ペンシルベニア州立DCED

1。コー​​ス建設<ol><li>コー​​スの床をインストールします。コース寸法は、幅の広い280 1フィート2ポータブルフロアタイル（ベージュイベント床タイル）からなる7フィートで40フィートの長さである。周囲に黒のトリムだけ（ 図1）に配置します。 </li><li>やや単色環境づくり床のタイルに一致するように隣接する壁をペイント。我々はグレースケール値で使用される色は、（ 表5）が設けられている。特定の色が利用できない場合は、カラーマッチングのためのハードウェアストアにタイルを取ってお勧めします。 </li><li>照明テンプレート（ 図1）に係る照明をインストールします。調光スイッチにライトを接続します。 </li><li>塗装の指示（ 図2）によると、障害物にペイント。 </li></ol> 2。テスト入力領域を準備します<ol><li>希望条件に照明を調整し、先頭、中間、そしてもちろんを含む廊下の終わりに光計で確認してください。 </lI&gt; <li>ビデオカメラが記録するように設定し、カメラの配置は、彼らがコースを歩くように被写体を捉えることが適切であることを確認してください。私たちは、天井マウントまたは代わりにカメラを手に保持することができるお勧めします。 </li></ol> 3。レコードが好ましいのは、スピードPWSウォーキング<ol><li>歩道（コース列 &quot;D&quot;）の中心部に位置件名。注意：つま先が歩道の境界線の後ろでなければなりません。被験者に指示をお読みください（ 図3）。 </li><li>足が黒い境界線を横断し、経路上に一旦ストップウォッチを開始します。足が歩道のもう一方の端に黒い境界線を横断後、時間を停止します。 PWS1として記録的な速さ。周辺の被写体を回して反対方向に手順を繰り返します。 PWS2として記録的な速さ。平均PWS1とPWS2と最終PWSなどの記録。 </li></ol> 4。障害物コースナビゲーション<ol><li>無作為化スキームから、最初のコース（ 図4）を設定します。床タイルは、WHIの際にグリッドとして使用されるべきであるCH障害物がマッピングされています。障害物の正確なマッピングのための提供の図を参照してください。それは、障害物を簡単に配置を可能にするために消えないマーカーと垂直方向と水平方向の軸に沿ってタイルに番号を付けると便利です。これは、目立たない場所で提供する図に従って、障害物を標識することも有用である。 </li><li> 40フィートの通路の開始対象のご案内。被験者に指示をお読みください（ 図3）。対象は国境の背後につま先で歩道（コラム「D」）の中央に配置する必要があります。足が黒い境界線を横断し、経路上に一旦ストップウォッチを開始します。足が歩道のもう一方の端に黒い境界線を横断後、時間を停止します。コー​​ススピード（CS）として、この時間を記録します。 </li><li>障害物が3点満点でヒットの重症度を評価、ヒットしたレコード。コー​​スのランは独立した観察者が、後で確認のためにビデオテープに録画する必要があります。 </li></ol> 5。障害物の識別<ol><li>カップの完了時RSEナビゲーションタスクはもちろんの中心（列D）でのコースとの位置に直面して周辺の被写体を入れてください。注意：コースの終わりから正しい色を表示するために再配置を必要とするすべての障害物を回転させていることを確認してください。被験者に指示をお読みください（ 図3）。このとき、第1のオブジェクトの識別タスクが投与されるであろう。振り向くとリサーチアシスタントに彼らが30秒以内に識別することができるオブジェクトの総数を教えて件名をお願いします。この数は、記録すべきである。 </li><li>彼らは見ることができ、各障害物コースやポイントを通って歩いて、被写体を教えてください。彼らは障害物と衝突した場合、それは問題ではありません。彼らは見ることができる多くの障害が記録されている。それは彼らが検出できるかが障害物を記録しておくと便利です。これは時限ではありません。 </li></ol>項目4と5が実行され、各コースのバージョンごとに繰り返されるべきである。

<ol>
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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

私たちは、視覚の状態を持っている人では障害物回避を評価するために使用することができ、屋内ポータブル、簡単に再現可能であり、比較的安価なコースを説明します。ほとんどの障害物コースの設計やテスト電流（ すなわちタグボート）サイトやオブザーバー間で比較することは困難であるか、容易に別の場所16,17,30で行うことができない永続的な点滴である。私たちの?...

低視力リハビリテーション評価は介入が機能の改善をもたらしかどうかを判断しなければなりません。パフォーマンスメトリックは、典型的には、コンピュータベースの読み取りまたは機能性評価1-9だけでなく、生活の質は10月15日のアンケートを伴う。また、障害物をナビゲートするための低視力患者の能力を評価することができることは、特に人工視覚デバイスの場合の機能の改善18への糸口を提供するかもしれない。 Geruschat らは最近、この領域17に、標準的な測定基準の必要性を強調し、網膜インプラントチップを使用したナビゲーションの成果を発表した。現在、広く受け入れられ、客観的に検証し、障害物回避のための容量を決定するための総合的な標準は存在しません。 弱視やPなどの「超低ビジョン」を持つ人のためのナビゲーションの性能に相関するであろう機能テストの開発人工視覚によることが望ましいroducedが、とらえどころのない目標を推移している。網膜インプラントチップ18〜24や、BrainPort 25と音声26などの感覚代行装置などの人工視覚デバイスの急成長分野では、これらのデバイスによって付与されるナビゲーションの能力を増加するために相互に関連付けるかもしれない障害物回避のテストを必要とする。このような評価は、彼らの周囲を横切るように被験者が自分自身の限界を理解することを可能にするだけでなく、配向および移動度の訓練、または視覚強調プロトタイプ装置の反復間の改善を測定する手段を提供するかもしれない。理想的には、秋の事故27のための個々のリスクを評価するためにいくつかの能力があるかもしれません。 私たちの目標は、人工視覚デバイスを使用している患者のナビゲーション能力の評価に有用であり、Lの分野への譲渡になる障害物コースを作成することでした一般的にはOWビジョン。障害物コースや視覚障害に関する公表文献のレビューは、PubMedのデータベースを使用して行われた。標準化された障害物コースを16,17,28-31,34の作成 ​​に多くの試みがなされてきた。これらのほとんどは、特に屋外のコースを、正確に設定を再現することは困難であるという意味でポータブルではない。マグワイアら、レーバー先天性黒内障を有する患者におけるモビリティ性能を示すために使用される障害物コースを記載している。このコースでは、携帯用の小さなと​​いう利点がありますが、それは別の繰り返しが暗記効果を防止するために利用できるようになっています、また床面上にない障害物、テクスチャの変更、またはステップオーバーのための条項があるかどうかは明らかではない。 LEAT、コースの設計に潜在的な落とし穴の鋭い説明を提供して、残念ながらALTERNで正確に再現することができなくなり、屋外のコースの説明を述べ置くative場所30。 Velikay-パレルらは、網膜インプラントチップで使用するためのモビリティテストを説明した。この設計では、実行するために、ポータブルおよび簡単であるという利点を持っていた。このコースでは、代替サイトで再生することもできるが、コースの建設には何の具体的な詳細が提供されていない。また、よりに関する彼らは学習効果がありますので、時間18にわたって学習効果の喪失の懸念を解消する可能性が完全にコースの暗記を防止することができる、コースの熟知による漸近的レベルに達し示したことだった。これまで説明してきたコースはどれも広く、低ビジョンやリハビリテーションのコミュニティによって採用されていない。 著者らは、その後、視覚障害児（ペンシルバニア州ピッツバーグ）、およびブラインド、ピッツバーグビジョンサービスリハビリテーション（ホームステッド、ペンシルバニア州）、REGのための西部ペンシルバニア大学から6弱視作業療法士と向きとモビリティ専門家チームと協議ardingはコース設計を提案した。識別された機能障害物コースの望ましい属性が含まれる：簡単な組み立て/分解およびストレージのための移植性の両方薄暗い、明るい照明条件下でテストするための柔軟性、および患者の家庭環境という点で、オブジェクトを表す障害物を含めることによって、 &quot;実生活&quot;の状況をミラーリングするの患者の負傷を防止するために、延性ながら繰り返し衝突に耐えるのに十分頑丈である。さらに、それはランダムな順で投与された場合はもちろんの暗記を防止​​するような方法で設計された環境などのいくつかのタイプを有することが必要と考えられた。また、コースは、複数の設定で再現性のある結果を実証し、強力なインターとイントラ評価者の信頼性を持ち、空間認識の客観的な尺度である必要があります。 この努力の集大成は、適度に標準制度で再現することが予想されうる障害物コースの開発であった廊下。コー​​スは、異なるスキルセット、ナビゲーションのためのすべての重要なをテストするために設計されています。もちろん、各レベルは、日常のナビゲーション活動に遭遇した障害物のいくつかの特定のタイプを集中しようとします。最初のコースは、すべての床の上に置かれ、比較的高いコントラストの目標をナビゲートする機能を評価しますが、ターンの多数を必要とします。第二のコースは、両方のハイとローコントラストのある障害物、床のテクスチャの変更、空気中に浮遊してオブジェクト間を移動する能力を評価する。最終的なコースは、低コントラストである発泡スチロールの障害物をナビゲートする機能を評価し、表面上にない床の上の変化、nonStyrofoam障害物（ファブリック）の添加、床タイルの色が変化し、ステップオーバーしなければならない障害物と障害グレア床。コー​​スは、標識化を容易にするために、1,2、及び3のラベルが付いているが、この指定は、難易度が増加するものと解釈されるべきではない。各レベル内では、THRがありますコー​​スの暗記を防ぐために、ランダム化することができ、もちろんEEバージョン、。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="690">
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		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, beige</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Snaplock Industries, Salt Lake City UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Beige</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, black trim</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Snaplock Industries, Salt Lake City UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Male loop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, black trim</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Snaplock Industries, Salt Lake City UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Female loop</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, Edging</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Snaplock Industries, Salt Lake City UT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Black</td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">Wall Paint: Satin Premium Plus Internal Satin Enamel Custom Color Match</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Behr, Inc Santa Ana CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Greyscale value = 45</td>
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			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Obstacle paint</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Valspar Paints, Wheeling, IL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DuJour (#70002-6)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">DuJour Greyscale value = 15</td>
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			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Obstacle paint</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Valspar Paints, Wheeling, IL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Fired Earth (#6011-1)</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Fired Earth Greyscale value = 95</td>
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			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Styrofoam obstacles</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Universal Foam Products, Orlando CA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">custom</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Con-Tact Brand Contact Paper</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">639982</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Solid Black</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Con-Tact Brand Contact Paper</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">615542</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Stainless Steel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Con-Tact Brand Contact Paper</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">614416</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Solid White</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">3 ft x 6 ft Standard tuff Olefin Floor Mat</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Commercial Mats and Rubber A Division of Georgia Mills Direct Saratoga Springs, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Charcoal</td>
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			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">3 ft x 6 ft Standard tuff Olefin Floor Mat</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Commercial Mats and Rubber A Division of Georgia Mills Direct Saratoga Springs, NY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:163px;">Smoke</td>
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			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Fisher Scientific Traceable Dual Range Light Meter</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">06-662-63</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">International Light, Newburyport MA, USA</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">5 1/2 in clamp light</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">203198</td>
			<td style="width:163px;"></td>
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			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">GE 65-Watt indoor incandescent flood light bulb</td>
			<td style="width:192px;">Lowe&#39;s Home Improvement</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">163209</td>
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</table>

a standardized obstacle course for assessment of visual function in ultra low vision and artificial vision

我々は超低ビジョンを持っている人では障害物回避を評価するために使用することができ、屋内、ポータブル、標準化されたコースを説明します。六つ目の見えるコントロールと36全盲が、それ以外は健康成人男子（N = 29）と女性（N = 13）の被験者（年齢19から85歳）は、BrainPort感覚代行装置の検査を含む3つの研究の1に登録した。被験者は前のコースをナビゲートするように求め、かつ、後BrainPort訓練された。彼らは、二つの異なる場所で837コースの実行の合計を完了した。平均と標準偏差は、コントロールの種類、コース、ライト、訪問の間で算出した。我々は、当然の反復が適切に設計されたことを示すためにPPWS（パーセント好ましい歩行速度）とエラー率の異なるカテゴリのデータを比較するために線形混合効果モデルを使用した。コー​​スでは、投与が簡単で、比較的安価であり、モビリティ機能をテストするための適切な方法であることが示されている。データ解析demonstrat3つのコースのそれぞれが異なっており、各レベル内で、3回の反復のそれぞれが等しくなることをそのパーセント誤差の結果のためだけでなく、割合好ま歩行速度のためのES、。これは投与中のコースのランダム化が可能になります。 略語： 好適な歩行速度（PWS） もちろん速度（CS） 割合好ま歩行速度（PPWS）

被験者六つ目の見える目隠し、目撃し、36全盲が、それ以外は健康な成人（年齢19から85歳）で、男性の（N = 29）と女性（N = 13）被験者がBrainPort感覚のテストを含む3つの研究の1に登録した代替デバイス（Wicab、マディソンウィスコンシン）。すべての研究は、ピッツバーグIRB大学によって承認され、すべての被験者は、承認されたインフォームドコンセント文書に署名した?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision at JoVE.com

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

我々は超低ビジョンを持っている人では障害物回避を評価するために使用することができ、屋内、ポータブル、標準化されたコースを説明します。コー​​スでは、投与が簡単で、比較的安価であり、信頼性と再現性であることが示されている。

超低ビジョンと人工視覚における視覚機能の評価のための標準化された障害物コース

We describe an indoor, portable, standardized course that can be used to evaluate obstacle avoidance in persons who have ultralow vision. Six sighted ...

a-standardized-obstacle-course-for-assessment-visual-function-ultra

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.0K ビュー.  University of Pittsburgh. 我々は超低ビジョンを持っている人では障害物回避を評価するために使用することができ、屋内、ポータブル、標準化されたコースを説明します。コー​​スでは、投与が簡単で、比較的安価であり、信頼性と再現性であることが示されている。 

ビデオ: A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

弱視における抑制の測定と治療

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

医学

Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography

Indocyanine Green&#160;Angiography (or ICGA) is a technique performed by ophthalmologists to diagnose abnormalities of the choroidal and retinal vasculature of various eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). ICGA is especially useful to image the posterior choroidal vasculature of the eye due to its capability of penetrating through the pigmented layer with its infrared spectrum. ICGA time course can be divided into early, middle, and late phases. The three phases provide valuable information on the pathology of eye problems. Although time-course ICGA by intravenous (IV) injection is widely used in the clinic for the diagnosis and management of choroid problems, ICGA by intraperitoneal injection (IP) is commonly used in animal research. Here we demonstrated the technique to obtain high-resolution ICGA time-course images in mice by tail-vein injection and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. We used this technique to image the choroidal lesions in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration. Although it is much easier to introduce ICG to the mouse vasculature by IP, our data indicate that it is difficult to obtain reproducible ICGA time course images by IP-ICGA. In contrast, ICGA via tail vein injection provides high quality ICGA time-course images comparable to human studies. In addition, we showed that ICGA performed on albino mice gives clearer pictures of choroidal vessels than that performed on pigmented mice. We suggest that time-course IV-ICGA should become a standard practice in AMD research based on animal models.

Indocyanine Green Angiography (or ICGA) performed by tail vein injection provides high quality ICGA time course images to characterize abnormalities in mouse choroid.

経時インドシアニングリーン血管造影による加齢黄斑変性症のマウスモデルにおける脈絡膜血管系の異常を検出する

Indocyanine Green&#160;Angiography (or ICGA) is a technique performed by ophthalmologists to diagnose abnormalities of the choroidal and retinal ...

Slow-release Drug Delivery through Elvax 40W to the Rat Retina: Implications for the Treatment of Chronic Conditions

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these diseases. Chronic retinal diseases such as retinal oedema or neovascularization usually require multiple intraocular injections to effectively treat the condition. However, the risks associated with these injections increase with repeated delivery of the drug. Therefore, alternative delivery methods need to be established in order to minimize the risks of reinjection. Several other investigations have developed methods to deliver drugs over extended time, through materials capable of releasing chemicals slowly into the eye. In this investigation, we outline the use of Elvax 40W, a copolymer resin, to act as a vehicle for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The resin is made and loaded with the drug. The drug-resin complex is then implanted into the vitreous cavity, where it will slowly release the drug over time. This method was tested using 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a glutamate analogue that blocks the light response of the retina. It was demonstrated that the APB was slowly released from the resin, and was able to block the retinal response by 7 days after implantation. This indicates that slow-release drug delivery using this copolymer resin is effective for treating the retina, and could be used therapeutically with further testing.

This paper details how Elvax 40W can be used as a slow-release method for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The protocol for preparing, loading, and delivering the drug-resin complex to the eye is described.

ラット網膜へのエルバックス40Wを通じて徐放性ドラッグデリバリー：慢性症状の治療のための含意

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these ...

Using Adeno-associated Virus as a Tool to Study Retinal Barriers in Disease

M&#252;ller cells are the principal glial cells of the retina. Their end-feet form the limits of the retina at the outer and inner limiting membranes (ILM), and in conjunction with astrocytes, pericytes and endothelial cells they establish the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). BRB limits material transport between the bloodstream and the retina while the ILM acts as a basement membrane that defines histologically the border between the retina and the vitreous cavity. Labeling M&#252;ller cells is particularly relevant to study the physical state of the retinal barriers, as these cells are an integral part of the BRB and ILM. Both BRB and ILM are frequently altered in retinal disease and are responsible for disease symptoms.
There are several well-established methods to study the integrity of the BRB, such as the Evans blue assay or fluorescein angiography. However these methods do not provide information on the extent of BRB permeability to larger molecules, in nanometer range. Furthermore, they do not provide information on the state of other retinal barriers such as the ILM. To study BRB permeability alongside retinal ILM, we used an AAV based method that provides information on permeability of BRB to larger molecules while indicating the state of the ILM and extracellular matrix proteins in disease states. Two AAV variants are useful for such study: AAV5 and ShH10. AAV5&#160;has a natural tropism for photoreceptors but it cannot get across to the outer retina when administered into the vitreous when the ILM is intact (i.e., in wild-type retinas). ShH10 has a strong tropism towards glial cells and will selectively label M&#252;ller glia in both healthy and diseased retinas. ShH10 provides more efficient gene delivery in retinas where ILM is compromised. These viral tools coupled with immunohistochemistry and blood-DNA analysis shed light onto the state of retinal barriers in disease.

To investigate the blood-retinal barrier permeability and the inner limiting membrane integrity in animal models of retinal disease, we used several adeno-associated virus (AAV) variants as tools to label retinal neurons and glia. Virus mediated reporter gene expression is then used as an indicator of retinal barrier permeability.

病における網膜障壁を研究するツールとしてアデノ随伴ウイルスを使用して、

M&#252;ller cells are the principal glial cells of the retina. Their end-feet form the limits of the retina at the outer and inner limiting membranes ...

Three Different Protocols of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus: Conventional, Accelerated and Iontophoresis

Keratoconus is a bilateral and progressive corneal ectasia. In order to slow down its progression, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has recently been introduced as an efficient treatment option. In biological and chemical sciences, crosslinking refers to new chemical bonds formed between reactive molecules. Hence, the aim of corneal collagen CXL is to synthetically increase the formation of crosslinks between collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma. Despite the fact that the efficiency of the conventional CXL (C-CXL) protocol has already been shown in several clinical studies, it might benefit from improvements in duration of the procedure and removal of corneal epithelium. Hence, in order to provide a coherent evaluation of two new and optimized CXL protocols, we studied keratoconus patients who had undergone one of the three CXL treatments: iontophoresis (I-CXL), accelerated CXL (A-CXL), and conventional CXL (C-CXL). A-CXL is a 6 time faster CXL procedure using a ten time higher UVA irradiance but still including an epithelium removal. Iontophoresis is a transepithelial non-invasive technique in which a small electric current is applied to improve riboflavin penetration throughout the cornea. Using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), we conclude that regarding the depth of treatment penetration, conventional CXL protocol remains the standard for treating progressive keratoconus. Accelerated CXL seems to be a quick, effective and safe alternative to treat thin corneas. The use of iontophoresis is still being investigated and should be considered with greater caution.

Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is the only conservative treatment currently available to halt keratoconus progression by improving the biomechanical rigidity of the corneal stroma. The aim of this manuscript is to highlight the methods of three different protocols of CXL: conventional CXL (C-CXL), accelerated CXL (A-CXL), and iontophoresis CXL (I-CXL).

円錐角膜で角膜コラーゲン架橋の三つの異なるプロトコル：従来は、加速してイオントフォレーシス

Keratoconus is a bilateral and progressive corneal ectasia. In order to slow down its progression, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has recently been ...

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to microperimetry (MY) in eyes affected by dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) over time through the production and secretion of growth factors (GFs) on surrounding tissue. Patients were randomly assigned to each study group. All patients were diagnosed with dry AMD and with BCVA equal to or greater than 1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). A suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT) was carried out on group A, which included 11 eyes from 11 patients. The technique was performed by implanting adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells obtained from the stromal vascular fraction, and platelets from platelet-rich plasma in the suprachoroidal space. Conversely, group B, including 14 eyes of 14 patients, was used as a control group. For each patient, diagnosis was verified by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In group A, BCVA improved by 0.581 to 0.504 at 90 days and to 0.376 logMAR at 180 days (+32.20%) postoperatively. Furthermore, MY test increased by 11.44 dB to 12.59 dB at 180 days. The different cell types grafted behind the choroid were able to ensure constant GF secretion in the choroidal flow. Consequently, the results indicate that visual acuity (VA) in the grafted group can increase more than in the control group after six months.

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

The goal of this study is to assess whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipose-derived stem cells included in the stromal vascular fraction and platelets derived from platelet-rich plasma by the Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique can improve visual acuity and retinal sensitivity responses in eyes affected by dry age-related macular degeneration.

乾燥 - 加齢黄斑変性症の視細胞の細胞移植による再生療法:体内の予備的なレポート

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to ...

Puncture-Induced Iris Neovascularization as a Mouse Model of Rubeosis Iridis

We describe a model of puncture-induced iris neovascularization as a general model for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis. The model is also relevant for targeting neovascular glaucoma, a sight-threatening complication of diabetic retinopathy. This method is based on the induction of iris vascular response by a series of self-sealing uveal punctures on BALB/c mice and takes advantage of the postpartum maturation of mouse ocular vasculature. Mouse pups undergo uveal punctures from postnatal day 12.5, when the pups naturally open their eyes, until postnatal day 24.5. Due to the transparency of the cornea, iris vasculature can be analyzed easily through time by noninvasive in vivo methods. Furthermore, the semitransparent iris of BALB/c mice can be flatmounted for detailed immunohistologic analysis with minimal non-specific background staining. In this model, angiogenesis is mainly driven by the inflammatory and plasminogen activating systems. The puncture-induced model is the first to induce iris neovascularization in small rodents, and has the advantage of allowing direct noninvasive in vivo analysis of the angiogenic process. Moreover, the model can be combined with angiogenic modulating substances, which highlights its potential in the study of angiogenesis with an in vivo perspective.

Iris neovascularization, a common complication of ischemic retinal disease, may lead to sight-threatening neovascular glaucoma. Here, we describe a murine protocol for inducing experimental iris neovascularization that may be used for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis-modulating substances.

虹彩ルベオーシスのマウス モデルとして虹彩新生血管を穿刺誘発

We describe a model of puncture-induced iris neovascularization as a general model for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis. The model is also relevant ...

A Model of Glaucoma Induced by Circumlimbal Suture in Rats and Mice

The circumlimbal suture is a technique for inducing experimental glaucoma in rodents by chronically elevating intraocular pressure (IOP), a well-known risk factor for glaucoma. This protocol demonstrates a step-by-step guide on this technique in Long Evans rats and C57BL/6 mice. Under general anesthesia, a "purse-string" suture is applied on the conjunctiva, around the equator and behind the limbus of the eye. The fellow eye serves as an untreated control. Over the duration of our study, which was a period of 8 weeks for rats and 12 weeks for mice, IOP remained elevated, as measured regularly by rebound tonometry in conscious animals without topical anesthesia. In both species, the sutured eyes showed electroretinogram features consistent with preferential inner retinal dysfunction. Optical coherence tomography showed selective thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Histology of the rat retina in cross-section found reduced cell density in the ganglion cell layer, but no change in other cellular layers. Staining of flat-mounted mouse retinae with a ganglion cell specific marker (RBPMS) confirmed ganglion cell loss. The circumlimbal suture is a simple, minimally invasive and cost-effective way to induce ocular hypertension that leads to ganglion cell injury in both rats and mice.

Chronic ocular hypertension is induced by applying a circumlimbal suture in rats and mice, leading to functional and structural deterioration of the retinal ganglion cells consistent with glaucoma.

ラットおよびマウスの Circumlimbal 縫合による緑内障のモデル

The circumlimbal suture is a technique for inducing experimental glaucoma in rodents by chronically elevating intraocular pressure (IOP), a well-known ...

Non-invasive Assessment of Dorsiflexor Muscle Function in Mice

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively affect skeletal muscle. This can result in a loss of muscle mass (atrophy) and/or loss of muscle quality (reduced force per unit of muscle mass), both of which are prevalent in chronic disease, muscle-specific disease, immobilization, and aging (sarcopenia). Skeletal muscle function in animals can be evaluated by a range of different tests. All tests have limitations related to the physiological testing environment, and the selection of a specific test often depends on the nature of the experiments. Here, we describe an in vivo, non-invasive technique involving a helpful and easy assessment of force frequency-curve (FFC) in mice that can be performed on the same animal over time. This permits monitoring of disease progression and/or efficacy&#160;of a potential therapeutic treatment.

Measurement of rodent skeletal muscle contractile function is a useful tool that can be used to track disease progression as well as efficacy of therapeutic intervention. We describe here the non-invasive, in vivo assessment of the dorsiflexor muscles that can be repeated over time in the same mouse.

マウスで内がえし筋機能の非侵襲的評価

Assessment of skeletal muscle contractile function is an important measurement for both clinical and research purposes. Numerous conditions can negatively ...

Effect of Artificial Tear Formulations on the Metabolic Activity of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells after Exposure to Desiccation

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear formulations that prevent cell desiccation will result in ocular surface protection and the maintenance of cell metabolic activity. During dehydration, cells undergo the process of loss of metabolic activity and subsequently cell death. This work describes a method for assessing the efficacy of artificial tear formulations. The metabolic dye (i.e., alamarBlue) changes from a low fluorescent molecule resazurin to a fluorescent molecule resorufin in viable cells. The biological performance of an artificial tear formulation is measured as the ability of the formulation to (a) maintain cell viability and (b) provide cell protection from desiccation. Growth media and saline are used as controls for the cell viability/desiccation tests. Cells are incubated with test solutions for 30 min and then desiccated for 0 or 5 min at 37 &#176;C and 45% relative humidity. Cell metabolic activity after initial exposure and after cell desiccation is then determined. The results show the comparative effects of eye drop formulations on cell metabolic activity and desiccation protection. This method can be used to test dry eye formulations that are designed to treat individuals with evaporative dry eye.

The purpose of this protocol is to evaluate if different artificial tear formulations can protect human corneal epithelial cells from desiccation using an in vitro model. After exposure to artificial tear formulations and desiccation, human corneal epithelial cells are assessed for metabolic activity.

乾燥した後のヒト角膜上皮細胞の代謝活性に及ぼす人工涙液製剤の効果

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear ...