このプロジェクトは、部分的に、NSF IOS（0849230）によって賄われていた、ハッチ、マッキンタイア·ステニス（AD421 CRIS）、USDAのシード·グラント（2011から04375）、そしてサー·フレデリック·マクマスター研究員ABDに。

<ol>
	<li>Georgieva, Y., Konthur, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+and+screening+of+M13+phage+display+cDNA+libraries.">Design and screening of M13 phage display cDNA libraries.</a> Molecules. 16, 1667-1681 (2011).</li><li>Beghetto, E., Gargano, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lambda-display:+a+powerful+tool+for+antigen+discovery.">Lambda-display: a powerful tool for antigen discovery.</a> Molecules. 16, 3089-3105 (2011).</li><li>Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ORF+phage+display+to+identify+cellular+proteins+with+different+functions.">ORF phage display to identify cellular proteins with different functions.</a> Methods. 58, 2-9 (2012).</li><li>Willats, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phage+display:+practicalities+and+prospects.">Phage display: practicalities and prospects.</a> Plant Mol. Biol. 50, 837-854 (2002).</li><li>Konthur, Z., Crameri, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+applications+of+phage+display+in+proteomic+analyses.">High-throughput applications of phage display in proteomic analyses.</a> Targets. 2, 261-270 (2003).</li><li>Chen, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Substrates+of+the+Arabidopsis+thaliana+protein+isoaspartyl+methyltransferase+1+identified+using+phage+display+and+biopanning.">Substrates of the Arabidopsis thaliana protein isoaspartyl methyltransferase 1 identified using phage display and biopanning.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 285, 37281-37292 (2010).</li><li>Jung, S., Honegger, A., Pluckthun, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selection+for+improved+protein+stability+by+phage+display.">Selection for improved protein stability by phage display.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 294, 163-180 (1999).</li><li>Battaglia, M., Olvera-Carrillo, Y., Garciarrubio, A., Campos, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+enigmatic+LEA+proteins+and+other+hydrophilins.">The enigmatic LEA proteins and other hydrophilins.</a> Plant Physiol. 148, 6-24 (2008).</li><li>Egli, D. B., Bruening, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Source-sink+relationships,+seed+sucrose+levels+and+seed+growth+rates+in+soybean.">Source-sink relationships, seed sucrose levels and seed growth rates in soybean.</a> Ann. Botany. 88, 235-242 (2001).</li><li>Badotti, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Switching+the+mode+of+sucrose+utilization+by+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Switching the mode of sucrose utilization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Microb. Cell Fact. 7, 4 (2008).</li><li>Kushwaha, R., Lloyd, T. D., Schafermeyer, K. R., Kumar, S., Downie, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+Late+Embryogenesis+Abundant+(LEA)+Protein+Putative+Interactors+Using+Phage+Display.">Identification of Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) Protein Putative Interactors Using Phage Display.</a> Int. J. Mol. Sci. 13, 6582-6603 (2012).</li><li>Sorensen, H. P., Mortensen, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soluble+expression+of+recombinant+proteins+in+the+cytoplasm+of+Escherichia+coli.">Soluble expression of recombinant proteins in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli.</a> Microb. Cell Fact. 4, 2859 (2005).</li><li>Gasser, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+folding+and+conformational+stress+in+microbial+cells+producing+recombinant+proteins:+a+host+comparative+overview.">Protein folding and conformational stress in microbial cells producing recombinant proteins: a host comparative overview.</a> Microb. Cell Fact. 7, 11 (2008).</li><li>Daly, R., Hearn, M. T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+heterologous+proteins+in+Pichia+pastoris:+a+useful+experimental+tool+in+protein+engineering+and+production.">Expression of heterologous proteins in Pichia pastoris: a useful experimental tool in protein engineering and production.</a> J. Mol. Recognit. 18, 119-138 (1002).</li><li>Davis, T. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+recombinant+protein+production+of+eight+insect+cell+lines.">Comparative recombinant protein production of eight insect cell lines.</a> In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim. 29, 388-390 (1993).</li><li>Kost, T. A., Condreay, J. P., Jarvis, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Baculovirus+as+versatile+vectors+for+protein+expression+in+insect+and+mammalian+cells.">Baculovirus as versatile vectors for protein expression in insect and mammalian cells.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 23, 567-575 (2005).</li><li>Popescu, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+binding+of+calmodulin-related+proteins+to+their+targets+revealed+through+high-density+Arabidopsis+protein+microarrays.">Differential binding of calmodulin-related proteins to their targets revealed through high-density Arabidopsis protein microarrays.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 4730-4735 (2007).</li><li>Popescu, S. C., Snyder, M., Dinesh-Kumar, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arabidopsis+protein+microarrays+for+the+high-throughput+identification+of+protein-protein+interactions.">Arabidopsis protein microarrays for the high-throughput identification of protein-protein interactions.</a> Plant Signal Behav. 2, 416-420 (2007).</li><li>Al-Fageeh, M. B., Marchant, R. J., Carden, M. J., Smales, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cold-shock+response+in+cultured+mammalian+cells:+Harnessing+the+response+for+the+improvement+of+recombinant+protein+production.">The cold-shock response in cultured mammalian cells: Harnessing the response for the improvement of recombinant protein production.</a> Biotechnol. Bioeng. 93, 829-835 (2006).</li><li>Wurm, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+recombinant+protein+therapeutics+in+cultivated+mammalian+cells.">Production of recombinant protein therapeutics in cultivated mammalian cells.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 1393-1398 (2004).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

3レプリケートウェルで実験を実行することにより、ベイトと結合する同じタンパク質の独立して取得されたファージは、それらが同じクローン取得されたCDS領域のヌクレオチド配列（ すなわち、差がないが、これらがされている場合であっても区別することができる独立した井戸から取得した）。それらは独立してヌクレオチド配列の一部が異なる転写領域を逆にしているそれ以外?...

なぜファージディスプレイおよび親和性選択は、他の分子とタンパク質の相互作用を発見し、調査するための利用可能な無数の他の技術の代わりに使用？ファージディスプレイは、次のようなタンパク質-リガンド相互作用1-3を検出する他の方法に比べていくつかのユニークな利点を請求することができます。 餌分子の非常に広いレパートリー最も重要な理由は、親和性選択4に餌として作用することができる分子の多様性にある。ファージディスプレイは、ポリマー/分子が回収支持体に付着させることができる場合には本質的に、それは、ファージ表示されたタンパク質との親和性についてスクリーニングすることができる他のタンパク質、ヌクレオチド、炭水化物、 等 5と相互作用するタンパク質フラグメントを単離する非常に強力な手段である。条件をrに加えて使用される場合、ベイト分子は、6を固定化したときに生物学的活性を保持するかどうかを決定するためにアクセスすることができるその活性を除去する/引き出す親和性選択の前に餌の翻訳後修飾を導入するために、6又は有効である。 無関係な要因によるファージ耐性それはいくつかの餌がその相互作用タンパク質、またはファージ表示されたタンパク質を捕捉するために環境ストレス（熱、高浸透圧調節物質濃度が、特定の補助因子、等 。）を必要とする可能性があるということであるファージディスプレイを使用するための第二の理由は、何らかの方法で改変される必要があり得る親和性選択の前に。研究されている主な要因は、餌とタンパク質、ではないが、試験生物に致死的である場合には相互作用が発生することを可能にするか、条件の間の相互作用である。それは（T7生存率の公表サーマル最大値は〜60℃で7でEG）無傷で、生存の両方過酷な実験条件に耐えることができるので、T7ファージは、そのような研究に特に適しています。プロファージディスプレイを変化させることの一例として修復酵素のタンパク質基質のためのシロイヌナズナ種子プロテオームを調べるときteinsは、タンパク質イソアスパメチルトランスフェラーゼ（PIMT）は、これらの研究で使用されるウイルスは、導入を奨励するために、以前の各親和性選択へのラウンド、1週間、「高齢者」だったイソアスパラギン酸の認識と修復/このような異常を代謝することができる生物では不可能である影響を受けやすいタンパク質6（イソAsp）残基。 代謝的に不活性さらに、ファージは、通常、代謝毒と、少なくとも、代謝活性のある試験生物に対する多面的な効果をもたらすであろう小分子干渉に対して耐性である。ストリンジェンシー洗浄の後、毒は毒が細菌やその後のファージ複製に無害な範囲に希釈されるの​​で、細菌の大ボリュームが感染のために導入される前に削除されます。 PIMT修復のタンパク質標的を調査しながら、酵素、S-アデノシルメチオニン（AdoMetは）はで固定し、酵素を不活性化し、有用なネガティブコントロールを提供するために、S-アデノシルホモシステイン（AdoHcy）に依拠しながら、標的タンパク質の捕捉を可能にするマイクロタイタープレートウェル固定化酵素を活性化するために使用されたウイルスが悪のAdoMetやAdoHcy 6のどちらかに影響されないであろうという知識。さらに、特定の後期胚形成のメンバーは、この研究室で調査豊富（LEA）タンパク質ファミリーは、このような点で、ダイズ種子中の200mMの高濃度を得ることができるスクロース8、のような添加剤の存在下でその形状を変えることが知られている生理学的成熟度9の。ウイルスは、自律的に実行可能な試験生物10の場合ではない、特定のLEAクライアントタンパク質相互作用のための可能性に必要な各アフィニティー選択ラウンド、200 mMスクロースの添加によって影響されると予想されていません。 このラボでは、discoverinに焦点を当てている脱水11または種子を06吸収された後イソAsp形成を受けやすい記憶されたプロテオームの構成部品の修理中に記憶されたプロテオームの保護機構の根底にある、成熟した脱水もしくは発芽種子におけるgタンパク質-タンパク質相互作用。このため、生産、精製、アクティブ状態の餌として必要な組換えタンパク質の、それらが固定化される前と後しばしば困難、我々の仕事への基礎となるものですが、彼らは、そうしたままであることを確認。それぞれの組換えタンパク質生産のシナリオが異なるしかしながら、組換えタンパク質生産のための最適条件は、ここでは扱われないでしょう。ユーザは、（それが酵素である場合には、例えば 、マイクロタイタープレートウェルに酵素アッセイを行う）固定化されたタンパク質が依然として機能しているかどうかを決定するために、可能な限り試みるように付勢されている。これは、任意の発見の相互作用があることを、餌がありますので、生物学的に活性であり、いくつかの信頼性を提供しますもう少し生物学的関連性を有する可能性が高い。

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tryptone</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson Co.</td>
 <td>211705</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Yeast Extract</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson</td>
 <td>212750</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Agar</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson</td>
 <td>214010</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium Chloride</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>BP358-10</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Agarose</td>
 <td>Research Products International</td>
 <td>A20090</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Blocking Reagent</td>
 <td>EMD Chemicals Inc.</td>
 <td>69064</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tween 20</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>BP337-100</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium Hydroxide</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>BP359-212</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>BP166-500</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Tris Base</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>BP152-5</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Chloroform</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>BP1145-1</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Escherichia coli BLT5403</td>
 <td>EMD Chemicals Inc.</td>
 <td>BLT5403</td>
 <td>Genotype: F- ompT hsdSB (rB - mB -) gal dcm pAR5403 (AmpR)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ampicillin, Sodium Salt</td>
 <td>Research Products International</td>
 <td>A40040</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ethidium bromide</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>BP102-1</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich Corp.</td>
 <td>A-9647</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>penta-HIS primary antibody</td>
 <td>Qiagen Inc.</td>
 <td>34660</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Goat anti mouse alkaline phosphatise conjugate</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich Corp.</td>
 <td>A-5153</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>para-nitrophenylphosphate</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich Corp.</td>
 <td>N-7653</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>T7-UP primer</td>
 <td>EMD Chemicals Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>5'-GGAGCTGTCGTATTCCAGTC-3'</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>T7-DOWN primer</td>
 <td>EMD Chemicals Inc.</td>
 <td></td>
 <td>5'-AACCCCTCAAGACCCGTTTA-3'</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Qiaquick PCR Purification kit</td>
 <td>Qiagen Inc.</td>
 <td>28104</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Qiaquick Gel Extraction kit </td>
 <td>Qiagen Inc.</td>
 <td>28706</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Big Dye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit</td>
 <td>Invitrogen Life Technologies</td>
 <td>4336917</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Heating Block</td>
 <td>Pierce Chemical Co. (Thermo Fisher Scientific Co.)</td>
 <td>18780</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>96 Well Cell Culture Plates</td>
 <td>Corning</td>
 <td>Costar 3590</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Isotemp Incubator Oven</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>516D</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Pasteur Pipets, 5 &frac34;"</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>13-678-20A</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>ChromaView Transilluminator</td>
 <td>UVP Inc.</td>
 <td>TS-15</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>UV Shield</td>
 <td>Oberon</td>
 <td>071AF</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gloves, Nitrile</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>19-170-010C</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sterile 1.5 ml tubes</td>
 <td>USA Scientific Inc</td>
 <td>1615-5500</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>10 ml borosilicate Pipets</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>13-678-25E</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Borosilicate culture tubes</td>
 <td>Fisher Scientific</td>
 <td>14-961-27</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Uniskan I, ELISA plate reader</td>
 <td>Labsystem and Flow Laboratories, Helsinki, Finland</td>
 <td>Type 362</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

a protocol for phage display and affinity selection using recombinant protein baits

固定化ベイト分子に方向性クローニングされたcDNAライブラリーによってコードされる種々のタンパク質部分を提示するための足場として組換えファージを使用して、相互作用を発見するための効率的な手段である。技術は、主に、タンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用を発見するために使用されてきたが、チャレンジするベイト分子がタンパク質に限定される必要はない。ここで紹介するプロトコルは、餌の適度な数が同じタンパク質を提示​​する独立したクローンの同定を最大化するために反復してスクリーニングすることができるように最適化されている。これは、識別された相互作用するタンパク質を餌分子の合法的な相互作用因子であることを大きな自信を可能にします。各親和性選択後にファージ力価のモニタリングは、ラウンドの親和性選択はネガティブコントロールの有効性についてだけでなく、進行している方法に関する情報を提供しています。一つのファージを力価測定する手段と、どのように、どのようなこのプロセスは限り効率として進行させるために、事前に準備する可能では、提示される。独立したプラークを単離した後取り出したアンプリコンの属性は、親和性選択が進行しているどれだけ確認するために使用することができることを強調している。誤検知を最小限に抑えるか、永続的に回収したファージをバイパスするためにトラブルシューティングの技術が説明されています。ウイルス汚染を減少させる手段が議論されて燃え上がる。

（代謝的に餌を汚染）は、ファージディスプレイされたタンパク質と相互作用する餌の能力を損なうことができることは、この技術のための強力な負の制御を提供します。それは餌は、マイクロタイタープレートに結合した場合、その機能を保持しているかどうかを判断することをお勧めいたします。これらのチェックの両方がnonpoisoned餌によって回復の相互作用、ファージディスプレイさ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Phage Display and Affinity Selection Using Recombinant Protein Baits at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Phage Display and Affinity Selection Using Recombinant Protein Baits

ファージディスプレイは、関心対象の固定化分子と相互作用するタンパク質又はタンパク質部分をキャプチャするための強力な技術である。作成するファージcDNAライブラリーの種類や画面の決定がなされると、ここで説明するプロトコルは、相互作用物質の同定をもたらす効率的な親和性選択を可能にする。

組換えタンパク質ベイトを用いてファージディスプレイおよび親和性選択のためのプロトコル

Using  recombinant phage as a scaffold to present various protein portions encoded by  a directionally cloned cDNA library to immobilized bait molecules ...

a-protocol-for-phage-display-affinity-selection-using-recombinant

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

33.7K ビュー.  University of Kentucky. ファージディスプレイは、関心対象の固定化分子と相互作用するタンパク質又はタンパク質部分をキャプチャするための強力な技術である。作成するファージcDNAライブラリーの種類や画面の決定がなされると、ここで説明するプロトコルは、相互作用物質の同定をもたらす効率的な親和性選択を可能にする。 

ビデオ: A Protocol for Phage Display and Affinity Selection Using Recombinant Protein Baits

A Method For Production of Recombinant mCD1d Protein in Insect Cells.

CD1 proteins constitute a third class of antigen-presenting molecules. They are cell surface glycoproteins, expressed as approximately 50-kDa glycosylated heavy chains that are noncovalently associated with beta2-microglobulin. They bind lipids rather than peptides. Although their structure confirms the similarity of CD1 proteins to MHC class I and class II antigen presenting molecules, the mCD1d groove is relatively narrow, deep, and highly hydrophobic and it has two binding pockets instead of the several shallow pockets described for the classical MHC-encoded antigen-presenting molecules. Based upon their amino acid sequences, such a hydrobphobic groove provides an ideal environment for the binding of lipid antigens. The Natural Killer T (NKT) cells use their TCR to recognize glycolipids bound to or presented by CD1d. T cells reactive to lipids presented by CD1 have been involved in the protection against autoimmune and infectious diseases and in tumor rejection. Thus, the ability to identify, purify , and track the response of CD1-reactive NKT cell is of great importance . The generation of tetramers of alpha Galactosyl ceramide (a-Galcer) with CD1d has significant insight into the biology of NKT cells. Tetramers constructed from other CD1 molecules have also been generated and these new reagents have greatly expanded the knowledge of the functions of lipid-reactive T cells, with potential use in monitoring the response to lipid-based vaccines and in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and other treatments.

A Method to prepare Insect cells and infect them with baculovirus for the the purpose of production of recombinant mCD1d proteinand generating mCD1d tetramers.

昆虫細胞における組換えmCD1dタンパク質の製造方法。

CD1 proteins constitute a third class of antigen-presenting molecules. They are cell surface glycoproteins, expressed as approximately 50-kDa glycosylated ...

生物学

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based fractionation. The system is comprised of single-use, 8-sample capacity cartridges and a benchtop GELFREE Fractionation Instrument. During separation, a constant voltage is applied between the anode and cathode reservoirs, and each protein mixture is electrophoretically driven from a loading chamber into a specially designed gel column gel. Proteins are concentrated into a tight band in a stacking gel, and separated based on their respective electrophoretic mobilities in a resolving gel. As proteins elute from the column, they are trapped and concentrated in liquid phase in the collection chamber, free of the gel. The instrument is then paused at specific time intervals, and fractions are collected using a pipette. This process is repeated until all desired fractions have been collected. If fewer than 8 samples are run on a cartridge, any unused chambers can be used in subsequent separations.
This novel technology facilitates the quick and simple separation of up to 8 complex protein mixtures simultaneously, and offers several advantages when compared to previously available fractionation methods. This system is capable of fractionating up to 1mg of total protein per channel, for a total of 8mg per cartridge. Intact proteins over a broad mass range are separated on the basis of molecular weight, retaining important physiochemical properties of the analyte. The liquid phase entrapment provides for high recovery while eliminating the need for band or spot cutting, making the fractionation process highly reproducible1.

The accompanying video describes the use of the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System, which partitions complex protein samples on the basis of molecular weight and recovers the fractions in liquid phase. The video describes how the technology works, how it is used, and provides resultant data, with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of fractionated bovine liver homogenate.

液相の回復と分子量ベース画用GELFREE 8100分別システムの使用

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based ...

Peptides from Phage Display Library Modulate Gene Expression in Mesenchymal Cells and Potentiate Osteogenesis in Unicortical Bone Defects

Two novel synthetic peptides accelerate bone formation and can be delivered using a collagen matrix. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects on bone repair in a unicortical defect model. Treatment of mesenchymal cells produced an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity, showed nodule formation by the cells, and increased the expression of genes for runx2, osterix, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin. A collagen sponge soaked with peptide promoted repair of bone defects, whereas the control was less effective. The results from this study demonstrated that mesenchymal cells treated with peptide in vitro differentiate towards osteogenesis, and, that peptides delivered in vivo using a collagen sponge promote the repair of unicortical defects.

A phage display library was used to identify peptide sequences that target bone. The objective was to investigate the effect of these peptides on mesenchymal cell differentiation and to determine their effect on bone regeneration.

ファージディスプレイライブラリーからのペプチドは、間葉系細胞における遺伝子発現を調整するとUnicortical骨欠損に骨形成を増強する

Two novel synthetic peptides accelerate bone formation and can be delivered using a collagen matrix. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects ...

Automated Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Column Selection for Use in Protein Purification

In contrast to other chromatographic methods for purifying proteins (e.g. gel filtration, affinity, and ion exchange), hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) commonly requires experimental determination (referred to as screening or "scouting") in order to select the most suitable chromatographic medium for purifying a given protein 1. The method presented here describes an automated approach to scouting for an optimal HIC media to be used in protein purification.
HIC separates proteins and other biomolecules from a crude lysate based on differences in hydrophobicity. Similar to affinity chromatography (AC) and ion exchange chromatography (IEX), HIC is capable of concentrating the protein of interest as it progresses through the chromatographic process. Proteins best suited for purification by HIC include those with hydrophobic surface regions and able to withstand exposure to salt concentrations in excess of 2 M ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4). HIC is often chosen as a purification method for proteins lacking an affinity tag, and thus unsuitable for AC, and when IEX fails to provide adequate purification. Hydrophobic moieties on the protein surface temporarily bind to a nonpolar ligand coupled to an inert, immobile matrix. The interaction between protein and ligand are highly dependent on the salt concentration of the buffer flowing through the chromatography column, with high ionic concentrations strengthening the protein-ligand interaction and making the protein immobile (i.e. bound inside the column) 2. As salt concentrations decrease, the protein-ligand interaction dissipates, the protein again becomes mobile and elutes from the column. Several HIC media are commercially available in pre-packed columns, each containing one of several hydrophobic ligands (e.g. S-butyl, butyl, octyl, and phenyl) cross-linked at varying densities to agarose beads of a specific diameter 3. Automated column scouting allows for an efficient approach for determining which HIC media should be employed for future, more exhaustive optimization experiments and protein purification runs 4.
The specific protein being purified here is recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP); however, the approach may be adapted for purifying other proteins with one or more hydrophobic surface regions. GFP serves as a useful model protein, due to its stability, unique light absorbance peak at 397 nm, and fluorescence when exposed to UV light 5. Bacterial lysate containing wild type GFP was prepared in a high-salt buffer, loaded into a Bio-Rad DuoFlow medium pressure liquid chromatography system, and adsorbed to HiTrap HIC columns containing different HIC media. The protein was eluted from the columns and analyzed by in-line and post-run detection methods. Buffer blending, dynamic sample loop injection, sequential column selection, multi-wavelength analysis, and split fraction eluate collection increased the functionality of the system and reproducibility of the experimental approach.

An automated method for identifying suitable hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) media to be used in the process of protein purification is presented. The method utilizes a medium-pressure liquid chromatography system including automated buffer blending, dynamic sample loop injection, sequential column selection, multi-wavelength analysis, and split fraction eluate collection.

タンパク質の精製で使用するための自​​動化された疎水性相互作用クロマトグラフィーカラムの選択

In contrast to other chromatographic methods for purifying proteins (e.g. gel filtration, affinity, and ion exchange), hydrophobic interaction ...

A Protocol for Computer-Based Protein Structure and Function Prediction

Genome sequencing projects have ciphered millions of protein sequence, which require knowledge of their structure and function to improve the understanding of their biological role. Although experimental methods can provide detailed information for a small fraction of these proteins, computational modeling is needed for the majority of protein molecules which are experimentally uncharacterized. The I-TASSER server is an on-line workbench for high-resolution modeling of protein structure and function. Given a protein sequence, a typical output from the I-TASSER server includes secondary structure prediction, predicted solvent accessibility of each residue, homologous template proteins detected by threading and structure alignments, up to five full-length tertiary structural models, and structure-based functional annotations for enzyme classification, Gene Ontology terms and protein-ligand binding sites. All the predictions are tagged with a confidence score which tells how accurate the predictions are without knowing the experimental data. To facilitate the special requests of end users, the server provides channels to accept user-specified inter-residue distance and contact maps to interactively change the I-TASSER modeling; it also allows users to specify any proteins as template, or to exclude any template proteins during the structure assembly simulations. The structural information could be collected by the users based on experimental evidences or biological insights with the purpose of improving the quality of I-TASSER predictions. The server was evaluated as the best programs for protein structure and function predictions in the recent community-wide CASP experiments. There are currently &gt;20,000 registered scientists from over 100 countries who are using the on-line I-TASSER server.

Guidelines for computer based structural and functional characterization of protein using the I-TASSER pipeline is described. Starting from query protein sequence, 3D models are generated using multiple threading alignments and iterative structural assembly simulations. Functional inferences are thereafter drawn based on matches to proteins with known structure and functions.

コンピュータベースのタンパク質の構造と機能の予測のためのプロトコル

Genome sequencing projects have ciphered millions of protein sequence, which require knowledge of their structure and function to improve the ...

Orthogonal Protein Purification Facilitated by a Small Bispecific Affinity Tag

Due to the high costs associated with purification of recombinant proteins the protocols need to be rationalized. For high-throughput efforts there is a demand for general methods that do not require target protein specific optimization1 . To achieve this, purification tags that genetically can be fused to the gene of interest are commonly used2 . The most widely used affinity handle is the hexa-histidine tag, which is suitable for purification under both native and denaturing conditions3 . The metabolic burden for producing the tag is low, but it does not provide as high specificity as competing affinity chromatography based strategies1,2.
Here, a bispecific purification tag with two different binding sites on a 46 amino acid, small protein domain has been developed. The albumin-binding domain is derived from Streptococcal protein G and has a strong inherent affinity to human serum albumin (HSA). Eleven surface-exposed amino acids, not involved in albumin-binding4 , were genetically randomized to produce a combinatorial library. The protein library with the novel randomly arranged binding surface (Figure 1) was expressed on phage particles to facilitate selection of binders by phage display technology. Through several rounds of biopanning against a dimeric Z-domain derived from Staphylococcal protein A5, a small, bispecific molecule with affinity for both HSA and the novel target was identified6 .
The novel protein domain, referred to as ABDz1, was evaluated as a purification tag for a selection of target proteins with different molecular weight, solubility and isoelectric point. Three target proteins were expressed in Escherishia coli with the novel tag fused to their N-termini and thereafter affinity purified. Initial purification on either a column with immobilized HSA or Z-domain resulted in relatively pure products. Two-step affinity purification with the bispecific tag resulted in substantial improvement of protein purity. Chromatographic media with the Z-domain immobilized, for example MabSelect SuRe, are readily available for purification of antibodies and HSA can easily be chemically coupled to media to provide the second matrix.
This method is especially advantageous when there is a high demand on purity of the recovered target protein. The bifunctionality of the tag allows two different chromatographic steps to be used while the metabolic burden on the expression host is limited due to the small size of the tag. It provides a competitive alternative to so called combinatorial tagging where multiple tags are used in combination1,7.

A novel and highly efficient two-step affinity chromatography protocol has been developed and is described in detail. The method is based on a small purification tag with two inherent affinities and is applicable to a wide range of target proteins with different properties.

小型二重特異性アフィニティタグによって容易に直交するタンパク質の精製

Due to the high costs associated with purification of recombinant proteins the protocols need to be rationalized. For high-throughput efforts there is a ...

Identification of Protein Interacting Partners Using Tandem Affinity Purification

A critical and often limiting step in understanding the function of host and viral proteins is the identification of interacting cellular or viral protein partners. There are many approaches that allow the identification of interacting partners, including the yeast two hybrid system, as well as pull down assays using recombinant proteins and immunoprecipitation of endogenous proteins followed by mass spectrometry identification1. Recent studies have highlighted the utility of double-affinity tag mediated purification, coupled with two specific elution steps in the identification of interacting proteins. This approach, termed Tandem Affinity Purification (TAP), was initially used in yeast2,3 but more recently has been adapted to use in mammalian cells4-8.
As proof-of-concept we have established a tandem affinity purification (TAP) method using the well-characterized eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E9,10.The cellular translation factor eIF4E is a critical component of the cellular eIF4F complex involved in cap-dependent translation initiation10. The TAP tag used in the current study is composed of two Protein G units and a streptavidin binding peptide separated by a Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease cleavage sequence. The TAP tag used in the current study is composed of two Protein G units and a streptavidin binding peptide separated by a Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV) protease cleavage sequence8. To forgo the need for the generation of clonal cell lines, we developed a rapid system that relies on the expression of the TAP-tagged bait protein from an episomally maintained plasmid based on pMEP4 (Invitrogen). Expression of tagged murine eIF4E from this plasmid was controlled using the cadmium chloride inducible metallothionein promoter.
Lysis of the expressing cells and subsequent affinity purification via binding to rabbit IgG agarose, TEV protease cleavage, binding to streptavidin linked agarose and subsequent biotin elution identified numerous proteins apparently specific to the eIF4E pull-down (when compared to control cell lines expressing the TAP tag alone). The identities of the proteins were obtained by excision of the bands from 1D SDS-PAGE and subsequent tandem mass spectrometry. The identified components included the known eIF4E binding proteins eIF4G and 4EBP-1. In addition, other components of the eIF4F complex, of which eIF4E is a component were identified, namely eIF4A and Poly-A binding protein. The ability to identify not only known direct binding partners as well as secondary interacting proteins, further highlights the utility of this approach in the characterization of proteins of unknown function.

Tandem affinity purification is a robust approach for the identification of protein binding partners. As proof of concept, this methodology was applied to the well-characterized translation initiation factor eIF4E to co-precipitate the host cell factors involved in translation initiation. This method is easily adapted to any cellular or viral protein.

タンデムアフィニティー精製を用いたタンパク質相互作用するパートナーの識別

A critical and often limiting step in understanding the function of host and viral proteins is the identification of interacting cellular or viral protein ...

A Liquid Phase Affinity Capture Assay Using Magnetic Beads to Study Protein-Protein Interaction: The Poliovirus-Nanobody Example

In this article, a simple, quantitative, liquid phase affinity capture assay is presented. Provided that one protein can be tagged and another protein labeled, this method can be implemented for the investigation of protein-protein interactions. It is based on one hand on the recognition of the tagged protein by cobalt coated magnetic beads and on the other hand on the interaction between the tagged protein and a second specific protein that is labeled. First, the labeled and tagged proteins are mixed and incubated at room temperature. The magnetic beads, that recognize the tag, are added and the bound fraction of labeled protein is separated from the unbound fraction using magnets. The amount of labeled protein that is captured can be determined in an indirect way by measuring the signal of the labeled protein remained in the unbound fraction. The described liquid phase affinity assay is extremely useful when conformational conversion sensitive proteins are assayed. The development and application of the assay is demonstrated for the interaction between poliovirus and poliovirus recognizing nanobodies1. Since poliovirus is sensitive to conformational conversion2 when attached to a solid surface (unpublished results), the use of ELISA is limited and a liquid phase based system should therefore be preferred. An example of a liquid phase based system often used in polioresearch3,4 is the micro protein A-immunoprecipitation test5. Even though this test has proven its applicability, it requires an Fc-structure, which is absent in the nanobodies6,7. However, as another opportunity, these interesting and stable single-domain antibodies8 can be easily engineered with different tags. The widely used (His)6-tag shows affinity for bivalent ions such as nickel or cobalt, which can on their turn be easily coated on magnetic beads. We therefore developed this simple quantitative affinity capture assay based on cobalt coated magnetic beads. Poliovirus was labeled with 35S to enable unhindered interaction with the nanobodies and to make a quantitative detection feasible. The method is easy to perform and can be established with a low cost, which is further supported by the possibility of effectively regenerating the magnetic beads.

In this article, a simple, quantitative, liquid phase affinity capture assay is presented. It is a reliable technique based on the interaction between magnetic beads and tagged proteins (e.g. nanobodies) on one hand and the affinity between the tagged protein and a second, labeled protein (e.g. poliovirus) on the other.

タンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用を研究するために磁気ビーズを用いて液相アフィニティキャプチャーアッセイ：ポリオ-nanobodyの例

In this article, a simple, quantitative, liquid phase affinity capture assay is presented. Provided that one protein can be tagged and another protein ...

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in current research and a plethora of methods for their investigation is available1. Protein-protein interactions often are highly dynamic and may depend on subcellular localization, post-translational modifications and the local protein environment2. Therefore, they should be investigated in their natural environment, for which co-immunoprecipitation approaches are the method of choice3. Co-precipitated interaction partners are identified either by immunoblotting in a targeted approach, or by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in an untargeted way. The latter strategy often is adversely affected by a large number of false positive discoveries, mainly derived from the high sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers that confidently detect traces of unspecifically precipitating proteins. A recent approach to overcome this problem is based on the idea that reduced amounts of specific interaction partners will co-precipitate with a given target protein whose cellular concentration is reduced by RNAi, while the amounts of unspecifically precipitating proteins should be unaffected. This approach, termed QUICK for QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown4, employs Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino acids in Cell culture (SILAC)5 and MS to quantify the amounts of proteins immunoprecipitated from wild-type and knock-down strains. Proteins found in a 1:1 ratio can be considered as contaminants, those enriched in precipitates from the wild type as specific interaction partners of the target protein. Although innovative, QUICK bears some limitations: first, SILAC is cost-intensive and limited to organisms that ideally are auxotrophic for arginine and/or lysine. Moreover, when heavy arginine is fed, arginine-to-proline interconversion results in additional mass shifts for each proline in a peptide and slightly dilutes heavy with light arginine, which makes quantification more tedious and less accurate5,6. Second, QUICK requires that antibodies are titrated such that they do not become saturated with target protein in extracts from knock-down mutants.
Here we introduce a modified QUICK protocol which overcomes the abovementioned limitations of QUICK by replacing SILAC for 15N metabolic labeling and by replacing RNAi-mediated knock-down for affinity modulation of protein-protein interactions. We demonstrate the applicability of this protocol using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as model organism and the chloroplast HSP70B chaperone as target protein7 (Figure 1). HSP70s are known to interact with specific co-chaperones and substrates only in the ADP state8. We exploit this property as a means to verify the specific interaction of HSP70B with its nucleotide exchange factor CGE19.

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

We present a variation of the QUICK (QUantitative Immunoprecipitation Combined with Knockdown) approach that was introduced previously to distinguish between true and false protein-protein interactions. Our approach is based on 15N metabolic labeling, the modulation of affinities of protein-protein interactions by the presence/absence of ATP, immunoprecipitation, and quantitative mass spectrometry.

に基づいて、タンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用の同定のためのプロトコル<sup&gt; 15</sup&gt; Nの代謝標識、免疫沈降法、定量的質量分析法と親和性調節

Protein-protein interactions are fundamental for many biological processes in the cell. Therefore, their characterization plays an important role in ...

High-throughput Purification of Affinity-tagged Recombinant Proteins

X-ray crystallography is the method of choice for obtaining a detailed view of the structure of proteins. Such studies need to be complemented by further biochemical analyses to obtain detailed insights into structure/function relationships. Advances in oligonucleotide- and gene synthesis technology make large-scale mutagenesis strategies increasingly feasible, including the substitution of target residues by all 19 other amino acids. Gain- or loss-of-function phenotypes then allow systematic conclusions to be drawn, such as the contribution of particular residues to catalytic activity, protein stability and/or protein-protein interaction specificity.
In order to attribute the different phenotypes to the nature of the mutation - rather than to fluctuating experimental conditions - it is vital to purify and analyse the proteins in a controlled and reproducible manner. High-throughput strategies and the automation of manual protocols on robotic liquid-handling platforms have created opportunities to perform such complex molecular biological procedures with little human intervention and minimal error rates1-5.
Here, we present a general method for the purification of His-tagged recombinant proteins in a high-throughput manner. In a recent study, we applied this method to a detailed structure-function investigation of TFIIB, a component of the basal transcription machinery. TFIIB is indispensable for promoter-directed transcription in vitro and is essential for the recruitment of RNA polymerase into a preinitiation complex6-8. TFIIB contains a flexible linker domain that penetrates the active site cleft of RNA polymerase9-11. This linker domain confers two biochemically quantifiable activities on TFIIB, namely (i) the stimulation of the catalytic activity during the 'abortive' stage of transcript initiation, and (ii) an additional contribution to the specific recruitment of RNA polymerase into the preinitiation complex4,5,12 . We exploited the high-throughput purification method to generate single, double and triple substitution and deletions mutations within the TFIIB linker and to subsequently analyse them in functional assays for their stimulation effect on the catalytic activity of RNA polymerase4. Altogether, we generated, purified and analysed 381 mutants - a task which would have been time-consuming and laborious to perform manually. We produced and assayed the proteins in multiplicates which allowed us to appreciate any experimental variations and gave us a clear idea of the reproducibility of our results.
This method serves as a generic protocol for the purification of His-tagged proteins and has been successfully used to purify other recombinant proteins. It is currently optimised for the purification of 24 proteins but can be adapted to purify up to 96 proteins.

We describe a method for the affinity-tagged purification of recombinant proteins using liquid-handling robotics. This method is generally applicable to the small-scale purification of soluble His-tagged proteins in a high-throughput format.

アフィニティータグ組換えタンパク質のハイスループット精製

X-ray crystallography is the method of choice for obtaining a detailed view of the structure of proteins. Such studies need to be complemented by further ...