私たちは、洞察力に富んだ提案やコメント、マウリツィオGrassano、マリーナBoido、撮影のためにErmira PajajためAnnalisaオペラの道化役に感謝します。この作品は、FP7-MC-214003から2（マリーキュリー初期研修ネットワークAXREGEN）とCompagniaはディサンパオロ、gliarepプロジェクトによって資金を供給された。

1。手術前<ol><li> 1.5mlチューブにローズベンガルを秤量し、15 mg / mlの最終濃度に達するまで無菌食塩水に溶解する。 0.2μmのフィルターを通して滅菌をフィルタリングして、最大2ヶ月、室温で暗所に保管してください。 </li><li>オートクレーブですべての手術器具を殺菌する。手術領域は、手術を開始する前に、1時間未満で消毒されるべきである。 </li><li>注入されるローズベンガルの投与量を調節するために、マウスの体重を記録します。我々は現在のプロトコルで12週齢の雌CD1マウスに10μlの/ gの動物体重を注入した。ローズベンガルの量は、所望の皮質病変の大きさを容易異なる投与量（典型的に2μlの/ gであり、5μlの/ g以上は10g /μlの体重）試験することによって予備実験の別個のセットを決定することができる生成するために必要とされる。注入されるローズベンガルの量は、特に実験条件、光源の種類に大きく依存することに留意使用され、露光の期間。本研究では、10グラム/液（150μgの/ g）の用量は、その他のグループは、報告されたのに対し、15分間露光によりphotothrombosisを誘導するのに必要であることが分かった50μgの/ gの6,8および100μg/ml/ gのどちら10腹腔内注射はphotothrombotic病変を誘導するために十分であった。 </li></ol> 2。麻酔の手順<ol><li> 50％の透明な誘導室（誘導3.5から4パーセント、維持するための1.5から2パーセント）（v / v）のoxygen/50％（v / v）の一酸化二窒素ガス混合物中のイソフルランでマウスを麻酔。気体の麻酔動物の迅速なウェイクアップを可能にし、麻酔ガスのレベルを容易に調整することができる。また、マウスはまたケタミンキシラジン混合により麻酔することができます。 </li><li>深い麻酔に到達すると、誘導室から麻酔した動物を除去定位フレームに配置し、フェースマスクを用いて麻酔を維持する。 isofluraを調整十分な麻酔レベルを達成するためにね線量。手続き全体の呼吸速度を監視し、それが一定である（40 - 毎分60回の呼吸）を確認してください。 </li><li>動物が深く麻酔であることを確認するために、つま先のピンチを使用してください。 </li><li>乾燥から目を防ぐために、眼軟膏を適用する。 </li><li>優しく外科手術全体の温度を監視するために直腸プローブを挿入します。 37℃でのマウスの体温を維持するための関連するフィードバック制御加熱パッド±0.5℃に設定する</li></ol> 3。対象領域の照明のための手術<ol><li>電気かみそりでマウスの頭皮を剃る。 </li><li>しっかりと頭を保護し、外部の道に耳棒を挿入します。損傷鼓膜ないように注意してください。 </li><li>綿棒を使用して、70％エタノールおよびベタジンのスワイプを交互に表面に皮膚を消毒する。 </li><li>目ルから正中線に沿って切開をするメスを使用首までVEL。頭蓋骨を露出保つために皮膚のリトラクタを適用します。 </li><li>優しくメスで頭蓋骨の端に骨膜を撤回し、頭蓋骨の表面は滅菌綿棒を使用して乾燥させます。ブレグマとラムダを識別します。基準点としてブレグマたガラスマイクロピペットを置き、その後、興味のある領域の座標に移動します。この記事のために選択された関心領域は、ほぼ丸く形ですブレグマへ横約2mmを中心に、そしてフランクリンによるマウス脳アトラスによると感覚運動皮質の大部分を含む約30mm 2の領域をカバーし、 Paxinos 11。 </li><li>基準点と利益の位置をマークし、光の散乱を防ぐため、それに圧力を発揮しないように注意を払うために頭蓋骨の表面に密着して光ファイバを置く。照射領域は光ファイバーGUIの先端に小さなアパーチャまたはキャップを頭蓋骨にマスクを適用することによって制限することができますデ。 </li></ol> 4。ローズベンガルインジェクションとアクティベーション<ol><li> 1ミリリットルの注射器にローズベンガルソリューションをロードし、体重を10μl/ gでの投与量に応じて注入される量を計算。 </li><li>遅い腹腔内注射に進みます。 </li><li>染料拡散しましょう​​と、血流を入力してください。 5分後、冷光照明に切り替える。光の他のソースによって動物の照明を避けてください。私たちは、150 Wの強さの光ファイバ照明器を使用していました。 </li><li>照射の15分後、露光を停止し、創傷を縫合。照明分は既に心筋梗塞を生成し、10分で最大効果12を得るのに十分である可能性が高い。ばらつきを最小限にするために、我々は15分間照射することを選択する。 </li></ol> 5。縫合<ol><li>皮膚トラクターを取り外し、脱水症状を避けるために、滅菌生理食塩水を適用します。 </li><li>逆切断needlを使って傷を閉じるまでeとシルクやナイロン縫合糸。 </li><li>麻酔の配信を中断し、慎重に定位固定装置からマウスを削除して、それが完全に目を覚ましになるまで予め温め加熱パッドの上に置くと、そのケージに戻します。体温は、梗塞拡張の変動を制限するための手順全体を注意深く監視する必要があります。濃度および投与経路に従って、ベンガルはまだ13注射後数時間の血流を検出することができるローズ。潜在的な二次的な損害（ローズベンガル吸収波長は緑色スペクトルにある）を回避するために、温暖化ランプに加熱毛布を好む。 </li></ol>

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利害の衝突は宣言されていない。

修正や代用なぜなら562 nmでの吸収ピークから、濾過キセノンアークランプからの緑色光レーザーは、もともと感光ローズベンガルを照射するように選ばれた。レーザー媒介励起がまだrecently5を用いたが、それはまた、色素の励起10,15を確実に冷光ランプに置き換えることができます。冷光光ファイバは、レーザー光源より操作しやすく、安価である。しかし、レー?...

21世紀の初めには、虚血性脳卒中は、長期障害1とストロークは、2004年2で約5,7万人が死亡を占めている死亡、世界中の第二の原因の第二の原因を表して壊滅的な疾患である。に入れ、多くの努力にもかかわらず、脳卒中後の機能回復を改善するために利用できる有効な治療法はまだありません。それらは虚血性障害の病態のモデル化を可能にし、in vivoで異なる神経保護戦略の有効性を試験するようにストロークの動物モデルが広くストローク研究の分野で使用されている。これらのモデルのほとんどは、他のモデルは、通常、特定の領域、モータと体性感覚野に小型の病変を研究するために開発されたのに対し、（一時的または恒久的に）中大脳動脈内の血流を遮断することによって広範な梗塞を誘発することを目指します。しかし、いくつかの要因は、ACを生成するために寄与することができる使用マウス系統を含む実験的な脳卒中の研究、の変動のertain度、すべての上に、研究に含まれており、動物の年齢や性別、技術は、虚血性損傷を誘発するために採用。後者の点に関しては、期間と侵襲手術（ つまり開頭術の必要性）だけでなく、確実に虚血性病変を誘発するために、オペレータに必要な外科的なスキルは、in vivo脳卒中研究で成功し、公平のための重要な決定要因である。 photothrombosisの概念は当初、1977年3ローゼンブラムとエルSabbanによって提案され、ワトソンらがラットの脳におけるそのアプリケーションによって有名になった1985年4技術が大幅に向上し、現在のモデル3の基礎を設定された- 6。 photothromboticアプローチは以前に血液系、WHに供給される光感受性色素の光活性化を介して皮質梗塞を誘発することを目的と光にさらされる地域では地元の血管血栓症におけるICH結果。循環色素が冷光源によって適切な波長で照射されるとき、それは順番に反応性の高い一重項酸素生成物を多量に生成した酸素分子にエネルギーを放出する。これらの酸素中間体は、血小板付着および凝集に、最終的に局所脳流れの中断7を決定血栓の形成をもたらす、内皮細胞膜の過酸化を誘導する。 Photothrombosisは、それが普通の人間のストロークで発生しますが、光にさらされる分野での血流の選択的な中断、その結果より多くの表面的な血管に病変を誘発するような唯一の動脈を閉塞または破壊しない非正規虚血モデルである。この理由のため、このアプローチは、皮質可塑性の細胞および分子生物学的研究のために適切であり得る。この技術の主な利点は、実行のそのシンプルさに存在します。スクラブ2分;頭皮を剃るための1分;;定位固定装置に動物を配置し、3〜5分また、photothrombosisは簡単に20分待ち（麻酔のために3分を含む動物あたり約40分で行うことができ消毒液で頭皮、切開をし、頭蓋骨をきれいに、冷光ファイバを配置し、2〜4分;腹腔内拡散のために5分待ち、、ローズベンガル液を注入する1分、照明の15分、そして5分〜傷をきれいに）動物を縫合。さらに、全く手術専門知識は病変がそのまま頭蓋骨のシンプルな照明を通じて誘導されるように、この手法を実行するために必要ありません。古典的な動脈閉塞とは異なり、この方法では、照射されたゾーン内に軟膜と実質内微小血管閉塞の選択を決定しない側副血管の目標領域内に酸素を供給するために残っていないような病変間のばらつきを低減する。 その特定の性質にもかかわらず、photothrombotic被害株は不可欠なメカニズムは、脳行程で発生する。同様に、ヒト行程における動脈閉塞し、血小板凝集及び血栓の形成が照射領域7の血流の中断を決定する。同様に、このモデルはまた、中大脳動脈閉塞8のように本質的な炎症反応を共有しています。しかし、よくdelimitated境界、部分的に保存され代謝の領域に対応する半影ゾーンでは、photothrombotic病変の後に非常に低下したり、存在しないです。これは明確な境界線は、虚血性または無傷皮質領域内の細胞応答の研究を容易にすることができる。 Photothrombosisマウスモデルは、トランスジェニック動物の様々な研究のストロークに特に適している。確かにバイアス9を引き起こす可能性が高い死亡率を報告した古典的なモデルはC57BL / 6マウス系統内の全株と長期研究に合わせることはできません。

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 <td>CATALOGUE NUMBER</td>
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 <td>Rose Bengal </td>
 <td>Sigma, Italy </td>
 <td>330000 </td>
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 <td>Isoflurane Vet </td>
 <td>Merial </td>
 <td> 103120022 </td>
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 <td>Betadine </td>
 <td>Asta Medica </td>
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 <td>Paraformaldehyde </td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich </td>
 <td> 158127 </td>
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 <td>Fluosorber Filter </td>
 <td>Havard apparatus </td>
 <td> 340415 </td>
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 <td>150W fiber optic illuminator</td>
 <td>Photonic</td>
 <td>PL3000</td>
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 <td>Temperature Controller for Plate TCAT-2DF </td>
 <td>Havard apparatus</td>
 <td>727561 </td>
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 <td>Stereotaxic Instrument </td>
 <td>Stoelting</td>
 <td> 51950 </td>
 <td></td>
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 <td>Operating microscope </td>
 <td>Takagi </td>
 <td> OM8 </td>
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 <td>Heating pad </td>
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 <td>Oxygen and nitrogen gas</td>
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 <td>Surgery Tools</td>
 <td>World precision instrument </td>
 <td></td>
 <td>Optic fiber taps and mask are custom-made </td>
 </tr>
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</table>

photothrombotic ischemia: a minimally invasive and reproducible photochemical cortical lesion model for mouse stroke studies

photothromboticストロークモデルは、以前に注入された光感受性色素の光活性化によって与えられた皮質領域内虚血性損傷を誘発することを目指しています。照明続いて、色素が活性化され、その後の血小板凝集し、最終的に局所血流の中断を決定する血栓の形成、を、内皮細胞膜の損傷成分という一重項酸素を生成する。当初は1977年にローゼンブラムとエルSabbanによって提案されたこの手法は、後のラット脳内で1985年にワトソンによって改良と現行モデルの基礎を設定されていた。また、トランスジェニックマウス系統の可用性の向上、さらにphotothrombosisモデルの関心を高めるために貢献した。簡潔には、感光性染料（ローズベンガル）が腹腔内注射し、血流に入る。冷光源によって照射されたときに、色素が活性化になると、ローカルの結果、血小板の活性化および血栓症、内皮損傷を誘発する血流の中断。光源は、再現可能かつ非侵襲的な方法で、任意の目的の皮質領域のターゲティングを可能開頭の必要がなく無傷の頭蓋骨に適用することができる。マウスはその後縫合と目を覚ますために許可されています。虚血性損傷の評価が迅速トリフェニルテトラゾリウムクロリド又はクレシルバイオレット染色によって達成することができる。この技術は、正確なセルの特性又は機能的研究のために非常に有利で小型化と十分に区切られた境界の梗塞を生成する。また、トランスジェニックマウスにおける脳の可塑性の根底にある細胞および分子応答を研究するために特に適している。

このプロトコルは、すでに肉眼（ 図1A-1C）の皮質の解剖時に表示されている皮質病変を生成します。 photothrombotic病変組織がローズベンガルの光活性化を可能にするために十分に透明である浅と深い皮質層に発症。脳梗塞の程度の測定を4％パラホルムアルデヒド（PFA）で固定した後、新鮮な組織、あるいは、クレシルバイオレットによるトリフェニルテトラゾリウムクロリド（TTC...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Photothrombotic Ischemia: A Minimally Invasive and Reproducible Photochemical Cortical Lesion Model for Mouse Stroke Studies at JoVE.com

Photothrombotic Ischemia: A Minimally Invasive and Reproducible Photochemical Cortical Lesion Model for Mouse Stroke Studies

Photothrombosisは、再現性の高い方法で、興味のある分野での小よく区切り梗塞を誘発するための迅速、低侵襲技術です。これは、トランスジェニックマウスの脳の可塑性の根底にある細胞および分子応答を研究するために特に適している。

Photothrombotic虚：マウス脳卒中研究のための低侵襲かつ再現性の光化学皮質病変モデル

The photothrombotic stroke model aims to induce an ischemic damage within a given cortical area by means of photo-activation of a previously injected ...

photothrombotic-ischemia-minimally-invasive-reproducible

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

34.4K ビュー.  University of Turin. Photothrombosisは、再現性の高い方法で、興味のある分野での小よく区切り梗塞を誘発するための迅速、低侵襲技術です。これは、トランスジェニックマウスの脳の可塑性の根底にある細胞および分子応答を研究するために特に適している。

ビデオ: Photothrombotic Ischemia: A Minimally Invasive and Reproducible Photochemical Cortical Lesion Model for Mouse Stroke Studies

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

くも膜下出血のマウスモデル

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

医学

Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer's Disease and Normal Elderly

Obtaining in vivo human brain tissue volumetrics from MRI is often complicated by various technical and biological issues. These challenges are exacerbated when significant brain atrophy and age-related white matter changes (e.g. Leukoaraiosis) are present. Lesion Explorer (LE) is an accurate and reliable neuroimaging pipeline specifically developed to address such issues commonly observed on MRI of Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly. The pipeline is a complex set of semi-automatic procedures which has been previously validated in a series of internal and external reliability tests1,2. However, LE's accuracy and reliability is highly dependent on properly trained manual operators to execute commands, identify distinct anatomical landmarks, and manually edit/verify various computer-generated segmentation outputs.
LE can be divided into 3 main components, each requiring a set of commands and manual operations: 1) Brain-Sizer, 2) SABRE, and 3) Lesion-Seg. Brain-Sizer's manual operations involve editing of the automatic skull-stripped total intracranial vault (TIV) extraction mask, designation of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (vCSF), and removal of subtentorial structures. The SABRE component requires checking of image alignment along the anterior and posterior commissure (ACPC) plane, and identification of several anatomical landmarks required for regional parcellation. Finally, the Lesion-Seg component involves manual checking of the automatic lesion segmentation of subcortical hyperintensities (SH) for false positive errors.
While on-site training of the LE pipeline is preferable, readily available visual teaching tools with interactive training images are a viable alternative. Developed to ensure a high degree of accuracy and reliability, the following is a step-by-step, video-guided, standardized protocol for LE's manual procedures.

Lesion Explorer: A Video-guided, Standardized Protocol for Accurate and Reliable MRI-derived Volumetrics in Alzheimer&#039;s Disease and Normal Elderly

Lesion Explorer (LE) is a semi-automatic, image-processing pipeline developed to obtain regional brain tissue and subcortical hyperintensity lesion volumetrics from structural MRI of Alzheimer's disease and normal elderly. To ensure a high level of accuracy and reliability, the following is a video-guided, standardized protocol for LE's manual procedures.

病変エクスプローラ：アルツハイマー病における正確で信頼性のMRI誘導Volumetrics用ビデオガイド下、標準化されたプロトコルおよび標準高齢者

Obtaining in vivo human brain tissue volumetrics from MRI is often complicated by various technical and biological issues. These challenges are ...

Minimally Invasive Thumb-sized Pterional Craniotomy for Surgical Clip Ligation of Unruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms

Less invasive surgical approaches for intracranial aneurysm clipping may reduce length of hospital stay, surgical morbidity, treatment cost, and improve patient outcomes. We present our experience with a minimally invasive pterional approach for anterior circulation aneurysms performed in a major tertiary cerebrovascular center and compare the results with an aged matched dataset from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). From August 2008 to December 2012, 22 elective aneurysm clippings on patients &#8804;55 years of age were performed by the same dual fellowship-trained cerebrovascular/endovascular neurosurgeon. One patient (4.5%) experienced transient post-operative complications. 18 of 22 patients returned for follow-up imaging and there were no recurrences through an average duration of 22 months. A search in the NIS database from 2008 to 2010, also for patients aged &#8804;55 years of age, yielded 1,341 hospitalizations for surgical clip ligation of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Inpatient length of stay and hospital charges at our institution using the minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional technique were nearly half that of NIS (length of stay: 3.2 vs 5.7 days; hospital charges: $52,779 vs. $101,882). The minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional craniotomy allows good exposure of unruptured small and medium-sized supraclinoid anterior circulation aneurysms. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage from key subarachnoid cisterns and constant bimanual microsurgical techniques avoid the need for retractors which can cause contusions, localized venous infarctions, and post-operative cerebral edema at the retractor sites. Utilizing this set of techniques has afforded our patients with a shorter hospital stay at a lower cost compared to the national average.

Minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional craniotomy for aneurysm clipping has afforded our patients with a shorter hospital stay at a lower cost compared to the national average.

未破裂前方循環動脈瘤の外科手術用クリップの連結のための低侵襲親指サイズのPterional開頭術

Less invasive surgical approaches for intracranial aneurysm clipping may reduce length of hospital stay, surgical morbidity, treatment cost, and improve ...

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA thrombolysis) rarely produces benefits in mechanical occlusion-based experimental models, which dominate preclinical stroke research. This split between the bench and bedside suggests the need to employ tPA-responsive models in preclinical stroke research. To this end, a simple and tPA-reactive thrombotic stroke model is invented and described here. This model consists of transient occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery and delivery of 7.5% oxygen through a face mask in adult mice for 30 min, while maintaining the animal rectal temperature at 37.5 &#177; 0.5 &#176;C. Although reversible ligation of the unilateral carotid artery or hypoxia each suppressed cerebral blood flow only transiently, the combination of both insults caused lasting reperfusion deficits, fibrin and platelet deposition, and large infarct in the middle cerebral artery-supplied territory. Importantly, tail-vein injection of recombinant tPA at 0.5, 1, or 4 hr post-tHI (10 mg/kg) provided time-dependent reduction of the mortality rate and infarct size. This new stroke model is simple and can be standardized across laboratories to compare experimental results. Further, it induces thrombosis without craniectomy or introducing pre-formed emboli. Given these unique merits, the tHI model is a useful addition to the repertoire of preclinical stroke research.

Thromboembolic stroke models are vital tools for optimizing the recanalization therapy. Here we report a murine thrombotic stroke model based on transient cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (tHI) insult, which triggers thrombosis and infarction, and responds favorably to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-mediated fibrinolysis in a therapeutic window similar to those in stroke patients.

一過性脳低酸素性虚血に基づく血栓性脳卒中モデル

Stroke research has endured many setbacks in translating neuroprotective therapies into clinical practice. In contrast, the real-world therapy (tPA ...

Reproducible Motor Deficit Following Aortic Occlusion in a Rat Model Of Spinal Cord Ischemia

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing and treating this complication using experimental models of spinal cord ischemia. The model described here demonstrates varying degrees of paraplegia that relate to the length of occlusion following thoracic aortic occlusion in a rat spinal cord ischemia model.
A 2-Fr. balloon-tipped catheter was advanced through the femoral artery into the descending thoracic aorta until the catheter tip was placed at the left subclavian artery in anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by inflating the catheter balloon. After a set period of occlusion (9, 10, or 11 min), the balloon was deflated. Neurologic assessment was performed using the motor deficit index at 24 h after surgery, and the spinal cord was harvested for histopathological examination.
Rats that underwent 9 min of aortic occlusion showed mild and reversible motor impairment in the hind limb. Rats subjected to 10 min of aortic occlusion presented with moderate but reversible motor impairment. Rats subjected to 11 min of aortic occlusion displayed complete and persistent paralysis. The motor neurons in the spinal cord sections were more preserved in rats subjected to shorter duration of aortic occlusion.
Researchers can achieve a reproducible hind limb motor deficit following thoracic aortic occlusion using this spinal cord ischemia model.

This study demonstrates the technique to make a minimally invasive and easily reproducible model of spinal cord ischemia in rats. Various degrees of hind limb motor deficit can be produced by controlling the aortic occlusion time.

脊髄虚血ラットモデルにおける大動脈閉塞後の再現性のある運動障害

Spinal cord ischemia is a fatal complication following thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Researchers can investigate the strategies for preventing ...

A Minimally Invasive Model to Analyze Endochondral Fracture Healing in Mice Under Standardized Biomechanical Conditions

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an increased use of mouse models in orthopedic research was noted, most probably because mouse models offer a large number of genetically-modified strains and special antibodies for the analysis of molecular mechanisms of fracture healing. To control the biomechanical conditions, well-characterized osteosynthesis techniques are mandatory, also in mice. Here, we report on the design and use of a closed bone healing model to stabilize femur fractures in mice. The intramedullary screw, made of medical-grade stainless steel, provides through fracture compression an axial and rotational stability compared to the mostly used simple intramedullary pins, which show a complete lack of axial and rotational stability. The stability achieved by the intramedullary screw allows the analysis of endochondral healing. A large amount of callus tissue, received after stabilization with the screw, offers ideal conditions to harvest tissue for biochemical and molecular analyses. A further advantage of the use of the screw is the fact that the screw can be inserted into the femur with a minimally invasive technique without inducing damage to the soft tissue. In conclusion, the screw is a unique implant that can ideally be used in closed fracture healing models offering standardized biomechanical conditions.

This protocol describes a minimally invasive osteosynthesis technique using an intramedullary screw for standardized stabilization of femur fractures, which can be used to analyze endochondral bone healing in mice.

癒しの標準化された生体力学的条件下でマウスの軟骨破壊を分析する低侵襲モデル

Bone healing models are necessary to analyze the complex mechanisms of fracture healing to improve clinical fracture treatment. During the last decade, an ...

Electromagnetic Navigation Transthoracic Nodule Localization for Minimally Invasive Thoracic Surgery

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or excision. Many of these nodules are identified and excised via minimally invasive thoracic surgery; however, subcentimeter and subsolid nodules are frequently difficult to identify intra-operatively. This can be mitigated by the use of electromagnetic transthoracic needle localization. This protocol delineates the step-by-step process of electromagnetic localization from the pre-operative period to the postoperative period and is an adaptation of the electromagnetically guided percutaneous biopsy previously described by Arias et al. Pre-operative steps include obtaining a same day CT followed by the generation of a three-dimensional virtual map of the lung. From this map, the target lesion(s) and an entry site are chosen. In the operating room, the virtual reconstruction of the lung is then calibrated with the patient and the electromagnetic navigation platform. The patient is then sedated, intubated, and placed in the lateral decubitus position. Using a sterile technique and visualization from multiple views, the needle is inserted into the chest wall at the prechosen skin entry site and driven down to the target lesion. Dye is then injected into the lesion and, then, continuously during needle withdrawal, creating a tract for visualization intra-operatively. This method has many potential benefits when compared to the CT-guided localization, including a decreased radiation exposure and decreased time between the dye injection and the surgery. Dye diffusion from the pathway occurs over time, thereby limiting intra-operative nodule identification. By decreasing the time to surgery, there is a decrease in wait time for the patient, and less time for dye diffusion to occur, resulting in an improvement in nodule localization. When compared to electromagnetic bronchoscopy, airway architecture is no longer a limitation as the target nodule is accessed via a transparenchymal approach. Details of this procedure are described in a step-by-step fashion.

Presented here is a protocol for lung nodule localization using dye marking via electromagnetically navigated transthoracic needle access. The technique described here can be accomplished in the peri-operative period to optimize nodule localization and to successful resection when performing minimally invasive thoracic surgery.

低侵襲胸部手術のための電磁航法経胸結節局在

The increased use of chest computed tomography (CT) has led to an increased detection of pulmonary nodules requiring diagnostic evaluation and/or ...

A Pre-clinical Rat Model for the Study of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Reconstructive Microsurgery

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many areas of biomedical research due to its cost-effectiveness and its translation to humans. This protocol describes a method to create a preclinical free skin flap model in rats with ischemia-reperfusion injury. The described 3 cm x 6 cm rat free skin flap model is easily obtained after the placement of several vascular ligatures and the section of the vascular pedicle. Then, 8 h after the ischemic insult and completion of the microsurgical anastomosis, the free skin flap develops the tissue damage. These ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damages can be studied in this model, making it a suitable model for evaluating therapeutic agents to address this pathophysiological process. Furthermore, two main monitoring techniques are described in the protocol for the assessment of this animal model: transit-time ultrasound technology and laser speckle contrast analysis.

Here, we describe a pre-clinical animal model for studying the pathophysiology of ischemia-reperfusion injury in reconstructive microsurgery. This free skin flap model based on the superficial caudal epigastric vessels in the rat may also allow for the evaluation of different therapies and compounds to counteract ischemia-reperfusion injury-related damage.

再建微小外科における虚血再灌流損傷の研究のための前臨床ラットモデル

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is the main cause of flap failure in reconstructive microsurgery. The rat is the preferred preclinical animal model in many ...

Evaluation of Capnography Sampling Line Compatibility and Accuracy when Used with a Portable Capnography Monitor

Capnography is commonly used to monitor patient&#8217;s ventilatory status. While sidestream capnography has been shown to provide a reliable assessment of end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2), its accuracy is commonly validated using commercial kits composed of a capnography monitor and its matching disposable nasal cannula sampling lines. The purpose of this study was to assess the compatibility and accuracy of cross-paired capnography sampling lines with a single portable bedside capnography monitor. A series of 4 bench tests were performed to evaluate the tensile strength, rise time, ETCO2 accuracy as a function of respiratory rate, and ETCO2 accuracy in the presence of supplemental O2. Each bench test was performed using specialized, validated equipment to allow for a full evaluation of sampling line performance. The 4 bench tests successfully differentiated between sampling lines from different commercial sources and suggested that due to increased rise time and decreased ETCO2 accuracy, not all nasal cannula sampling lines provide reliable clinical data when cross-paired with a commercial capnography monitor. Care should be taken to ensure that any cross-pairing of capnography monitors and disposable sampling lines is fully validated for use across respiratory rates and supplemental O2 flow rates commonly encountered in clinical settings.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of capnography sampling lines used in conjunction with a portable bedside capnography monitor. Sampling lines from 7 manufacturers were evaluated for tensile strength, rise time, and ETCO2 accuracy as a function of respiratory rate or supplemental oxygen flow rate.

ポータブル・キャプノグラフィー・モニターで使用した場合の、キャポグラフィー・サンプリング・ラインの適合性と精度の評価

Capnography is commonly used to monitor patient&#8217;s ventilatory status. While sidestream capnography has been shown to provide a reliable assessment ...

A Non-Invasive Method for Generating the Cyclic Loading-Induced Intra-Articular Cartilage Lesion Model of the Rat Knee

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely correlated with a history of articular cartilage damage and ligament avulsion. Surgical animal models of OA of the knee play an important role in understanding the onset and progression of post-traumatic OA and aid in the development of novel therapies for this disease. However, non-surgical models have been recently considered to avoid traumatic inflammation that could affect the evaluation of the intervention. 
In this study, an intra-articular cartilage lesion rat model induced by in vivo cyclic compressive loading was developed, which allowed researchers to (1) determine the optimal magnitude, speed, and duration of load that could cause focal cartilage damage; (2) assess post-traumatic spatiotemporal pathological changes in chondrocyte vitality; and (3) evaluate the histological expression of destructive or protective molecules that are involved in the adaptation and repair mechanisms against joint compressive loads. This report describes the experimental protocol for this novel cartilage lesion in a rat model.

Here, we present the cyclic loading-induced intra-articular cartilage lesion model of the rat knee, generated by 60 cyclic compressions over 20 N, resulting in damage to the femoral condylar cartilage in rats.

ラット膝の周期的負荷誘発関節内軟骨病変モデルを生成するための非侵襲的方法

The pathophysiology of primary osteoarthritis (OA) remains unclear. However, a specific subclassification of OA in relatively younger age groups is likely ...