이 작품은 부분적으로 NIH RO1-EY019951 (AAF), 실명 예방 일리노이 학회 (JCC, AAF), 실명 (RPB)를 방지하는 연구에서 안과에 무제한 자금, NY 및 RPB 의료 학생 친목 부여에 의해 지원되었다 (JCC).

1. 망막 준비 <ol><li> 마우스 눈을 명백히. 한 손으로 사용하면 눈이 볼 수 있도록 눈 뚜껑을 엽니 다. 다른 손으로, 곡선 포셉 (곡선에 직면 위쪽)를 사용하여 궤도의 우수하고 열등한 측면에 압력을 세계 돌출 될 때까지. 부드럽게 눈의 후방 측면에서 집게를 닫고 눈을 명백히하는 연속 동작으로 들어 올립니다. </li><li> 중립 10 %가 최소 24 시간 동안 포르말린에 눈을 고정합니다. </li><li> 작은 페트리 접시에 PBS 용액에 넣어 눈. </li><li> 큰 눈물을 유발하지 않도록주의하면서 현미경으로 조심스럽게 망막을 해부하다. 해부 가위로 각막 초기 상처를합니다. 그런 다음, 바로 집게로 잘라 내기 영역을 잡고, 각막을 제거 각막과 공막의 국경을 따라 잘라 가위를 사용합니다. 주의 공막 멀리 시신경으로 망막 맥락막 껍질, 고급 곡선과 직선 집게를 사용. 이 단계는 인내심이 필요합니다신속하게 망막을 해제하면 눈물을 초래할 수 있습니다. 렌즈와 망막 16 일부터 초과 아이리스와 이물질을 제거합니다. </li></ol> 2. 물은 씻는다 <ol><li> 24 잘 접시에 물 (최소 45 μm의 필터로 여과 약 500 μL)와 커버 장소 망막. </li><li> , 매 30 분 - 1 시간 이상 4-5 번 물을 변경할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 실온에서 부드럽게 흔들어 물에 하룻밤 둡니다. </li></ol> 참고 :이 혈관에서 신경 망막 층을 분리하는 데 도움이로 세척 단계는 매우 중요합니다. 3. 트립신 다이제스트 <ol><li> 37 0.1 M 트리스 버퍼 (산도 7.8)의 3 % 트립신 (Difco 1:250)의 솔루션 ° C없이 흔들림에 부드러운로 물과 부화 망막을 제거합니다. 조직이 붕괴의 징후 (약 1.5 시간)를 보여주는 시작할 때 트립신 다이제스트가 완료됩니다. 참고 : 빠른 동요를 피해야이 혈관을 손상시킬 수 있으므로. </li><li> 조심스럽게 망막에 손이 닿지 않도록 현미경을 사용하여 잘 분리에 트립신 아웃 피펫. 4.3 단계에서 현미경 혈관을 조작 할 때이 초과 트립신은 나중에 사용할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 4. 혈관을 분리 <ol><li> 망막에 정수 된 물을 추가합니다. 그런 다음, 필요한 경우 가위를 사용하여 집게로 내 경계 막 벗기는 시도합니다. 5 분 동안 가벼운 동요 동요. 조심스럽게 망막 손상을 방지하기 위해 현미경으로 물을 피펫. </li><li> 부착 망막 조직에서 혈관의 무료 네트워크를 돕기 위해 물 세척 (5 분마다)를 반복합니다. 세척 후 물에 남아있는 파편 거의가있을 때 물 세척이 완료됩니다. </li><li> 해부 현미경 하에서 조심 조작은 현재 혈관의 네트워크까지 더 무료로 필요합니다. 아래의 순서 나 공업에서 사용될 수있는 몇 가지 유용한 기술이 있습니다ividually 기술 선호도에 따라 원하는 결과를 달성하기 위해 : <ol class="lalpha"><li> 200 μL 피펫을 사용하여 조심스럽게 교반을 일으키는 원인이 혈관에 물을 불고, 아래로 인접한 혈관에 물을 피펫. </li><li> 200 μL 피펫 사용하여 피펫의 코트 벽을 돕기 위해 아래 트립신을 피펫. 그런 다음 조심스럽게 비 혈관 조직을 무너 뜨리는 데 도움이 한 번 용기 전체 네트워크를 피펫 아래. 참고 : 오히려 혈관 네트워크의 가장자리보다 시신경에 피펫 팁을 중심으로하여도 끝까지 고집에서 혈관을 방지 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 부드럽게 비 혈관 구성 요소를 꺼 내려 물 밖으로 미세 집게로 혈관을 올립니다. </li><li> 위의 단계가 작동하지 않으면 조직을 분해하는 데 도움이, 그리고 몇 분 동안 37 ° C에서 배양 망막에 트립신을 추가합니다. 그런 다음, 트립신을 제거하고 단계 4.1-4.3를 반복합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> &lt;강해&gt; 참고 : 코트 트립신의 혈관 (예 : 피펫 팁, 집게)과 접촉하는 모든 악기에 있는지 확인합니다. 이 장비에 혈관의 부착을 방지하는 데 도움이됩니다. 5. 혈관을 시각화 <ol><li> 깨끗한 슬라이드에 물 한 방울을 넣습니다. 200 μL 피펫이나 집게를 사용하여 물에 소화 혈관을 전송할 수 있습니다. 확인 혈관 평면 마운트는 전개된다. 물의 표면 장력은 이제 투명한 혈관 네트워크를 전개하는 데 도움이됩니다. 조직이 전개되지 않는 경우, 추가 물을 추가하고 부드럽게 전개 촉진하기 위해 슬라이드를 흔들어. </li><li> 종이 타월을 피펫 또는 사용하여 매우 느리게 과잉의 물을 제거합니다. </li><li> 슬라이드가 완전히 건조하도록 허용합니다. </li><li> PAS / 헤 마톡 실린이나 H &amp; E 염색 하나를 사용하여 해당 프로토콜을 통해 슬라이드를 얼룩. 참고 : PAS / 헤 마톡 실린은 혈관 벽 세포의 핵을 식별하는 데 유용합니다, H &amp; E는 D에 유용합니다RBC의 emonstration뿐만 아니라. </li><li> (글라스를 덮고 퍼 마운트로 봉입이 매체를 장착) 탈수 및 마운트합니다. </li></ol>

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저자는 그들이 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다.

트립신 다이제스트는 망막의 혈관을 평가하는 표준 방법입니다. 불행히도, 기술적으로 도전하고 정확하게 수행이되지 않을 경우, 시료 손실의 높은 비율이 발생할 수 있습니다. 또한, 절차는 안과 질환의 일반적으로 사용되는 유전자 동물 모델에서이 기술의 적용을 제한 할 수있는 마우스에서 특히 어렵습니다. 이 논문은 마우스 눈에 효과적이고 지속적으로 절차를 수행하는 방법에 대한 지침을...

망막의 혈관을 시각화하는 등 당뇨 망막 병증 등 다양한 안과 질환의 메커니즘을 해부하는 매우 중요한 방법입니다. 그것은 하나의 microaneurysms, 모세 혈관 변성 및 혈관 주위 세포 손실 8,9 등 초기 혈관 이상을 평가할 수 있습니다. 지금까지, 망막 혈관을 분석하기 위해 개발 된 여러 가지 기술이 있었다. 다양한 염료의 혈류가 혈관을 강조하기 위해 사용되었지만, 모두 비슷한 한계를 공유했습니다. 선박 1 파열 및 손상 위험이 높은 압력에서 제공하지 않는 주사는 거의 전체 망막 혈관을 강조합니다. 형광 표지 된 G의 B4 isolectin (; I21413, Invitrogen의, 복합 알렉사 플 루어 594 1:100 희석)와 혈관 내피 세포의 면역 염색 및 망막 평면 마운트하면 혈관의 전반적인 구조를 강조하지만, 모세 혈관의 상세한 시각화, 기저막과 혈관 주위 세포없이 할 수 있습니다 . 그것은에 의해 관찰되었다혈관 정기 산 쉬프 (PAS) 또는 헤 마톡 실린과 에오신 (H &amp; E) 염색을 10으로 망막의 평면 마운트 염색에 의해 강조 할 수 Friedenwald. 그러나 염색은 혈관에 비 특이뿐만 아니라 비 혈관 조직을 강조 어려운 혈관을 차별화하고 있습니다. 1960 년대에, 코간와 쿠와 바라보다 쉽게 망막 1 혈관성 구성 요소를 소화하여 망막 혈관을 시각화 한 트립신 다이제스트 기술을 개발했다. 그 이후, 트립신 다이제스트 망막 2-5의 혈관을 분석하는 황금 표준 방법이되었다. 그러나, 그것은 혈관을 분리 할 수​​있는 다른 대체 기술이 기술되었다 것을주의하는 것이 중요합니다. 삼투 용해의 사용은 혈관을 분리하고 조직 11,12의 생화학 적 연구를 허용하는 데 사용되었지만, 절차는 해부학 적 연구를위한 주요 방법으로 사용되지 않았습니다. 조직의 인쇄 방법은있다미세 혈관의 큰 세그먼트를 분리하는 데 사용하고 혈관 13 electrotonic 구조를 연구 할 수있는 기능을 할 수 있습니다. 이론적으로,이 기술은 또한 혈관의 품질이 높은대로, 해부학 적 변화를 연구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 그러나 그것은 단지 혈관의 전체 네트워크 세그먼트를 분리 할 수​​ 있습니다. 이러한 방법 트립신 다이제스트를 대체 할 수 있지만, 그것은 서로 다른 장점과 단점을 가지고 있으며이 점에서 보완하는 것이 중요하다. 트립신 다이제스트 방법은 기술적으로 도전하고 지속적으로 6,7 수행하기가 어렵습니다. 또한, 그것은 하나의 욕망 망막 6,7의 전체 혈관 구조를 보존하는 경우 특히 트립신 다이제스트, 마우스 모델에 특히 어렵다는 것을 지적하고있다. 과제 요구 (1) 혈관뿐만 아니라 비 혈관 조직 모두의 손실을 일으키는 원인이되는 망막의 이상 소화, (2)에 따라 소화를 포함의 혈관 침대의 손상, 비특이적 염색으로 이어지는 혈관의 비 혈관 조직 (3)별로 분리로 이어질 돌 수 있었다 광범위한 기계적 박리. 몇몇 원고는 이러한 문제를 강조, 그러나 아무도 그들에게 14,15을 극복하기 위해 상세하고 일관된 프로토콜을 제공했다. 이 원고는 특히 어려운 단계를 처리에 대한 구체적인 팁 마우스 및 쥐의 망막에 트립신 다이제스트를 수행하는 방법을 자세히 설명하는 단계별 방법을 소개합니다. 개략도는 그림 1에 표시됩니다.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>REAGENTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% neutral buffered formalin</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>SF100-4</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin (1:250)</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0458-50G</td>
			<td>Make 3% trypsin in 0.1 M Tris</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIZMA base</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T1503-1KG</td>
			<td>Create 0.1 M Tris Buffer (pH 7.8 @ 37 &deg;C)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIZMA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T3253-500G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steritop sterile vacuum bottle</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPS05RE</td>
			<td>Create filtered water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>EQUIPMENT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Any microscope that allows good visualization of the retina is adequate. (10x is sufficient with working distance of 24 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15024-10</td>
			<td>Cutting edge: 8 mm; Tip diameter: 0.2 mm; 10 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight Forceps (Inox)</td>
			<td>Dumont #5</td>
			<td>11252-20</td>
			<td>Biologie tip; 0.05 x 0.02 mm; 11 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved Forcepts (Dumostar)</td>
			<td>Dumont #7</td>
			<td>11297-10</td>
			<td>Biologie tip; 0.07 x 0.04 mm; 11.5 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dubnoff Metabolic Shaker Incubator</td>
			<td>Precision Scientific</td>
			<td>BDG59442</td>
			<td>Shaker optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well dish</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353047</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82027-132</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

trypsin digest protocol to analyze the retinal vasculature of a mouse model

트립신 다이제스트는 망막 혈관 1-5 분석하는 황금 표준 방법입니다. 이것은 망막의 비 혈관 구성 요소의 소화 한 후 상호 혈관 채널의 2 차원 평면 마운트를 작성하여 복잡한 3 차원 망막 혈관과 모세 혈관의 전체 네트워크를 시각화 할 수 있습니다. 이것은 하나의 같은 microaneurysms 등 다양한 병리학 적 혈관 변화, 모세 혈관 변성 및 혈관 주위 세포 비율에 비정상적인 내피 세포를 연구 할 수 있습니다. 그러나, 메소드는 때문에 유전자 조작 6,7의 용이성의 망막을 연구하는 데 가장 널리 사용되는 동물 모델이 있고, 특히 생쥐에서, 기술적 도전이다. 마우스의 눈에서는 망막 혈관의 전반적인 구조를 유지하면서 완전히 비 혈관 구성 요소를 제거하는 것이 특히 어렵습니다. 지금까지, 세부 사항에 트립신 다이제스트 기술을 설명 문학의 부족이 난마우스를 명. 또한 어려운 단계의 문제를 해결에 대한 도움말을 제공하는 동안이 원고 마우스 망막에 트립신 다이제스트의 자세한 단계별 방법을 제공합니다.

성공적인 절차의 최종 제품은 그림 2-4에서와 같이 아키텍처, PAS / 헤 마톡 실린이나 H &amp; E 염색을하거나, 유지와 마우스 망막 혈관의 네트워크 전체의 평면 마운트입니다. 그림 3과 같이 내피 세포와 혈관 주위 세포의 감별법을 볼 수 있습니다. 망막 내피 세포의 핵은 타원형 또는 길쭉한하고 혈관 벽 내에 완전히 거짓말. 혈관 주위 세포의 핵은 작고, 구형, 밀도 얼룩 일?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Trypsin Digest Protocol to Analyze the Retinal Vasculature of a Mouse Model at JoVE.com

Trypsin Digest Protocol to Analyze the Retinal Vasculature of a Mouse Model

트립신 다이제스트 망막 혈관을 분석하기 위해 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 방법 중 하나입니다. 이 원고는 혈관의 전반적인 구조를 유지하면서 기술을 최적화하고 비 혈관 조직을 제거 키 변경 등 세부 방법을 설명합니다.

트립신 다이제스트 프로토콜 마우스 모델의 망막 혈관을 분석하는

Trypsin digest is the gold standard method to analyze the retinal vasculature 1-5. It allows visualization of the entire network of complex ...

trypsin-digest-protocol-to-analyze-retinal-vasculature-mouse

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

18.3K 조회수.  Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine. 트립신 다이제스트 망막 혈관을 분석하기 위해 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 방법 중 하나입니다. 이 원고는 혈관의 전반적인 구조를 유지하면서 기술을 최적화하고 비 혈관 조직을 제거 키 변경 등 세부 방법을 설명합니다.

비디오: Trypsin Digest Protocol to Analyze the Retinal Vasculature of a Mouse Model

Patch Clamp Recordings from Mouse Retinal Neurons in a Dark-adapted Slice Preparation

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of intracellular events that lead to closure of cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels in the cell membrane. The resulting change in membrane potential leads in turn to reductions in the amount of neurotransmitter release from both rod and cone synaptic terminals. To measure how the light-evoked change in photoreceptor membrane potential leads to downstream activity in the retina, scientists have made electrophysiological recordings from retinal slice preparations for decades1,2. In the past these slices have been cut manually with a razor blade on retinal tissue that is attached to filter paper; in recent years another method of slicing has been developed whereby retinal tissue is embedded in low gelling temperature agar and sliced in cool solution with a vibrating microtome3,4. This preparation produces retinal slices with less surface damage and very robust light-evoked responses. Here we document how this procedure can be done under infrared light to avoid bleaching the visual pigment.

Here we describe a procedure for generating dark-adapted slices of the mouse retina for electrophysiological recordings.

어두운 적응 슬라이스 준비에 마우스 망막 뉴런에서 패치 클램프 레코딩

Our visual experience is initiated when the visual pigment in our retinal photoreceptors absorbs photons of light energy and initiates a cascade of ...

연구

신경과학

Dissection of a Mouse Eye for a Whole Mount of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and cones). The RPE is a monolayer of pigmented cuboidal cells and associates closely with the neural retina just above it. This association makes the RPE of great interest to researchers studying retinal diseases. The RPE is also the site of an in vivo assay of homology-directed DNA repair, the pun assay. The mouse eye is particularly difficult to dissect due to its small size (about 3.5mm in diameter) and its spherical shape. This article demonstrates in detail a procedure for dissection of the eye resulting in a whole mount of the RPE. In this procedure, we show how to work with, rather than against, the spherical structure of the eye. Briefly, the connective tissue, muscle, and optic nerve are removed from the back of the eye. Then, the cornea and lens are removed. Next, strategic cuts are made that result in significant flattening of the remaining tissue. Finally, the neural retina is gently lifted off, revealing an intact RPE, which is still attached to the underlying choroid and sclera. This whole mount can be used to perform the pun assay or for immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescent assessment of the RPE tissue.

A formal demonstration of the dissection of a mouse eye, resulting in a whole mount of the retinal pigment epithelium.

망막 안료 상피의 전체 마운트를위한 마우스 아이의 해부

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lies at the back of the mammalian eye, just under the neural retina, which contains the photoreceptors (rods and ...

An Optic Nerve Crush Injury Murine Model to Study Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible vision loss. Examples of such diseases in human include traumatic optic neuropathy and optic nerve degeneration in glaucoma. It is characterized by typical changes in the optic nerve head, progressive optic nerve degeneration, and loss of retinal ganglion cells, if uncontrolled, leading to vision loss and blindness.
The optic nerve crush (ONC) injury mouse model is an important experimental disease model for traumatic optic neuropathy, glaucoma, etc. In this model, the crush injury to the optic nerve leads to gradual retinal ganglion cells apoptosis. This disease model can be used to study the general processes and mechanisms of neuronal death and survival, which is essential for the development of therapeutic measures. In addition, pharmacological and molecular approaches can be used in this model to identify and test potential therapeutic reagents to treat different types of optic neuropathy.
Here, we provide a step by step demonstration of (I) Baseline retrograde labeling of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) at day 1, (II) Optic nerve crush injury at day 4, (III) Harvest the retinae and analyze RGC survival at day 11, and (IV) Representative result.

This protocol shows how to retrogradely label retinal ganglion cells, and how to subsequently make an optic nerve crush injury in order to analyze retinal ganglion cell survival and apoptosis. It is an experimental disease model for different types of optic neuropathy, including glaucoma.

망막 신경절 세포의 생존을 공부 시신경의 호감 상해 Murine 모델

Injury to the optic nerve can lead to axonal degeneration, followed by a gradual death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which results in irreversible ...

Morphometric Analyses of Retinal Sections

Morphometric analyses of retinal sections have been used in examining retinal diseases. For examples, neuronal cells were significantly lost in the retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL) in rat models with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)&#x2013;induced excitotoxicity1, retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury2 and glaucoma3. Reduction of INL and inner plexiform layer (IPL) thicknesses were reversed with citicoline treatment in rats' eyes subjected to kainic acid-mediated glutamate excitotoxicity4. Alteration of RGC density and soma sizes were observed with different drug treatments in eyes with elevated intraocular pressure3,5,6. Therefore, having objective methods of analyzing the retinal morphometries may be of great significance in evaluating retinal pathologies and the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies.
The retinal structure is multi-layers and several different kinds of neurons exist in the retina. The morphometric parameters of retina such as cell number, cell size and thickness of different layers are more complex than the cell culture system. Early on, these parameters can be detected using other commercial imaging software. The values are normally of relative value, and changing to the precise value may need further accurate calculation. Also, the tracing of the cell size and morphology may not be accurate and sensitive enough for statistic analysis, especially in the chronic glaucoma model. The measurements used in this protocol provided a more precise and easy way. And the absolute length of the line and size of the cell can be reported directly and easy to be copied to other files. For example, we traced the margin of the inner and outer most nuclei in the INL and formed a line then using the software to draw a 90 degree angle to measure the thickness. While without the help of the software, the line maybe oblique and the changing of retinal thickness may not be repeatable among individual observers. In addition, the number and density of RGCs can also be quantified. This protocol successfully decreases the variability in quantitating features of the retina, increases the sensitivity in detecting minimal changes.
 	This video will demonstrate three types of morphometric analyses of the retinal sections. They include measuring the INL thickness, quantifying the number of RGCs and measuring the sizes of RGCs in absolute value. These three analyses are carried out with Stereo Investigator (MBF Bioscience &mdash; MicroBrightField, Inc.). The technique can offer a simple but scientific platform for morphometric analyses.

This video demonstrates three types of morphometric analyses of the retina, which include measuring the inner nuclear layer thickness, quantifying the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and measuring the sizes of RGCs. The technique can offer a simple but scientific platform for morphometric analyses.

망막 섹션 Morphometric 분석

Morphometric analyses of retinal sections have been used in examining retinal diseases. For examples, neuronal cells were significantly lost in the ...

A Visual Description of the Dissection of the Cerebral Surface Vasculature and Associated Meninges and the Choroid Plexus from Rat Brain

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain proper, that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. The tissue harvested is suitable for biochemical and physiological analysis, and the MAV has been shown to be sensitive to damage produced by amphetamine and hyperthermia 1,2. As well, the major and minor cerebral vasculatures harvested in MAV are of potentially high interest when investigating concussive types of head trauma. The MAV dissected in this presentation consists of the pial and some of the arachnoid membrane (less dura) of the meninges and the major and minor cerebral surface vasculature. The choroid plexus dissected is the structure that resides in the lateral ventricles as described by Oldfield and McKinley3,4,5,6. The methods used for harvesting these two tissues also facilitate the harvesting of regional cortical tissue devoid of meninges and larger cerebral surface vasculature, and is compatible with harvesting other brain tissues such as striatum, hypothalamus, hippocampus, etc. The dissection of the two tissues takes from 5 to 10 min total. The gene expression levels for the dissected MAV and choroid plexus, as shown and described in this presentation can be found at GSE23093 (MAV) and GSE29733 (choroid plexus) at the NCBI GEO repository. This data has been, and is being, used to help further understand the functioning of the MAV and choroid plexus and how neurotoxic events such as severe hyperthermia and AMPH adversely affect their function.

This video presentation shows a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures that support forebrain function. They are the cerebral surface (superficial) vasculature along with associated meninges (MAV) and the choroid plexus which are necessary for cerebral blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis.

쥐의 뇌에서 뇌 표면 Vasculature 및 관련 Meninges의 해부 및 맥락막 얼기의 시각적 설명

This video presentation was created to show a method of harvesting the two most important highly vascular structures, not residing within the brain ...

Implementing Dynamic Clamp with Synaptic and Artificial Conductances in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs arising from specific neural circuits. Patch clamp techniques, in voltage clamp and current clamp configurations, are commonly used to study the physiological properties of neurons and to characterize their synaptic inputs. Although the application of these techniques is highly informative, they pose various limitations. For example, it is difficult to quantify how the precise interactions of excitatory and inhibitory inputs determine response output. To address this issue, we used a modified current clamp technique, dynamic clamp, also called conductance clamp 1, 2, 3 and examined the impact of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs on neuronal excitability. This technique requires the injection of current into the cell and is dependent on the real-time feedback of its membrane potential at that time. The injected current is calculated from predetermined excitatory and inhibitory synaptic conductances, their reversal potentials and the cell's instantaneous membrane potential. Details on the experimental procedures, patch clamping cells to achieve a whole-cell configuration and employment of the dynamic clamp technique are illustrated in this video article. Here, we show the responses of mouse retinal ganglion cells to various conductance waveforms obtained from physiological experiments in control conditions or in the presence of drugs. Furthermore, we show the use of artificial excitatory and inhibitory conductances generated using alpha functions to investigate the responses of the cells.

This video article illustrates the set-up, the procedures to patch cell bodies and how to implement dynamic clamp recordings from ganglion cells in whole-mount mouse retinae. This technique allows the investigation of the precise contribution of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs, and their relative magnitude and timing to neuronal spiking.

마우스 망막 신경절 세포의 시냅스와 인공 컨덕턴스와 동적 클램프 구현

Ganglion cells are the output neurons of the  retina and their activity reflects the integration of multiple synaptic inputs  arising from specific neural ...

The Corneal Micropocket Assay: A Model of Angiogenesis in the Mouse Eye

The mouse corneal micropocket assay is a robust and quantitative in vivo assay for evaluating angiogenesis. By using standardized slow-release pellets containing specific growth factors that trigger blood vessel growth throughout the naturally avascular cornea, angiogenesis can be measured and quantified. In this assay the angiogenic response is generated over the course of several days, depending on the type and dose of growth factor used. The induction of neovascularization is commonly triggered by either basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). By combining these growth factors with sucralfate and hydron (poly-HEMA (poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate))) and casting the mixture into pellets, they can be surgically implanted in the mouse eye. These uniform pellets slowly-release the growth factors over five or six days (bFGF or VEGF respectively) enabling sufficient angiogenic response required for vessel area quantification using a slit lamp. This assay can be used for different applications, including the evaluation of angiogenic modulator drugs or treatments as well as comparison between different genetic backgrounds affecting angiogenesis. A skilled investigator after practicing this assay can implant a pellet in less than 5 min per eye.

The protocol describes the corneal micropocket assay as developed in mice.

각막 Micropocket 분석 : 마우스 눈에있는 혈관의 모델

The mouse corneal micropocket assay is a robust and quantitative in vivo assay for evaluating angiogenesis. By using standardized slow-release pellets ...

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) Assay

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and lifespan. In addition, telomerase protects the mitochondria from oxidative stress and confers resistance to apoptosis, suggesting its possible importance for the surviving of non-mitotic, highly active cells such as neurons. We previously demonstrated the ability of novel telomerase activators to increase telomerase activity and expression in the various mouse brain regions and to protect motor neurons cells from oxidative stress. These results strengthen the notion that telomerase is involved in the protection of neurons from various lesions. To underline the role of telomerase in the brain, we here compare the activity of telomerase in male and female mouse brain and its dependence on age. TRAP assay is a standard method for detecting telomerase activity in various tissues or cell lines. Here we demonstrate the analysis of telomerase activity in three regions of the mouse brain by non-denaturing protein extraction using CHAPS lysis buffer followed by modification of the standard TRAP assay.
In this 2-step assay, endogenous telomerase elongates a specific telomerase substrate (TS primer) by adding TTAGGG 6 bp repeats (telomerase reaction). The telomerase reaction products are amplified by PCR reaction creating a DNA ladder of 6 bp increments. The analysis of the DNA ladder is made by 4.5% high resolution agarose gel electrophoresis followed by staining with highly sensitive nucleic acid stain.
Compared to the traditional TRAP assay that utilize 32P labeled radioactive dCTP&#39;s for DNA detection and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for resolving the DNA ladder, this protocol offers a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for evaluating telomerase activity in the mouse brain, demonstrating the ability to detect differences in telomerase activity in the various female and male mouse brain region.

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

마우스 뇌의 다양한 지역에서 텔로 머라 제 활동 : 비 방사성 텔로 머라 제는 증폭 프로토콜을 반복 (TRAP) 분석

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and ...

Video Imaging and Spatiotemporal Maps to Analyze Gastrointestinal Motility in Mice

The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility and can function independently of the central nervous system. Changes in ENS function are a major cause of GI symptoms and disease and may contribute to GI symptoms reported in neuropsychiatric disorders including autism. It is well established that isolated colon segments generate spontaneous, rhythmic contractions known as Colonic Migrating Motor Complexes (CMMCs). A procedure to analyze the enteric neural regulation of CMMCs in ex vivo preparations of mouse colon is described. The colon is dissected from the animal and flushed to remove fecal content prior to being cannulated in an organ bath. Data is acquired via a video camera positioned above the organ bath and converted to high-resolution spatiotemporal maps via an in-house software package. Using this technique, baseline contractile patterns and pharmacological effects on ENS function in colon segments can be compared over 3-4 hr. In addition, propagation length and speed of CMMCs can be recorded as well as changes in gut diameter and contraction frequency. This technique is useful for characterizing gastrointestinal motility patterns in transgenic mouse models (and in other species including rat and guinea pig). In this way, pharmacologically induced changes in CMMCs are recorded in wild type mice and in the Neuroligin-3R451C mouse model of autism. Furthermore, this technique can be applied to other regions of the GI tract including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and at different developmental ages in mice.

This article describes a video imaging technique and high-resolution spatiotemporal mapping to identify changes in the neural regulation of colonic motility in adult mice. Subtle effects on gastrointestinal (GI) function can be detected using this approach in isolated tissue preparations to advance our understanding of GI disease.

비디오 이미징 및 시공간지도는 마우스에서 위장관 운동성을 분석하는

The enteric nervous system (ENS) plays an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility and can function independently of the central ...

Protocol for Isolating the Mouse Circle of Willis

The cerebral arterial circle (circulus arteriosus cerebri) or circle of Willis (CoW) is a circulatory anastomosis surrounding the optic chiasma and hypothalamus that supplies blood to the brain and surrounding structures. It has been implicated in several cerebrovascular disorders, including cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA)-associated vasculopathies, intracranial atherosclerosis and intracranial aneurysms. Studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases for the identification of novel drug targets for their prevention require animal models. Some of these models may be transgenic, whereas others will involve isolation of the cerebro-vasculature, including the CoW.The method described here is suitable for CoW isolation in any mouse lineage and has considerable potential for screening (expression of genes, protein production, posttranslational protein modifications, secretome analysis, etc.) studies on the large vessels of the mouse cerebro-vasculature. It can also be used for ex vivo studies, by adapting the organ bath system developed for isolated mouse olfactory arteries.

We describe here a reproducible protocol for isolating the mouse circle of Willis.

윌리스의 마우스 원을 분리하는 프로토콜

The cerebral arterial circle (circulus arteriosus cerebri) or circle of Willis (CoW) is a circulatory anastomosis surrounding the optic chiasma and ...