この作品は、部分的にNIH RO1-EY019951（AAF）、失明予防のためのイリノイ学会（JCC、AAF）、盲目（RPB）を防止するための研究から眼科への無制限の資金、NYとRPB医学生フェローシップグラントによってサポートされていました（JCC）。

1。網膜準備<ol><li>マウスの目を摘出。片手を使用して、目が見えるようにまぶたを開く。もう一方の手で、湾曲した鉗子（湾曲した上向き）を使用して、軌道の優れたと劣る面に圧力を適用する地球儀突出まで。ゆっくり目の後部側面に鉗子を閉じ、目を摘出するための連続動作で持ち上げます。 </li><li>中性の10％は、少なくとも24時間緩衝ホルマリンで目を修正。 </li><li>小さなペトリ皿にPBS溶液に置き目。 </li><li>大きな涙を誘発しないように注意しながら、慎重に顕微鏡下で網膜を解剖する。解剖ハサミで角膜の初期カットを作成します。その後、ストレートピンセットでカットエリアを保持しながら、角膜を除去し、角膜と強膜の境界線に沿ってカットするはさみを使用しています。離れて視神経に向かって網膜から強膜と脈絡膜はがし慎重に、細かい曲線状とストレート鉗子を使用。このステップは次のように忍耐を必要とするすぐに網膜を解放すると、涙につながることができます。レンズと網膜16から余分なアイリスやゴミを取り除きます。 </li></ol> 2。水洗<ol><li>水で24ウェルディッシュ、カバーに置き網膜（約500μlの、少なくとも45μmのフィルターで濾過）。 </li><li> 30分ごとに1時間、少なくとも4〜5回水を変える。 </li><li>室温で穏やかに振盪しながら水に一晩にしておきます。 </li></ol> 注： 彼らは血管から神経網膜層を分離手助けとしての洗浄工程が非常に重要です。 3。トリプシン消化<ol><li>水を除去し、37℃で0.1 Mトリス緩衝液（pH 7.8）で3％トリプシン（Difco社製1:250）°ない揺れに優しいとCの溶液中に網膜をインキュベート。組織が崩壊の兆し（約1.5時間）を示す開始したときにトリプシン消化が完了します。 注意： 急激な揺れを避けるこのような血管系を損傷する可能性があります。 </li><li>慎重に、網膜に触れないように顕微鏡を用いて十分に個別にトリプシンをピペット。ステップ4.3で、顕微鏡下で血管を操作するときにこの過剰トリプシンは、後で使用することができます。 </li></ol> 4。血管系を分離<ol><li>網膜にろ過された水を追加します。その後、必要に応じて、ハサミを使用して、ピンセットで内境界膜剥離を試みる。 5分間穏やかな攪拌しながら振る。慎重に、網膜の損傷を防ぐために、顕微鏡下で水をピペット。 </li><li>付着網膜組織から血管のフリーネットワークを支援するため、水洗浄します（5分間ずつ）を繰り返します。洗浄した後に水中に残存しないデブリはほとんどがある場合に、水洗浄が完了する。 </li><li>解剖顕微鏡下で慎重な操作は今血管網を解放促進するために必要とされている。以下の配列又はインドールで使用することができるいくつかの有用な技術があるividually技術的な好みに基づいて、所望の結果を達成するために： <ol class="lalpha"><li> 200μlのピペットを用いて、丁寧に穏やかに撹拌を引き起こし、船で水を吹いて、血管に隣接する水をピペットで上下。 </li><li> 200μlのピペットを用いて、ピペットのコートの壁を助けるため上下トリプシンをピペット。その後、よく非血管組織を打破するための一回ダウン血管ネットワーク全体をピペット。 注： 視神経ではなく血管網の端にピペットチップをセンタリングすることも先端に付着血管系を防ぐことができます。 </li><li>優しく非血管コンポーネントを取り除くために水のうち細かい鉗子で血管系を持ち上げます。 </li><li>上記の手順が機能しない場合は、組織を打破し、数分間37℃でインキュベートし網膜にトリプシンを追加します。その後、トリプシンを削除し、手順4.1から4.3を繰り返します。 </li></ol></li></ol> &lt;強い&gt;注意： トリプシン（例えばピペットチップ、鉗子）で血管と接触するすべての楽器をコーティングすることを確認してください。これは、機器に血管系の付着を防ぐことができます。 5。血管系の可視化<ol><li>きれいなスライド上に一滴の水を置きます。 200μlのピペットまたは鉗子を使用して、水の中に消化された血管を転送します。確認し血管フラットマウントが展開されています。 水の表面張力が今透けて見える血管網を展開するのに役立ちます。組織が ​​展開されない場合は、追加の水を追加して、優しく展開容易にするスライドを横に振る。 </li><li>ペーパータオルをピペッティングまたは使用することにより非常にゆっくりと余分な水分を取り除きます。 </li><li>スライドが完全に乾燥することができます。 </li><li> PAS /ヘマトキシリン​​またはH＆E染色のいずれかと、適切なプロトコルを介してスライドを染色する。 注：PAS /ヘマトキシリン、血管壁や細胞核を同定するために有用であり、H＆Eは、Dのために便利ですRBCのemonstration同様。 </li><li>脱水とマウント（パーマウントはメディアをマウント）。 </li></ol>

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+procedures+for+isolating+intact+retinal+vascular+beds+from+diabetic+humans+and+animal+models.">Novel procedures for isolating intact retinal vascular beds from diabetic humans and animal models.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34, 2097-2104 (1993).</li><li>Midena, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+the+retina+of+the+diabetic+db/db+mouse.+I.+Endothelial+cell-pericyte+ratio.">Studies on the retina of the diabetic db/db mouse. I. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinovascular+physiology+and+pathophysiology:+new+experimental+approach/new+insights.">Retinovascular physiology and pathophysiology: new experimental approach/new insights.</a> Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 31, 258-270 (2012).</li><li>Roy, S., Nasser, S., Yee, M., Graves, D. T., Roy, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+long-term+siRNA+strategy+regulates+fibronectin+overexpression+and+improves+vascular+lesions+in+retinas+of+diabetic+rats.">A long-term siRNA strategy regulates fibronectin overexpression and improves vascular lesions in retinas of diabetic rats.</a> Mol. Vis. 17, 3166-3174 (2011).</li><li>Li, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diabetic+eNOS-knockout+mice+develop+accelerated+retinopathy.">Diabetic eNOS-knockout mice develop accelerated retinopathy.</a> Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 51, 5240-5246 (2010).</li><li>Connor, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+oxygen-induced+retinopathy+in+the+mouse:+a+model+of+vessel+loss,+vessel+regrowth+and+pathological+angiogenesis.">Quantification of oxygen-induced retinopathy in the mouse: a model of vessel loss, vessel regrowth and pathological angiogenesis.</a> Nature Protocols. 4, 1565-1573 (2009).</li></ol>

著者は、彼らが競合する経済的利益を持っていないことを宣言します。

トリプシン消化は、網膜の血管系を評価するための標準的な方法です。残念ながら、それは技術的に困難であると正しく実行されていない場合、試料の損失率の高さになることがあります。また、手順は眼疾患の一般的に使用される遺伝子動物モデルにおいて、この技術の適用を制限することができる、マウスでは特に困難である。本稿では、マウスの目に効果的かつ一貫して手順を実行す?...

網膜の血管系を可視化することは、糖尿病性網膜症などの様々な眼疾患のメカニズムを分析するための極めて重要なアプローチである。それは1つが瘤、毛細血管変性、および周皮細胞損失8,9含めて早い血管の異常を、評価することができます。現在までに、網膜血管構造を分析するために開発されたいくつかの手法がありました。種々の染料の灌流は、血管を強調するために使用されてきたが、すべてが同様の制限を共有している。船舶1を破裂し、損傷リスクが高い圧力で与えられない限り、注射はめったに全体網膜血管構造を強調していません。蛍光色素で標識されたGのB4イソレクチン（; I21413、インビトロジェン、共役アレクサフルーア594 1:100希釈）と血管内皮の免疫染色と網膜のフラットマウントすると、血管の全体的なアーキテクチャを強調するが、毛細血管の詳細な可視化、基底膜と周皮なしですることができます。それはによって指摘されたFriedenwaldその容器はヨウ素酸シッフ（PAS）またはヘマトキシリンおよびエオシン（H＆E）染色10と網膜のフラットマウントを染色することによって強調することができます。しかし、染色は血管に非特異的であったと同様に、非血管組織を強調し、それが困難な血管を区別すること。 1960年代に、コーガンと桑原は、簡単に網膜1の非血管の成分を消化することによって網膜の血管系を可視化するために作られたトリプシン消化法を開発しました。その時以来、トリプシン消化は、網膜2-5の血管系を分析する中で、金の標準的な方法となっています。しかしながら、脈管構造を分離する他の代替技術が記載されていることに留意することが重要である。浸透圧溶解の使用は脈管構造を分離し、組織11,12の生化学的研究を可能にするために使用されてきたが、手順は、解剖学的研究のための主要な方法として使用されていない。組織プリント方法がされている微小血管系の大きなセグメントを分離するために使用され、血管系13の電気緊張アーキテクチャを研究する能力を可能にします。理論的に、この技術はまた、容器の品質が高いほど、解剖学的変化を研究するために使用することができる。しかし、それだけで血管系ネットワーク全体のセグメントを単離することができる。これらの方法はトリプシン消化を置き換えることはできないが、それは、異なる利点および欠点を持っており、この点で相補的であることに注意することが重要である。 トリプシン消化方法は技術的に困難であり、常に6,7を行うことが困難である。さらに、それは、一欲望網膜6,7の全体的な血管のアーキテクチャを維持する場合は特に、トリプシン消化は、マウスモデルでは特に困難であることが指摘されている。課題は必要とする（1）脈管構造ならびに非血管組織の両方の損失を引き起こす網膜の過剰消化、（2）下の消化を含むにおける血管床の損傷にリードを回すことができる大規模な機械的な解剖、非特異的染色につながる血管系から非血管組織（3）貧しい分離。いくつかの原稿では、これらの課題を強調しているが、どれも彼らに14,15を克服するための詳細かつ一貫性のあるプロトコルを提供していない。本稿では、特に難しい手順の取り扱い上の特定のヒントを、マウスとラットの網膜にトリプシン消化を実行するための手法を詳述し、ステップバイステップの方法論を紹介します。概略図を図1に示されている。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>REAGENTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% neutral buffered formalin</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>SF100-4</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin (1:250)</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0458-50G</td>
			<td>Make 3% trypsin in 0.1 M Tris</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIZMA base</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T1503-1KG</td>
			<td>Create 0.1 M Tris Buffer (pH 7.8 @ 37 &deg;C)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIZMA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T3253-500G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steritop sterile vacuum bottle</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPS05RE</td>
			<td>Create filtered water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>EQUIPMENT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Any microscope that allows good visualization of the retina is adequate. (10x is sufficient with working distance of 24 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15024-10</td>
			<td>Cutting edge: 8 mm; Tip diameter: 0.2 mm; 10 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight Forceps (Inox)</td>
			<td>Dumont #5</td>
			<td>11252-20</td>
			<td>Biologie tip; 0.05 x 0.02 mm; 11 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Forcepts (Dumostar)</td>
			<td>Dumont #7</td>
			<td>11297-10</td>
			<td>Biologie tip; 0.07 x 0.04 mm; 11.5 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dubnoff Metabolic Shaker Incubator</td>
			<td>Precision Scientific</td>
			<td>BDG59442</td>
			<td>Shaker optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well dish</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353047</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82027-132</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

trypsin digest protocol to analyze the retinal vasculature of a mouse model

トリプシン消化は、網膜血管系1-5を分析するための金標準的な方法です。これは、網膜の非血管成分の消化後に相互接続された脈管の二次元の平らなマウントを作成することによって複雑な三次元網膜血管および毛細血管のネットワーク全体の可視化を可能にする。これは、1つは、このような瘤などの様々な病的血管の変化、キャピラリー変性、および周皮細胞の比率に異常な内皮を勉強することができます。しかし、この方法は、原因遺伝子操作の容易6,7の網膜を研究するために最も広く利用できる動物モデルとなってきた、特にマウスでは、技術的に困難である。マウスの眼では、網膜血管の全体的なアーキテクチャを維持しながら、完全に非血管性成分を除去することが特に困難である。現在までに、詳細にトリプシンダイジェスト技術が記載文学の不足があるInのマウス。また困難な手順のトラブルシューティングに関するヒントを提供しながら、本稿では、マウス網膜におけるトリプシン消化物の詳細なステップバイステップの方法論を提供します。

成功した手順の最終製品は、 図2-4に示すようなアーキテクチャは、PAS /ヘマトキシリンまたはH＆Eのどちらかで染色し、維持したまま、マウスの網膜血管系のネットワーク全体のフラットマウントです。 図3に示すように、内皮細胞および周皮細胞の明確な区別が分かる。網膜では、内皮細胞の核は楕円形または細長いあり、血管壁内に完全にうそをつく。周皮細胞?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Trypsin Digest Protocol to Analyze the Retinal Vasculature of a Mouse Model at JoVE.com

Trypsin Digest Protocol to Analyze the Retinal Vasculature of a Mouse Model

トリプシン消化は、網膜血管系を分析するために最も一般的に使用される方法の1つである。本稿では、技術を最適化し、船舶の全体的なアーキテクチャを維持しながら、非血管組織を除去するための重要な変化を含めて詳細に方法を説明します。

トリプシン消化プロトコルモデルマウスの網膜血管系を分析する

Trypsin digest is the gold standard method to analyze the retinal vasculature 1-5. It allows visualization of the entire network of complex ...

trypsin-digest-protocol-to-analyze-retinal-vasculature-mouse

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

18.3K ビュー.  Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. トリプシン消化は、網膜血管系を分析するために最も一般的に使用される方法の1つである。本稿では、技術を最適化し、船舶の全体的なアーキテクチャを維持しながら、非血管組織を除去するための重要な変化を含めて詳細に方法を説明します。

ビデオ: Trypsin Digest Protocol to Analyze the Retinal Vasculature of a Mouse Model

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to closure of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels in the cell membrane. The resulting change in membrane potential leads in turn to reductions in the amount of neurotransmitter release from both rod and cone synaptic terminals. To measure how the light-evoked change in photoreceptor membrane potential leads to downstream activity in the retina, scientists have made electrophysiological recordings from retinal slice preparations for decades1,2. In the past these slices have been cut manually with a razor blade on retinal tissue that is attached to filter paper; in recent years another method of slicing has been developed whereby retinal tissue is embedded in low gelling temperature agar and sliced in cool solution with a vibrating microtome3,4. This preparation produces retinal slices with less surface damage and very robust light-evoked responses. Here we document how this procedure can be done under infrared light to avoid bleaching the visual pigment.

Here we describe a procedure for generating dark-adapted slices of the mouse retina for electrophysiological recordings.

暗順応スライス標本におけるマウス網膜神経細胞からパッチクランプ記録

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

神経科学

Dissection of a Mouse Eye for a Whole Mount of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones). The RPE is a monolayer of pigmented cuboidal cells and associates closely with the neural retina just above it. This association makes the RPE of great interest to researchers studying retinal diseases. The RPE is also the site of an in vivo assay of homology-directed DNA repair, the pun assay. The mouse eye is particularly difficult to dissect due to its small size (about 3.5mm in diameter) and its spherical shape. This article demonstrates in detail a procedure for dissection of the eye resulting in a whole mount of the RPE. In this procedure, we show how to work with, rather than against, the spherical structure of the eye. Briefly, the connective tissue, muscle, and optic nerve are removed from the back of the eye. Then, the cornea and lens are removed. Next, strategic cuts are made that result in significant flattening of the remaining tissue. Finally, the neural retina is gently lifted off, revealing an intact RPE, which is still attached to the underlying choroid and sclera. This whole mount can be used to perform the pun assay or for immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescent assessment of the RPE tissue.

A formal demonstration of the dissection of a mouse eye, resulting in a whole mount of the retinal pigment epithelium.

網膜色素上皮の全マウントするためのマウスの眼の解剖

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and ...

An Optic Nerve Crush Injury Murine Model to Study Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible vision loss. Examples of such diseases in human include traumatic optic neuropathy and optic nerve degeneration in glaucoma. It is characterized by typical changes in the optic nerve head, progressive optic nerve degeneration, and loss of retinal ganglion cells, if uncontrolled, leading to vision loss and blindness.
The optic nerve crush (ONC) injury mouse model is an important experimental disease model for traumatic optic neuropathy, glaucoma, etc. In this model, the crush injury to the optic nerve leads to gradual retinal ganglion cells apoptosis. This disease model can be used to study the general processes and mechanisms of neuronal death and survival, which is essential for the development of therapeutic measures. In addition, pharmacological and molecular approaches can be used in this model to identify and test potential therapeutic reagents to treat different types of optic neuropathy.
Here, we provide a step by step demonstration of (I) Baseline retrograde labeling of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) at day 1, (II) Optic nerve crush injury at day 4, (III) Harvest the retinae and analyze RGC survival at day 11, and (IV) Representative result.

This protocol shows how to retrogradely label retinal ganglion cells, and how to subsequently make an optic nerve crush injury in order to analyze retinal ganglion cell survival and apoptosis. It is an experimental disease model for different types of optic neuropathy, including glaucoma.

網膜神経節細胞の生存を研究するために視神経挫滅モデルマウス

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible ...

Morphometric Analyses of Retinal Sections

Morphometric analyses of retinal sections have been used in examining retinal diseases. For examples, neuronal cells were significantly lost in the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL) in rat models with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)&#x2013;induced excitotoxicity1, retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury2 and glaucoma3. Reduction of INL and inner plexiform layer (IPL) thicknesses were reversed with citicoline treatment in rats' eyes subjected to kainic acid-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity4. Alteration of RGC density and soma sizes were observed with different drug treatments in eyes with elevated intraocular pressure3,5,6. Therefore, having objective methods of analyzing the retinal morphometries may be of great significance in evaluating retinal pathologies and the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies.
The retinal structure is multi-layers and several different kinds of neurons exist in the retina. The morphometric parameters of retina such as cell number, cell size and thickness of different layers are more complex than the cell culture system. Early on, these parameters can be detected using other commercial imaging software. The values are normally of relative value, and changing to the precise value may need further accurate calculation. Also, the tracing of the cell size and morphology may not be accurate and sensitive enough for statistic analysis, especially in the chronic glaucoma model. The measurements used in this protocol provided a more precise and easy way. And the absolute length of the line and size of the cell can be reported directly and easy to be copied to other files. For example, we traced the margin of the inner and outer most nuclei in the INL and formed a line then using the software to draw a 90 degree angle to measure the thickness. While without the help of the software, the line maybe oblique and the changing of retinal thickness may not be repeatable among individual observers. In addition, the number and density of RGCs can also be quantified. This protocol successfully decreases the variability in quantitating features of the retina, increases the sensitivity in detecting minimal changes.
 	This video will demonstrate three types of morphometric analyses of the retinal sections. They include measuring the INL thickness, quantifying the number of RGCs and measuring the sizes of RGCs in absolute value. These three analyses are carried out with Stereo Investigator (MBF Bioscience &mdash; MicroBrightField, Inc.). The technique can offer a simple but scientific platform for morphometric analyses.

This video demonstrates three types of morphometric analyses of the retina, which include measuring the inner nuclear layer thickness, quantifying the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and measuring the sizes of RGCs. The technique can offer a simple but scientific platform for morphometric analyses.

網膜切片の形態学的解析

Morphometric analyses of retinal sections have been used in examining retinal diseases. For examples, neuronal cells were significantly lost in the ...

A Visual Description of the Dissection of the Cerebral Surface Vasculature and Associated Meninges and the Choroid Plexus from Rat Brain

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain proper, that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. The tissue harvested is suitable for biochemical and physiological analysis, and the MAV has been shown to be sensitive to damage produced by amphetamine and hyperthermia 1,2. As well, the major and minor cerebral vasculatures harvested in MAV are of potentially high interest when investigating concussive types of head trauma. The MAV dissected in this presentation consists of the pial and some of the arachnoid membrane (less dura) of the meninges and the major and minor cerebral surface vasculature. The choroid plexus dissected is the structure that resides in the lateral ventricles as described by Oldfield and McKinley3,4,5,6. The methods used for harvesting these two tissues also facilitate the harvesting of regional cortical tissue devoid of meninges and larger cerebral surface vasculature, and is compatible with harvesting other brain tissues such as striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, etc. The dissection of the two tissues takes from 5 to 10 min total. The gene expression levels for the dissected MAV and choroid plexus, as shown and described in this presentation can be found at GSE23093 (MAV) and GSE29733 (choroid plexus) at the NCBI GEO repository. This data has been, and is being, used to help further understand the functioning of the MAV and choroid plexus and how neurotoxic events such as severe hyperthermia and AMPH adversely affect their function.

This video presentation shows a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis.

ラットの脳から脳表面血管系および関連髄膜の解剖と脈絡叢のビジュアル解説

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain ...

Implementing Dynamic Clamp with Synaptic and Artificial Conductances in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs arising from specific neural circuits. Patch clamp techniques, in voltage clamp and current clamp configurations, are commonly used to study the physiological properties of neurons and to characterize their synaptic inputs. Although the application of these techniques is highly informative, they pose various limitations. For example, it is difficult to quantify how the precise interactions of excitatory and inhibitory inputs determine response output. To address this issue, we used a modified current clamp technique, dynamic clamp, also called conductance clamp 1, 2, 3 and examined the impact of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs on neuronal excitability. This technique requires the injection of current into the cell and is dependent on the real-time feedback of its membrane potential at that time. The injected current is calculated from predetermined excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances, their reversal potentials and the cell's instantaneous membrane potential. Details on the experimental procedures, patch clamping cells to achieve a whole-cell configuration and employment of the dynamic clamp technique are illustrated in this video article. Here, we show the responses of mouse retinal ganglion cells to various conductance waveforms obtained from physiological experiments in control conditions or in the presence of drugs. Furthermore, we show the use of artificial excitatory and inhibitory conductances generated using alpha functions to investigate the responses of the cells.

This video article illustrates the set-up, the procedures to patch cell bodies and how to implement dynamic clamp recordings from ganglion cells in whole-mount mouse retinae. This technique allows the investigation of the precise contribution of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs, and their relative magnitude and timing to neuronal spiking.

マウスの網膜神経節細胞におけるシナプスと人工コンダクタンスによるダイナミッククランプの実装

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the  retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs  arising from specific neural ...

The Corneal Micropocket Assay: A Model of Angiogenesis in the Mouse Eye

The mouse corneal micropocket assay is a robust and quantitative in vivo assay for evaluating angiogenesis. By using standardized slow-release pellets containing specific growth factors that trigger blood vessel growth throughout the naturally avascular cornea, angiogenesis can be measured and quantified. In this assay the angiogenic response is generated over the course of several days, depending on the type and dose of growth factor used. The induction of neovascularization is commonly triggered by either basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). By combining these growth factors with sucralfate and hydron (poly-HEMA (poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate))) and casting the mixture into pellets, they can be surgically implanted in the mouse eye. These uniform pellets slowly-release the growth factors over five or six days (bFGF or VEGF respectively) enabling sufficient angiogenic response required for vessel area quantification using a slit lamp. This assay can be used for different applications, including the evaluation of angiogenic modulator drugs or treatments as well as comparison between different genetic backgrounds affecting angiogenesis. A skilled investigator after practicing this assay can implant a pellet in less than 5 min per eye.

The protocol describes the corneal micropocket assay as developed in mice.

角膜マイクロアッセイ：マウス眼における血管新生のモデル

The mouse corneal micropocket assay is a robust and quantitative in vivo assay for evaluating angiogenesis. By using standardized slow-release pellets ...

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) Assay

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and lifespan. In addition, telomerase protects the mitochondria from oxidative stress and confers resistance to apoptosis, suggesting its possible importance for the surviving of non-mitotic, highly active cells such as neurons. We previously demonstrated the ability of novel telomerase activators to increase telomerase activity and expression in the various mouse brain regions and to protect motor neurons cells from oxidative stress. These results strengthen the notion that telomerase is involved in the protection of neurons from various lesions. To underline the role of telomerase in the brain, we here compare the activity of telomerase in male and female mouse brain and its dependence on age. TRAP assay is a standard method for detecting telomerase activity in various tissues or cell lines. Here we demonstrate the analysis of telomerase activity in three regions of the mouse brain by non-denaturing protein extraction using CHAPS lysis buffer followed by modification of the standard TRAP assay.
In this 2-step assay, endogenous telomerase elongates a specific telomerase substrate (TS primer) by adding TTAGGG 6 bp repeats (telomerase reaction). The telomerase reaction products are amplified by PCR reaction creating a DNA ladder of 6 bp increments. The analysis of the DNA ladder is made by 4.5% high resolution agarose gel electrophoresis followed by staining with highly sensitive nucleic acid stain.
Compared to the traditional TRAP assay that utilize 32P labeled radioactive dCTP&#39;s for DNA detection and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for resolving the DNA ladder, this protocol offers a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for evaluating telomerase activity in the mouse brain, demonstrating the ability to detect differences in telomerase activity in the various female and male mouse brain region.

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

マウス脳のさまざまな領域におけるテロメラーゼ活性：非放射性テロメラーゼリピート増幅プロトコル（TRAP）アッセイ

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and ...

Video Imaging and Spatiotemporal Maps to Analyze Gastrointestinal Motility in Mice

The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility and can function independently of the central nervous system. Changes in ENS function are a major cause of GI symptoms and disease and may contribute to GI symptoms reported in neuropsychiatric disorders including autism. It is well established that isolated colon segments generate spontaneous, rhythmic contractions known as Colonic Migrating Motor Complexes (CMMCs). A procedure to analyze the enteric neural regulation of CMMCs in ex vivo preparations of mouse colon is described. The colon is dissected from the animal and flushed to remove fecal content prior to being cannulated in an organ bath. Data is acquired via a video camera positioned above the organ bath and converted to high-resolution spatiotemporal maps via an in-house software package. Using this technique, baseline contractile patterns and pharmacological effects on ENS function in colon segments can be compared over 3-4 hr. In addition, propagation length and speed of CMMCs can be recorded as well as changes in gut diameter and contraction frequency. This technique is useful for characterizing gastrointestinal motility patterns in transgenic mouse models (and in other species including rat and guinea pig). In this way, pharmacologically induced changes in CMMCs are recorded in wild type mice and in the Neuroligin-3R451C mouse model of autism. Furthermore, this technique can be applied to other regions of the GI tract including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and at different developmental ages in mice.

This article describes a video imaging technique and high-resolution spatiotemporal mapping to identify changes in the neural regulation of colonic motility in adult mice. Subtle effects on gastrointestinal (GI) function can be detected using this approach in isolated tissue preparations to advance our understanding of GI disease.

マウスにおける胃腸の運動を分析するためにビデオ画像と時空間マップ

The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility and can function independently of the central ...

Protocol for Isolating the Mouse Circle of Willis

The cerebral arterial circle (circulus arteriosus cerebri) or circle of Willis (CoW) is a circulatory anastomosis surrounding the optic chiasma and hypothalamus that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures. It has been implicated in several cerebrovascular disorders, including cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)-associated vasculopathies, intracranial atherosclerosis and intracranial aneurysms. Studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases for the identification of novel drug targets for their prevention require animal models. Some of these models may be transgenic, whereas others will involve isolation of the cerebro-vasculature, including the CoW.The method described here is suitable for CoW isolation in any mouse lineage and has considerable potential for screening (expression of genes, protein production, posttranslational protein modifications, secretome analysis, etc.) studies on the large vessels of the mouse cerebro-vasculature. It can also be used for ex vivo studies, by adapting the organ bath system developed for isolated mouse olfactory arteries.

We describe here a reproducible protocol for isolating the mouse circle of Willis.

ウィリスのマウスサークルを単離するためのプロトコル

The cerebral arterial circle (circulus arteriosus cerebri) or circle of Willis (CoW) is a circulatory anastomosis surrounding the optic chiasma and ...