysis+of+guinea+pig+spermatogenic+cells.">High-purity flow sorting of early meiocytes based on DNA analysis of guinea pig spermatogenic cells.</a> Cytometry A. 79, 625-634 (2011).</li><li>Davey, H. M., Hexley, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Red+but+not+dead?+Membranes+of+stressed+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+are+permeable+to+propidium+iodide.">Red but not dead? Membranes of stressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae are permeable to propidium iodide.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 13, 163-171 (2011).</li><li>Rodr&#237;guez-Casuriaga, R., Geisinger, A., L&#243;pez-Carro, B., Porro, V., Wettstein, R., Folle, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-fast+and+optimized+method+for+the+preparation+of+rodent+testicular+cells+for+flow+cytometric+analysis.">Ultra-fast and optimized method for the preparation of rodent testicular cells for flow cytometric analysis.</a> Biol. Proced. Online. 11, 184-195 (2009).</li><li>Span&#242;, M., Evenson, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometric+analysis+for+reproductive+biology.">Flow cytometric analysis for reproductive biology.</a> Biol Cell. 78, 53-62 (1993).</li></ol>

ここで説明する最適化された方法は、酵素と界面活性剤処理を回避し、良好な細胞の完全性と型の比率を維持し、非常に高速かつ再現可能な方法で、げっ歯類の精巣組織からの細胞懸濁液の調製を可能にする。手順（15分スパンが精巣解剖、組織の切断、および処理が含まれます）、関係する最小限の処理、酵素処理の不在の簡潔さは、主な利点のいくつかである。これらはすべて、元の細?...

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Medimachine system</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>340587</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Medicon unit (50 &mu;m)</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>340591</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Filcon unit (50 &mu;m)</td>
 <td>BD</td>
 <td>340603</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>DMEM</td>
 <td>Gibco</td>
 <td>430-2100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fetal calf serum</td>
 <td>PAA</td>
 <td>A11-151</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>NDA</td>
 <td>Chemos BmbH</td>
 <td>277081</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Hoechst 33342</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>14533</td>
 <td>Stock solution 5 mg/ml; used at a final concentration of 5 &mu;g/ml</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Propidium iodide</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>287075</td>
 <td>Stock solution 1 mg/ml; used at a final concentration of 50 &mu;g/ml</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

simple and efficient technique for the preparation of testicular cell suspensions

哺乳動物の精巣は、体精巣細胞と生殖細胞のさまざまな段階を含む、30以上の異なる種類の細胞が含まれている非常に複雑な器官である。精子開発の特定の段階で純粋なまたは濃縮された細胞集団は最も分子解析1のために必要とされるので、この不均一性は、哺乳類の精子形成の拠点の研究に関する重要な欠点である。 例えばStaput 2,3、遠心水簸1、およびフローサイトメトリー（FC）4,5等の各種戦略が異なる遺伝子発現研究を可能にするために、富化または精製された精巣細胞集団を得るために用いられてきた。 これは、細胞が最も濃縮/精製アプローチが懸濁液であることが必要である。理想的には、細胞懸濁液は、元の組織の代表となり、生細胞と少数multinucleatesの高い割合を持っている - ために形成する傾向があると不足細胞塊1 -精上皮6,7の合胞体性質。以前の報告では、もっぱら機械的な方法によって調製精巣細胞懸濁液は、トリプシン処理したもの1よりも容易に凝集していることも明らかでした。 RNアーゼおよび/または特定のダウンストリームアプリケーションのために望ましくない特定の高分子の劣化へのトリプシン及びコラゲナーゼ鉛のように分解する酵素で、一方、酵素処理。理想的なプロセスは、mRNAのようなその他の巨大分子の良好な保存を達成するために、可能な限り短くし、最小限の操作を含むべきである。固形組織からの細胞懸濁液の調製のための現在のプロトコルは、通常、時間がかかり、非常にオペレータに依存しており、選択的に特定の細胞型1,8に損傷を与えることができる。 ここで紹介するプロトコルは、と再現性の高い、非常に簡単な機械的な分解の利点を兼ね備えていますフローサイトメトリー分析および選別4、及び不純な遺伝子発現研究9に用いることができる良質の細胞懸濁液につながる酵素処理のbsence。

ここで説明されたプロトコルを用いて調製したラット精巣からよく分解された細胞懸濁液の例は、図1に示されている。 酵素処理6,8へと前述した機械的な分解方法2と比較すると、ここで紹介する1（特に他の機械に比べて、はるかに高速です少ないハンドリングを伴う、（not演算子に依存）を簡単に再現可能であり、希少細胞の破片をレンダ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions at JoVE.com

Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions

酵素および洗剤を回避するげっ歯類の材料から精巣細胞懸濁液を機械的に調製するための新規なプロトコルは、記載されている。この方法は非常に簡単、迅速、再現性があり、フローソーティングおよびRNA抽出のために適している良質の細胞懸濁液を、レンダリングする。

精巣細胞懸濁液の調製のためのシンプルで効率的な手法

Mammalian testes are very complex organs that contain over 30 different cell types, including somatic testicular cells and different stages of germline ...

simple-efficient-technique-for-preparation-testicular-cell

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

18.6K ビュー.  Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE). 酵素および洗剤を回避するげっ歯類の材料から精巣細胞懸濁液を機械的に調製するための新規なプロトコルは、記載されている。この方法は非常に簡単、迅速、再現性があり、フローソーティングおよびRNA抽出のために適している良質の細胞懸濁液を、レンダリングする。

ビデオ: Simple and Efficient Technique for the Preparation of Testicular Cell Suspensions

Preparation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Spleen with the gentleMACS Dissociator

Single-cell suspensions are a prerequisite for experiments in cell separation, cell analysis and cell culture.  To avoid tedious and often painful manual dissociations the gentleMACS Dissociator allows one to dissociate tissue very efficiently under controlled and reproducible conditions.  The gentleMACS Dissociator can optimally dissociate mouse spleen, combining timesaving and standardization with user-safety.

This video describes how to dissociate mouse spleens using the gentleMACS Dissociator, an automated bench-top device that can mechanically disrupt tissues using special tubes to produce viable cell suspensions. Following dissociation, spleens are filtered, centrifuged, and resuspended for further applications.

This video describes a simple, time-saving technique for automated tissue dissociation using the gentleMACS Dissociator to prepare single-cell suspensions of mouse splenocytes.

gentleMACS Dissociatorとマウス脾臓からの単細胞懸濁液の調製

Single-cell suspensions are a prerequisite for experiments in cell separation, cell analysis and cell culture.  To avoid tedious and often painful manual ...

生物学

Standardized Preparation of Single-Cell Suspensions from Mouse Lung Tissue using the gentleMACS Dissociator

The preparation of single-cell suspensions from tissues is an important prerequisite for many experiments in cellular research. The process of dissociating whole organs requires specific parameters in order to obtain a high number of viable cells in a reproducible manner. The gentleMACS Dissociator optimizes this task with a simple, practical protocol. The instrument contains pre-programmed settings that are optimized for the efficient but gentle dissociation of a variety of tissue types, including mouse lungs. In this publication the use of the gentleMACS Dissociator on lung tissue derived from mice is demonstrated.

Dissociating cells from specific tissue types requires specific parameters for tissue agitation to obtain a high volume of viable, culturable cells. The Miltenyi gentleMACS dissociator optimizes this task with a simple, practical protocol. In this publication the use of this apparatus on lung tissue is explained.

gentleMACS Dissociatorを使用してマウスの肺組織からの単細胞懸濁液の標準化の準備

The preparation of single-cell suspensions from tissues is an important prerequisite for many experiments in cellular research. The process of ...

Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate (pHPL) as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures

Platelet derived growth factors have been shown to stimulate cell proliferation efficiently in vivo1,2 and in vitro. This effect has been reported for mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), fibroblasts and endothelial colony-forming cells with platelets activated by thrombin3-5 or lysed by freeze/thaw cycles6-14 before the platelet releasate is added to the cell culture medium. The trophic effect of platelet derived growth factors has already been tested in several trials for tissue engineering and regenerative therapy.1,15-17 Varying efficiency is considered to be at least in part due to individually divergent concentrations of growth factors18,19 and a current lack of standardized protocols for platelet preparation.15,16 This protocol presents a practicable procedure to generate a pool of human platelet lysate (pHPL) derived from routinely produced platelet rich plasma (PRP) of forty to fifty single blood donations. By several freeze/thaw cycles the platelet membranes are damaged and growth factors are efficiently released into the plasma. Finally, the platelet fragments are removed by centrifugation to avoid extensive aggregate formation and deplete potential antigens. The implementation of pHPL into standard culture protocols represents a promising tool for further development of cell therapeutics propagated in an animal protein-free system.

Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate pHPL as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures

Human platelet lysate is a rich source of growth factors and a potent supplement in cell culture. This protocol presents the process of preparing a large pool of human platelet lysate by starting from platelet rich plasma, performing several freeze-thaw cycles and depleting the platelet fragments.

動物の無血清ヒト幹細胞培養のための効率的なサプリメントとしてプールしたヒト血小板可溶化物（pHPL）の調製

Platelet derived growth factors have been shown to stimulate cell proliferation efficiently in vivo1,2 and in vitro. This effect has been reported for ...

Preparation of Quality Inositol Pyrophosphates

Myo-inositol is present in nature either unmodified or in more complex phosphorylated derivates. Of the latest, the two most abundant in eukaryotic cells are inositol pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexakisphosphate (phytic acid or IP6). IP5 and IP6 are the precursors of inositol pyrophosphate molecules that contain one or more pyrophosphate bonds1. Phosphorylation of IP6 generates diphoshoinositolpentakisphosphate (IP7 or PP-IP5) and bisdiphoshoinositoltetrakisphosphate (IP8 or (PP)2-IP4). Inositol pyrophosphates have been isolated from all eukaryotic organisms so far studied. In addition, the two distinct classes of enzymes responsible for inositol pyrophosphate synthesis are highly conserved throughout evolution2-4.
The IP6 kinases (IP6Ks) posses an enormous catalytic flexibility, converting IP5 and IP6 to PP-IP4 and IP7 respectively and subsequently, by using these products as substrates, promote the generation of more complex molecules5,6. Recently, a second class of pyrophosphate generating enzymes was identified in the form of the yeast protein VIP1 (also referred as PP-IP5K), which is able to convert IP6 to IP7 and IP87,8.
Inositol pyrophosphates regulate many disparate cellular processes such as insulin secretion9, telomere length10,11, chemotaxis12, vesicular trafficking13, phosphate homeostasis14 and HIV-1 gag release15. Two mechanisms of actions have been proposed for this class of molecules. They can affect cellular function by allosterically interacting with specific proteins like AKT16. Alternatively, the pyrophosphate group can donate a phosphate to pre-phosphorylated proteins17. The enormous potential of this research field is hampered by the absence of a commercial source of inositol pyrophosphates, which is preventing many scientists from studying these molecules and this new post-translational modification. The methods currently available to isolate inositol pyrophosphates require sophisticated chromatographic apparatus18,19. These procedures use acidic conditions that might lead to inositol pyrophosphate degradation20 and thus to poor recovery. Furthermore, the cumbersome post-column desalting procedures restrict their use to specialized laboratories.
In this study we describe an undemanding method for the generation, isolation and purification of the products of the IP6-kinase and PP-IP5-kinases reactions. This method was possible by the ability of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to resolve highly phosphorylated inositol polyphosphates20. Following IP6K1 and PP-IP5K enzymatic reactions using IP6 as the substrate, PAGE was used to separate the generated inositol pyrophosphates that were subsequently eluted in water.

Inositol pyrophosphates play an important role in human pathologies such cancer, diabetes and obesity; however, the exact mechanism of action is a matter of dispute. The lack of commercially available inositol pyrophosphates renders detailed studies problematic. Here we describe a simple protocol to produce and isolate milligrams of inositol pyrophosphates.

品質イノシトールピロリン酸塩の調製

Myo-inositol is present in nature either unmodified or in more complex phosphorylated derivates. Of the latest, the two most abundant in eukaryotic cells ...

Measurement of Vacuolar and Cytosolic pH In Vivo in Yeast Cell Suspensions

Vacuolar and cytosolic pH are highly regulated in yeast cells and occupy a central role in overall pH homeostasis. We describe protocols for ratiometric measurement of pH in vivo using pH-sensitive fluorophores localized to the vacuole or cytosol. Vacuolar pH is measured using BCECF, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast when introduced into cells in its acetoxymethyl ester form. Cytosolic pH is measured with a pH-sensitive GFP expressed under control of a yeast promoter, yeast pHluorin. Methods for measurement of fluorescence ratios in yeast cell suspensions in a fluorimeter are described. Through these protocols, single time point measurements of pH under different conditions or in different yeast mutants have been compared and changes in pH over time have been monitored. These methods have also been adapted to a fluorescence plate reader format for high-throughput experiments. Advantages of ratiometric pH measurements over other approaches currently in use, potential experimental problems and solutions, and prospects for future use of these techniques are also described.

Measurement of Vacuolar and Cytosolic pH In Vivo in Yeast Cell Suspensions

Vacuolar and cytosolic pH can be measured in live yeast (S. cerevisiae) cells using ratiometric fluorescent dyes localized to specific cellular compartments. We describe procedures for measuring vacuolar pH with BCECF-AM, which localizes to the vacuole in yeast, and cytosolic pH with a cytosolic ratiometric pH-sensitive GFP (yeast pHluorin).

液胞と細胞質のpHの測定<emインビボで&gt;</em&gt;酵母細胞懸濁液に

Vacuolar and  cytosolic pH are highly regulated in yeast cells and occupy a central role in  overall pH homeostasis. We describe  protocols for ...

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using episomal plasmids and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. The advantages of this approach include: (1) the use of a minimal amount of peripheral blood as a source material; (2) nonintegrating reprogramming vectors; (3) a cost effective method for generating vector free iPSCs; (4) a single transfection; and (5) the use of small molecules to facilitate epigenetic reprogramming. Briefly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are isolated from routine phlebotomy samples and then cultured in defined growth factors to yield a highly proliferative erythrocyte progenitor cell population that is remarkably amenable to reprogramming. Nonintegrating, nontransmissible episomal plasmids expressing OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYCL, LIN28A, and a p53 short hairpin (sh)RNA are introduced into the derived erythroblasts via a single nucleofection. Cotransfection of an episome that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) allows for easy identification of transfected cells. A separate replication-deficient plasmid expressing Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is also added to the reaction mixture for increased expression of episomal proteins. Transfected cells are then plated onto a layer of irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (iMEFs) for continued reprogramming. As soon as iPSC-like colonies appear at about twelve days after nucleofection, HDAC inhibitors are added to the medium to facilitate epigenetic remodeling. We have found that the inclusion of HDAC inhibitors routinely increases the generation of fully reprogrammed iPSC colonies by 2 fold. Once iPSC colonies exhibit typical human embryonic stem cell (hESC) morphology, they are gently transferred to individual iMEF-coated tissue culture plates for continued growth and expansion.

Here we describe a protocol for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells from peripheral blood using an episome based reprogramming strategy and histone deacetylase inhibitors.

エピソームおよびHDAC阻害剤を用いて血液からの効率的なiPS細胞の生成

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using ...

Efficient Mammalian Cell Expression and Single-step Purification of Extracellular Glycoproteins for Crystallization

Production of secreted mammalian proteins for structural and biophysical studies can be challenging, time intensive, and costly. Here described is a time and cost efficient protocol for secreted protein expression in mammalian cells and one step purification using nickel affinity chromatography. The system is based on large scale transient transfection of mammalian cells in suspension, which greatly decreases the time to produce protein, as it eliminates steps, such as developing expression viruses or generating stable expressing cell lines. This protocol utilizes cheap transfection agents, which can be easily made by simple chemical modification, or moderately priced transfection agents, which increase yield through increased transfection efficiency and decreased cytotoxicity. Careful monitoring and maintaining of media glucose levels increases protein yield. Controlling the maturation of native glycans at the expression step increases the final yield of properly folded and functional mammalian proteins, which are ideal properties to pursue X-ray crystallography. In some cases, single step purification produces protein of sufficient purity for crystallization, which is demonstrated here as an example case.

This is a quick, cost-efficient protocol for the production of secreted, glycosylated mammalian proteins and subsequent single-step purification with sufficient yields of homogenous protein for X-ray crystallography and other biophysical studies.

効率的な哺乳動物細胞発現および結晶化のための細胞外糖タンパク質のシングルステップの精製

Production of secreted mammalian proteins for structural and biophysical studies can be challenging, time intensive, and costly. Here described is a time ...

Analysis of Cell Suspensions Isolated from Solid Tissues by Spectral Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry has been used for the past 40 years to define and analyze the phenotype of lymphoid and other hematopoietic cells. Initially restricted to the analysis of a few fluorochromes, currently there are dozens of different fluorescent dyes, and up to 14-18 different dyes can be combined at a time. However, several limitations still impair the analytical capabilities. Because of the multiplicity of fluorescent probes, data analysis has become increasingly complex due to the need of large, multi-parametric compensation matrices. Moreover, mutant mouse models carrying fluorescent proteins to detect and trace specific cell types in different tissues have become available, so the analysis (by flow cytometry) of auto-fluorescent cell suspensions obtained from solid organs is required. Spectral flow cytometry, which distinguishes the shapes of emission spectra along a wide range of continuous wavelengths, addresses some of these problems. The data is analyzed with an algorithm that replaces compensation matrices and treats auto-fluorescence as an independent parameter. Thus, spectral flow cytometry should be capable of discriminating fluorochromes with similar emission peaks and can provide a multi-parametric analysis without compensation requirements.
This protocol describes the spectral flow cytometry analysis, allowing for a 21-parameter (19 fluorescent probes) characterization and the management of an auto-fluorescent signal, providing high resolution in minor population detection. The results presented here show that spectral flow cytometry presents advantages in the analysis of cell populations from tissues difficult to characterize in conventional flow cytometry, such as the heart and the intestine. Spectral flow cytometry thus demonstrates the multi-parametric analytical capacity of high-performing conventional flow cytometry without the requirement for compensation and enables auto-fluorescence management.

This article describes spectral cytometry, a new approach in flow cytometry that uses the shapes of emission spectra to distinguish fluorochromes. An algorithm replaces compensations and can treat auto-fluorescence as an independent parameter. This new approach allows for the proper analysis of cells isolated from solid organs.

スペクトラルフローサイトメトリーにより固形組織から単離された細胞懸濁液の分析

Flow cytometry has been used for the past 40 years to define and analyze the phenotype of lymphoid and other hematopoietic cells. Initially restricted to ...

A Simple and Efficient Method for In Vivo Cardiac-specific Gene Manipulation by Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Gene manipulation specifically in the heart significantly potentiate the investigation of cardiac disease pathomechanisms and their therapeutic potential. In vivo cardiac-specific gene delivery is commonly achieved by either systemic or local delivery. Systemic injection via tail vein is easy and efficient in manipulating cardiac gene expression by using recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9). However, this method requires a relatively high amount of vector for efficient transduction, and may result in nontarget organ gene transduction. Here, we describe a simple, efficient, and time-saving method of intramyocardial injection for in vivo cardiac-specific gene manipulation in mice. Under anesthesia (without ventilation), the pectoral major and minor muscles were bluntly dissected, and the mouse heart was quickly exposed by manual externalization through a small incision at the fourth intercostal space. Subsequently, adenovirus encoding luciferase (Luc) and vitamin D receptor (VDR), or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting VDR, was injected with a Hamilton syringe into the myocardium. Subsequent in vivo imaging demonstrated that luciferase was successfully overexpressed specifically in the heart. Moreover, Western blot analysis confirmed the successful overexpression or silencing of VDR in the mouse heart. Once mastered, this technique can be used for gene manipulation, as well as injection of cells or other materials such as nanogels in the mouse heart.

A Simple and Efficient Method for In Vivo Cardiac-specific Gene Manipulation by Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Here we present a protocol for cardiac-specific gene manipulation in mice. Under anesthesia, the mouse hearts were externalized through the fourth intercostal space. Subsequently, adenoviruses encoding specific genes were injected with a syringe into the myocardium, followed by protein expression measurement via in vivo imaging and Western blot analysis.

シンプルで効率的なマウスの心筋内注入による生体内の心臓特異的遺伝子操作法

Gene manipulation specifically in the heart significantly potentiate the investigation of cardiac disease pathomechanisms and their therapeutic potential. ...

An Improved Chemotaxis Assay for the Rapid Identification of Rhizobacterial Chemoattractants in Root Exudates

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward method to quickly identify the chemoattractants that could induce the chemotactic movement of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria on sterile glass slides via simple steps. Bacteria solution (OD600 = 0.5) and sterile chemoattractant aqueous solution were added dropwise on the glass slide at an interval of 1 cm. An inoculating loop was used to connect the chemoattractant aqueous solution to the bacterial solution. The slide was kept at room temperature for 20 min on the clean bench. Finally, the chemoattractant aqueous solution was collected for bacterial counting and microscopic observation. In this study, through multiple comparisons of experimental results, the method overcame multiple shortcomings of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods. The method reduced the error of plate counting and shortened the experimental cycle. For the identification of chemoattractant substances, this new method can save 2-3 days compared to the traditional method. Additionally, this method allows any researcher to systematically complete a bacterial chemotaxis experiment within 1-2 days. The protocol can be considered a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

Here, we present an improved chemotaxis assay protocol. The goal of this protocol is to reduce the steps and costs of traditional bacterial chemotaxis methods and to serve as a valuable resource for understanding plant-microbe interactions.

根の滲出液中の根茎細菌の化学誘引物質の迅速な同定のための改良された気化症アッセイ

Chemotaxis identification is very important for the research and application of rhizosphere growth-promoting bacteria. We established a straightforward ...