博士ジョセフブロンズィーノ、博士ハミーアブ·Hassaballah氏RJオースティン - ラフランス、そして氏ジェシカKoranda：著者は、次のことを認めることを願っています。

このプロトコルは、3と18歳30〜50 gでおよその体重ヶ月）のマウスに適しています。マウスは、ジャクソン·ラボラトリー（バーハーバー、ME）から得ることができる。すべての外科的および実験プロトコルは、トリニティカレッジ動物実験委員会によって承認され、実験動物の管理と使用に関するNI​​Hのガイドに合わせてあった。 1。動物の準備および外科的処置<ol><li>ケタミン（25 mg / ml）を、キシラジン（2.5 mg / ml）を、およびアセプロマジン（0.5 mg / mlの）を含む麻酔のカクテルを用意してください。その後、ペダル引っ込め反射を使用して麻酔の深さを安定して維持するために45分ごとに0.2ミリリットル/ kgを注射により補充腹部の右下の象限には1ml /体重kgを注入する。 </li><li>電気シェーバーを使用して頭蓋に毛を剃ることで手術の麻酔をかけたマウスを準備します。剃毛面積は耳の中央に目の真ん中を含める必要があります。 whiskeを剃るしないようにしてください彼らは、マウスのバレル感覚系の一部であるとしてRS。 </li><li>頭に剃毛領域にベタジン続いイソプロピルアルコールを適用するために綿棒を使用してください。そして、また、綿棒を使用して、乾燥から眼球を防止するために、目にミネラルオイルを少量適用する。 </li><li>定位フレーム装置に動物の頭をマウントするために、乳児ラットの耳の袖口の代わりに、定期的な耳のバーを使用します。これを行うには、まず左耳の袖口に左耳をマウントします。ゆっくり優しく片手で動物の頭を支え、もう一方の手で耳のカフを進めることによって、右袖口に右耳を和らげる。次に、動物の身体の下に加熱パッドを配置し、体温を維持するために86°Fに設定します。 </li><li>その後、左右にヘッド側を移動しようとすることによって、二国間の剛性をチェックする。動物は頭部が硬質であるときに適切に定位フレームに取り付けられており、左右に移動することはできませんが、簡単に上下に旋回することができます。 </li><li>優しく休む切歯は鼻/歯の棒の歯の開口部内に静かにしっかりと休んでいることを確認しながら、鼻/歯のバーアセンブリ上でマウスの鼻。 </li><li>滅菌メスを使用して、耳の中央に目の途中から始まる正中切開を行います。メスでは45°の角度に保持し、それが過度の出血の原因になりますように、基礎となる筋膜を通してではなく、頭蓋骨を切断するのに十分な圧力をかけることがされていることを確認してください。 </li><li>筋膜を分離し、頭蓋骨を露出させた綿棒を使用してください。頭蓋骨はブレグマの観光スポットとラムダ（ 図1A）はっきり見えるはずです。動物はブレグマとラムダのランドマークが同じ背腹（DV）の位置（+ 0.1ミリメートル）であるように、鼻/歯のバーを調整することにより、頭蓋骨のフラットな位置にあることを確認してください。 </li><li>露光部に滅菌生理食塩水を少量つけて軽く頭蓋骨をきれいに綿棒を使用しています。その後、完全に空気乾燥頭蓋骨のため2〜3分待って先に進む前に。 </li><li>ブレグマとラムダのDVの位置を測定するために左に定位腕に針を取り付けます。これら2ランドマークのDVの位置は、互いの0.1ミリメートル以内でなければなりません。そうでない場合、定位フレームのノーズバーは、これを達成するために上下に調整することができる。 </li><li>その前後（AP）、横方向（LAT）と背腹（DV）の測定値を記録するためにブレグマの針の位置を決めます。針がちょうど頭蓋骨に触れ、それを貫通していないことを確認してください。 </li><li>ターゲット構造の座標を決定するために、そのような「定位座標でのマウス脳」として、1をマウス脳アトラスを使用します。内側有孔質路（MPP）海馬の角の束と歯状回（DG）で、ラムダの相対それぞれブレグマは、（ 表1も参照）。その後、頭蓋骨にこれらの点をマークするために細かいボールペンや鉛筆を使用しています。 </li><li>また、頭蓋骨の反対側の2つのより多くのポイントをマークします。これらの点WHICHグランド（GND）と参照（REF）となる正中線から約3mmであるべきであり（ 図1A、表1）は 、互いに対して長手方向に位置する。 </li><li>左定位アームから針マーカーを削除し、定位マウントを搭載した電気歯科用ドリルに交換してください。各マークされた点の上にドリルを置き、直径約0.5ミリメートルの小さなバーホールを作る。掘削時には、反復的な上下運動を使用し、ドリルが脳表面を露出させるために頭蓋骨を貫通したか否かを頻繁に確認する。 </li><li>慎重にしっかり、彼らはそれを貫通することなく皮質表面に触れていることなど（ 図1A（＃0-80ステンレス製小ねじ1/8、ヘッドフィリマイナス）対側の穴（GNDとREF）のそれぞれにネジ電極をドライブ）。これらの2つのネジ電極はグランドと参考になる。 </li><li>マウントは、電気で刺激電極と記録左右の定位腕にデ·ホルダー、。 </li><li>電気生理学的差動アンプ（ゲイン= 1,000 = 1 HZ-3 kHzのバンドパスフィルタ）に現在の独立した電気生理学的な刺激と記録電極端子に刺激電極端子を接続し、誘発反応の目視検査のためのデジタルオシロスコープに。また、差動増幅器にGNDとREF電極端子を接続する。 </li><li>優しくゆっくりと視覚的に600〜800 UAの刺激ショック誘発反応をモニターしながら、0.5ミリメートル刻みで刺激的記録電極の両方低い。彼らはそれぞれの目標のDV位置に到達し、ステレオタイプの信号はオシロスコープ（ 図1B）上で観察されるまで、各電極を下げ続けています。 </li><li>その後、所定の位置に電極端子を保持するためのキャップを作るために歯科アクリルセメントを使用し、肌に触れるあらゆる歯科用セメントを拭き取るべきであるすぐに。歯科用セメントが完全に硬化したら、クリーン齧歯類ケージに定位フレームから動物を転送します。コア温度を維持するために、加熱ランプまたはパッドを使用してください。 </li><li>それが意識を取り戻すまで、動物ごとに時間を監視します。フルニキシンの注入は、鎮痛薬として投与することができる。 </li></ol> 2。 LTP誘導<ol><li>動物5〜7日は手術から回復することができます。 （122センチ×43センチメートルX 43センチメートル）防音材を装備し、電極を接続する5チャンネルの回転整流子は、刺激/記録のセットアップにつながるファラデーケージからなる録音環境で動物を置きます。 </li><li>動物は（1.17ステップ参照）刺激と記録の楽器に電極を接続する前に、録音環境で1〜2時間、順応することができます。 </li><li>出力400 UAに、刺激のコントロールを設定し、必ず目を作る反応を誘発10の平均の振幅を記録刺激の間に少なくとも10秒経過した。誘発反応を定量化するために、図1（c）に示す方法を使用します。 600、800、千、1200、および1400 UAに対して、この手順を繰り返します。 </li><li>刺激強度に対する誘発反応の平均振幅をプロットすることにより、入力/出力曲線を構築します。このプロットから測定された最大振幅の50％に相当する刺激強度を決定する。実験の残り50％の強度を使用してください。 </li><li>次いで、50％の刺激強度を用いて、5の平均振幅を記録することによってベースラインを得る応答を15分間毎分誘発。もう一度確認して刺激の間に少なくとも10秒経過していることを確認します。 </li><li>その後、内側有孔質路には5Hzのバースト速度で400 Hzで配信10パルスの10バーストから成るテタヌス刺激を提供します。濡れた犬の揺れなど、発作の兆候のために密接に動物を監視します。動物は発作experimを持っている場合ENTは終了されるべきであり、その動物からのすべてのデータは、調査結果から除外されるべきである。 </li><li>その後、5の平均振幅が応答を30分posttetanization毎分を誘発記録し続けています。その後、ベースラインからの変化率（％）（ 図2）を計算することにより、ステップ2.5で得られたベースライン振幅に、この振幅を比較する。 </li><li>実験の終了後、動物をイソフルラン系アメリカ獣医師会の安楽死に関するガイドラインと一致している方法の吸入によって安楽死させています。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Paxinos, G., Franklin, K. B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The mouse brain in stereotaxic coordinates. , (2004).</li><li>Bliss, T. V. P., Lomo, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-lasting+potentiation+of+synaptic+transmission+in+the+dentate+area+of+the+anesthetized+rabbit+following+stimulation+of+the+perforant+path.">Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path.</a> J. Physiol. 232, 331-356 (1973).</li><li>Blaise, J. H., Bronzino, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+stimulus+frequency+and+age+on+bidirectional+synaptic+plasticity+in+the+dentate+gyrus+of+freely+moving+rats.">Effects of stimulus frequency and age on bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats.</a> Exp. Neurol. 182, 497-506 (2003).</li><li>Blaise, J. H., Koranda, J. L., Chow, U., Haines, K. E., Dorward, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+isolation+stress+alters+bidirectional+long-term+synaptic+plasticity+in+amygdalo-hippocampal+synapses+in+freely+behaving+adult+rats.">Neonatal isolation stress alters bidirectional long-term synaptic plasticity in amygdalo-hippocampal synapses in freely behaving adult rats.</a> Brain Res. 1193, 25-33 (2008).</li><li>Koranda, J. L., Masino, S. A., Blaise, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bidirectional+synaptic+plasticity+in+the+dentate+gyrus+of+the+awake+freely+behaving+mouse.">Bidirectional synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus of the awake freely behaving mouse.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 167, 160-166 (2008).</li><li>Cooke, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophosphorylation+of+alphaCaMKII+is+not+a+general+requirement+for+NMDA+receptor-dependent+LTP+in+the+adult+mouse.">Autophosphorylation of alphaCaMKII is not a general requirement for NMDA receptor-dependent LTP in the adult mouse.</a> J. Physiol. 574, 805-818 (2006).</li><li>Davis, S., Bliss, T. V., Dutrieux, G., Laroche, S., Errington, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+and+duration+of+long-term+potentiation+in+the+hippocampus+of+the+freely+moving+mouse.">Induction and duration of long-term potentiation in the hippocampus of the freely moving mouse.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 75, 75-80 (1997).</li><li>Jones, M. W., Peckham, H. M., Errington, M. L., Bliss, T. V., Routtenberg, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+plasticity+in+the+hippocampus+of+awake+C57BL/6+and+DBA/2+mice:+interstrain+differences+and+parallels+with+behavior.">Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of awake C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice: interstrain differences and parallels with behavior.</a> Hippocampus. 11, 391-396 (2001).</li><li>Zhang, T. A., Tang, J., Pidoplichko, V. I., Dani, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Addictive+nicotine+alters+local+circuit+inhibition+during+the+induction+of+in+vivo+hippocampal+synaptic+potentiation.">Addictive nicotine alters local circuit inhibition during the induction of in vivo hippocampal synaptic potentiation.</a> J. Neurosci. 30, 6443-6453 (2010).</li><li>Tang, J., Dani, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+enables+in+vivo+synaptic+plasticity+associated+with+the+addictive+drug+nicotine.">Dopamine enables in vivo synaptic plasticity associated with the addictive drug nicotine.</a> Neuron. 63, 673-682 (2009).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

このプロトコルでは、自由に行動するマウスにおいてDG中でLTPを研究するための確実かつ簡単な方法を実証した。覚醒ラットにおけるLTPの多くの研究が3,4行われてきたが、非常に少数のは、主にマウスでは限られた頭蓋の不動産がもたらす技術的な複雑さとの平均重量を基準に、電極ヘッドステージの重みに目を覚ましたマウスで行われているマウス5。自由にマイクロドライ...

遺伝子を操作する技術の開発がほぼすべての神経変性および神経疾患のトランスジェニックおよびノックアウトマウスモデルを生産している。これは、以前にマウス動物モデルに大きいげっ歯類種において使用される電気生理学的研究技術の翻訳を必要としている。一つのこのような神経生理学的な調査技術は、種々の神経病理学的疾患に関与する神経回路網内のシナプス結合の有効性を試験するために使用長期増強（LTP）である。このプロトコルは、自由にマウスを振る舞うにおけるLTPの信頼性のある電気生理学的調査のための手法について説明します。他のものよりもこのプロトコルの利点は、単純で実装が容易であることであり、それはそれは高価なコンピュータ制御のマイクロドライブシステムや電界効果トランジスタのヘッドステージの使用どちらも必要としないこともなく、低コストであり、我々の知る限りでは、慢性電気生理学的記録トンの最初のビデオプロトコルですO自由にマウスを振る舞うにLTPを研究。この目的のために、我々は、この記事内で自由に行動するマウスでは長期増強を研究するための簡単​​な方法を説明します。これらの方法論は容易に神経病理学的疾患のトランスジェニックおよびノックアウトマウスモデルに変換することができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="514">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Ketamine (100 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Henry Schein</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">10177</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Xylazine (20 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Henry Schein</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">33197</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Acepromazine (10 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Henry Schein</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">2177</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:195px;">Dental acrylic powder</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Lang Dental Manufacturing Co.</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">1330CLR</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:195px;">Dental acrylic liquid</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Lang Dental Manufacturing Co.</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">1306CLR</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:195px;">Tungsten wire (0.127 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">TGW0515</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:195px;">Stainless Steel Hypodermic Tubing (0.286 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">832400</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Flunixin (50 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Henry Schein</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">14165</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Epoxilyte</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">Superior Essex</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">EP 6001-M</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:195px;">Stainless steel wire insert (0.2 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>792900</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Stereotaxic frame apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Model 902</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Ear cuffs (ear cups)</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Model 921&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Electrophysiological stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Astro-Med, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">S88</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:195px;">Digital oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">B &#38; K Precision Corp.</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">2542</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:195px;">Current isolation unit</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Astro-Med, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">PSIU-6</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:195px;">Differential amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">DAM-50</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Commutator</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Plastics One</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">SLC6</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Dental drill</td>
			<td style="width:95px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">58650</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

long-term potentiation of perforant pathway-dentate gyrus synapse in freely behaving mice

シナプス伝達効率の長期増強の研究は、潜在的な細胞メカニズム基本的な学習や情報記憶装置として、それが魅力的にする特性を有する活性依存性シナプス現象は、長い間、海馬、扁桃体の様々な神経回路の生理機能を解明するために使用されている、および他の辺縁系および皮質構造。これを念頭において、神経疾患のトランスジェニックマウスモデルは、学習、感情情報とに関与する神経回路網における正常および異常なシナプスの通信における遺伝子の役割をより深く理解を開発するために長期増強（LTP）の研究を行うために有用なプラットフォームを表す処理。この記事では、確実に自由に行動するマウスではLTPを誘導するための方法論を説明します。これらの方法論は、自由神経変性疾患のマウスモデルの挙動を、トランスジェニックおよびノックアウトの研究において使用され得る。

このプロトコルで使用される表1は、DGとMPPの座標を示している。図1（a）は、頭蓋骨上の標的構 ​​造のためのマーキングを示し、。も示すグランドおよび基準電極の位置している。図1Bは、担当者が事前に両方の応答トレースを誘発示しています。と同じ動物におけるposttetanization。 posttetanization応答が。 図1Cは、応答振幅を定量するために...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice at JoVE.com

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice

神経疾患のトランスジェニックおよびノックアウトマウスモデルは、正常および異常な神経生理学における遺伝子の役割を研究するために有用である。この記事では、長期増強、自由神経病理のマウスモデルを振る舞うトランスジェニックおよびノックアウトで学習と記憶を、根底にある細胞メカニズムを研究するために使用することができる方法を説明します。

自由に行動するマウスにおける有孔質路 - 歯状回シナプスの長期増強

Studies of long-term potentiation of synaptic efficacy, an activity-dependent synaptic phenomenon having properties that make it attractive as a potential ...

long-term-potentiation-perforant-pathway-dentate-gyrus-synapse-freely

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

14.0K ビュー.  Trinity College. 神経疾患のトランスジェニックおよびノックアウトマウスモデルは、正常および異常な神経生理学における遺伝子の役割を研究するために有用である。この記事では、長期増強、自由神経病理のマウスモデルを振る舞うトランスジェニックおよびノックアウトで学習と記憶を、根底にある細胞メカニズムを研究するために使用することができる方法を説?...

ビデオ: Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice

Mouse Short- and Long-term Locomotor Activity Analyzed by Video Tracking Software

Locomotor activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice and other rodents. Improvements in video tracking software (VTS) have allowed it to be coupled to LMA testing, dramatically improving specificity and sensitivity when compared to the line crossings method with manual scoring. In addition, VTS enables high-throughput experimentation. While similar to automated video tracking used for the open field test (OFT), LMA testing is unique in that it allows mice to remain in their home cage and does not utilize the anxiogenic stimulus of bright lighting during the active phase of the light-dark cycle. Traditionally, LMA has been used for short periods of time (mins), while longer movement studies (hrs-days) have often used implanted transmitters and biotelemetry. With the option of real-time tracking, long-, like short-term LMA testing, can now be conducted using videography. Long-term LMA testing requires a specialized, but easily constructed, cage so that food and water (which is usually positioned on the cage top) does not obstruct videography. Importantly, videography and VTS allows for the quantification of parameters, such as path of mouse movement, that are difficult or unfeasible to measure with line crossing and/or biotelemetry. In sum, LMA testing coupled to VTS affords a more complete description of mouse movement and the ability to examine locomotion over an extended period of time.

Locomotor activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice. Coupling of video tracking software (VTS) and LMA allows for the improvement of specificity and sensitivity, especially when compared with the manual, line crossing method of LMA analysis. Additionally VTS allows long-term tracking of mouse LMA.

ビデオトラッキングソフトウェアによって分析されるマウスの短期および長期の自発運動

Locomotor  activity (LMA) is a simple and easily performed measurement of behavior in mice  and other rodents. Improvements in video tracking software ...

行動学

Construction of Microdrive Arrays for Chronic Neural Recordings in Awake Behaving Mice

State-of-the-art electrophysiological recordings from the brains of freely behaving animals allow researchers to simultaneously examine local field potentials (LFPs) from populations of neurons and action potentials from individual cells, as the animal engages in experimentally relevant tasks. Chronically implanted microdrives allow for brain recordings to last over periods of several weeks. Miniaturized drives and lightweight components allow for these long-term recordings to occur in small mammals, such as mice. By using tetrodes, which consist of tightly braided bundles of four electrodes in which each wire has a diameter of 12.5 &mu;m, it is possible to isolate physiologically active neurons in superficial brain regions such as the cerebral cortex, dorsal hippocampus, and subiculum, as well as deeper regions such as the striatum and the amygdala. Moreover, this technique insures stable, high-fidelity neural recordings as the animal is challenged with a variety of behavioral tasks. This manuscript describes several techniques that have been optimized to record from the mouse brain. First, we show how to fabricate tetrodes, load them into driveable tubes, and gold-plate their tips in order to reduce their impedance from M&Omega; to K&Omega; range. Second, we show how to construct a custom microdrive assembly for carrying and moving the tetrodes vertically, with the use of inexpensive materials. Third, we show the steps for assembling a commercially available microdrive (Neuralynx VersaDrive) that is designed to carry independently movable tetrodes. Finally, we present representative results of local field potentials and single-unit signals obtained in the dorsal subiculum of mice. These techniques can be easily modified to accommodate different types of electrode arrays and recording schemes in the mouse brain.

The design and assembly of microdrives for in vivo electrophysiological recordings of brain signals from the mouse is described. By attaching microelectrode bundles to sturdy driveable carriers, these techniques allow for long-term and stable neural recordings. The lightweight design allows for unrestricted behavioral performance by the animal following drive implantation.

アウェイク行動マウスにおける慢性神経録音のためにマイクロドライブアレイの構築

State-of-the-art electrophysiological recordings from the brains of freely behaving animals allow researchers to simultaneously examine local field ...

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

In this experiment we present a technique to measure learning and memory. In the trace fear conditioning protocol presented here there are five pairings between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. There is a 20 sec trace period that separates each conditioning trial. On the following day freezing is measured during presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS) and trace period. On the third day there is an 8 min test to measure contextual memory. The representative results are from mice that were presented with the aversive unconditioned stimulus (shock) compared to mice that received the tone presentations without the unconditioned stimulus. Trace fear conditioning has been successfully used to detect subtle learning and memory deficits and enhancements in mice that are not found with other fear conditioning methods. This type of fear conditioning is believed to be dependent upon connections between the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. One current controversy is whether this method is believed to be amygdala-independent. Therefore, other fear conditioning testing is needed to examine amygdala-dependent learning and memory effects, such as through the delay fear conditioning.

In the following experiment we describe a protocol for trace fear conditioning in mice. This type of associative memory includes a trace period that separates the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus.

マウスにおける恐怖条件付けをトレース

In this experiment we present a technique to measure learning and memory. In the trace fear conditioning protocol presented here there are five pairings ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

変更された穴会は - マウスとラットにおける行動、認知と社会的相互作用を測定する

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental paradigms and analysis tools have been limited to constrained laboratory tasks and contexts due to technical limitations imposed by the available set of measuring and analysis techniques and the age of the subjects. These limitations severely limit the study of developmental neural dynamics and associated neural networks engaged in cognition, perception and action in infants performing &#8220;in action and in context&#8221;. This protocol presents a novel approach to study infants and young children as they freely organize their own behavior, and its consequences in a complex, partly unpredictable and highly dynamic environment. The proposed methodology integrates synchronized high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG), inertial measurement units (IMUs), video recording and behavioral analysis to capture brain activity and movement non-invasively in freely-behaving infants. This setup allows for the study of neural network dynamics in the developing brain, in action and context, as these networks are recruited during goal-oriented, exploration and social interaction tasks.

This protocol presents a novel methodology for the neural decoding of intent from freely-behaving infants during unscripted social interaction with an actor. Neural activity is acquired using non-invasive high-density active scalp electroencephalography (EEG). Kinematic data is collected with inertial measurement units and supplemented with synchronized video recording.

自由に振る舞うヒト乳児における社会的相互作用の間に意思のマルチモーダル神経デコーディングするための新規の実験と解析手法

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental ...

A Pressure Injection System for Investigating the Neuropharmacology of Information Processing in Awake Behaving Macaque Monkey Cortex

The top-down modulation of feed-forward cortical information processing is functionally important for many cognitive processes, including the modulation of sensory information processing by attention. However, little is known about which neurotransmitter systems are involved in such modulations. A practical way to address this question is to combine single-cell recording with local and temporary neuropharmacological manipulation in a suitable animal model. Here we demonstrate a technique combining acute single-cell recordings with the injection of neuropharmacological agents in the direct vicinity of the recording electrode. The video shows the preparation of the pressure injection/recording system, including preparation of the substance to be injected. We show a rhesus monkey performing a visual attention task and the procedure of single-unit recording with block-wise pharmacological manipulations.

Here, we show the pressure injection of neuropharmacological substances during single-cell recording in an awake, behaving macaque monkey. This procedure allows pharmacological manipulation in the direct vicinity of a cortical recording site.

目を覚まし振る舞うマカクザルのCortexに情報処理の神経薬理学の調査用圧力注入システム

The top-down modulation of feed-forward cortical information processing is functionally important for many cognitive processes, including the modulation ...

Multi-layer Cortical Ca2+ Imaging in Freely Moving Mice with Prism Probes and Miniaturized Fluorescence Microscopy

In vivo circuit and cellular level functional imaging is a critical tool for understanding the brain in action. High resolution imaging of mouse cortical neurons with two-photon microscopy has provided unique insights into cortical structure, function and plasticity. However, these studies are limited to head fixed animals, greatly reducing the behavioral complexity available for study. In this paper, we describe a procedure for performing chronic fluorescence microscopy with cellular-resolution across multiple cortical layers in freely behaving mice. We used an integrated miniaturized fluorescence microscope paired with an implanted prism probe to simultaneously visualize and record the calcium dynamics of hundreds of neurons across multiple layers of the somatosensory cortex as the mouse engaged in a novel object exploration task, over several days. This technique can be adapted to other brain regions in different animal species for other behavioral paradigms.

Multi-layer Cortical Ca2+ Imaging in Freely Moving Mice with Prism Probes and Miniaturized Fluorescence Microscopy

Here, we present a procedure for performing large-scale Ca2+ imaging with cellular-resolution across multiple cortical layers in freely moving mice. Hundreds of active cells can be observed simultaneously using a miniature, head-mounted microscope coupled with an implanted prism probe.

多層皮質Ca<sup&gt; 2+</sup&gt;プリズムプローブと小型蛍光顕微鏡を用いて自由に動くマウスのイメージング

In vivo circuit and cellular level functional imaging is a critical tool for understanding the brain in action. High resolution imaging of mouse cortical ...

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional device for simultaneous multichannel recording and stimulation of neural activity in freely behaving rats is described. The system operates through a single portable head stage that both transmits recorded activity and can be targeted in real-time for brain stimulation using a telemetry-based multichannel software. The head stage is equipped with a preamplifier and a rechargeable battery, allowing stable long-term recordings or stimulation for up to 1 h. Importantly, the head stage is compact, weighs 12 g (including battery) and thus has minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire, making the method applicable to a broad set of behavioral tasks. Moreover, the method has the major advantage that the effect of brain stimulation on neural activity and behavior can be measured simultaneously, providing a tool to assess the causal relationships between specific brain activation patterns and behavior. This feature makes the method particularly valuable for the field of deep brain stimulation, allowing precise assessment, monitoring, and adjustment of stimulation parameters during long-term behavioral experiments. The applicability of the system has been validated using the inferior colliculus as a model structure.

A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

A wireless, bidirectional system for multi-channel neural recordings and stimulation in freely behaving rats is introduced. The system is light and compact, thus having minimal impact on the animal&#180;s behavioral repertoire. Moreover, this bidirectional system provides a sophisticated tool to assess causal relationships between brain activation patterns and behavior.

ワイヤレス、 In Vivo記録そして自由行動下ラットにおける神経活動の刺激のための双方向インタ フェース

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer ...

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer&#039;s Disease, Using IntelliCage

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

アルツハイマー病、IntelliCage を使用しての複数の遺伝モデルにおける認知機能の長期的な行動のアッセイの自動化

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials and Electrocorticograms in Response to Nociceptive Laser Stimuli from Freely Moving Rats

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and human studies to investigate the cortical processing of nociceptive information. These laser-evoked brain potentials (LEPs) consist of several transient responses that are time-locked to the onset of laser stimuli. However, the functional properties of the LEP responses are still largely unknown, due to the lack of a sampling technique that can simultaneously record neural activities at the surface of the cortex (i.e., electrocorticogram [ECoG] and scalp electroencephalogram [scalp EEG]) and inside the brain (i.e., local field potential [LFP]). To address this issue, we present here an animal protocol using freely moving rats. This protocol is composed of three main procedures: (1) animal preparation and surgical procedures, (2) a simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP in response to nociceptive laser stimuli, and (3) data analysis and feature extraction. Specifically, with the help of a 3D-printed protective shell, both ECoG and LFP electrodes implanted on the rat&#39;s skull were securely held together. During data collection, laser pulses were delivered on the rat&#39;s forepaws through gaps in the bottom of the chamber when the animal was in spontaneous stillness. Ongoing white noise was played to avoid the activation of the auditory system by the laser-generated ultrasounds. As a consequence, only nociceptive responses were selectively recorded. Using the standard analytical procedures (e.g., band-pass filtering, epoch extraction, and baseline correction) to extract stimulus-related brain responses, we obtained results showing that LEPs with a high signal-to-noise ratio were simultaneously recorded from ECoG and LFP electrodes. This methodology makes the simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP activities possible, which provides a bridge of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, thereby facilitating the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

We developed a technique that simultaneously records both electrocorticography and local field potentials in response to nociceptive laser stimuli from freely moving rats. This technique helps establish a direct relationship of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, which facilitates the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

大脳皮質の局所電界電位と自由行動ラットから侵害受容のレーザー刺激への応答で Electrocorticograms の同時録音

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and ...