DCED Estado da Pensilvânia

1. Construção da Pista <ol><li> Instalar piso claro. Dimensões do curso são 40 m de comprimento por 7 m de largura que consistem em 280 um pé de 2 pisos portáteis (ladrilhos evento bege). Coloque com guarnição preta em torno do perímetro apenas (Figura 1). </li><li> Pintar as paredes adjacentes para combinar os ladrilhos do piso, criando um ambiente um pouco monocromática. Cores que usamos com os valores em escala de cinza são fornecidos (Tabela 5). Se as cores específicas não estão disponíveis, recomendamos tomar um azulejo de uma loja de ferragens para correspondência de cores. </li><li> Instalação de iluminação de acordo com o modelo de iluminação (Figura 1). Ligar as luzes de interruptor dimmer. </li><li> Tinta de obstáculos de acordo com as instruções de pintura (Figura 2). </li></ol> 2. Prepare área de testes <ol><li> Ajuste a iluminação para a condição desejada e verificar com o medidor de luz no início, meio e final do corredor que contém o curso. </li&gt; <li> Certifique-se de que a câmera de vídeo está definido para gravar e que a colocação da câmera é adequada para capturar os assuntos como andam através do curso. Recomendamos montar um teto ou, alternativamente, a câmera pode ser de mão. </li></ol> 3. Grave preferido Andando velocidade PWS <ol><li> Posição motivo no centro do passadiço (coluna curso &quot;D&quot;). Nota: dedos dos pés devem estar por trás de fronteira de passagem. Leia as instruções para o assunto (Figura 3). </li><li> Comece cronômetro uma vez pé atravessa borda preta e em via. Parar o tempo, uma vez pé atravessa borda preta na outra extremidade da passarela. Tempo recorde como PWS1. Vire assunto volta e repetir procedimento em sentido oposto. Tempo recorde como PWS2. PWS1 Média e PWS2 e registro como PWS final. </li></ol> 4. Pista de Obstáculos Navegação <ol><li> A partir do esquema de randomização, criou o primeiro curso (Figura 4). Telhas de assoalho deve ser usado como a grade em cima which os obstáculos são mapeados. Consulte o diagrama prevista mapeamento correto dos obstáculos. É útil para o número das telhas ao longo do eixo horizontal e vertical com um marcador indelével, para facilitar a colocação de obstáculos. Também é útil para identificar os obstáculos de acordo com os diagramas fornecidos em um local discreto. </li><li> Guia sujeito a começar de 40 pés passarela. Leia as instruções para o assunto (Figura 3). Assunto deve ser posicionado no centro da passarela (coluna &quot;D&quot;) com os dedos atrás de fronteira. Comece cronômetro uma vez pé atravessa borda preta e em via. Parar o tempo, uma vez pé atravessa borda preta na outra extremidade da passarela. Grave este tempo como Curso de Velocidade (CS). </li><li> Recorde quando os obstáculos são atingidos, a classificação da gravidade da batida em uma escala de 3 pontos. A corrida curso deve ser filmado para posterior confirmação por um observador independente. </li></ol> 5. Obstáculo Identificação <ol><li> Após a conclusão do coutarefa de navegação rse, vire assunto ao redor para enfrentar o curso e posição no centro do curso (coluna D). Nota: certifique-se de que todos os obstáculos que exigem reposicionamento, a fim de ver a cor correta do final do curso é rodado. Leia as instruções de assunto (Figura 3). Nesta altura, a primeira tarefa de identificação de objecto irá ser administrado. Peça à pessoa para se virar e dizer o Assistente de Pesquisa o número total de objetos que eles sabem discernir dentro de 30 segundos. Esse número deve ser gravado. </li><li> Diga o assunto voltar a pé ao longo do curso e apontar para cada obstáculo que eles podem ver. Não importa se eles colidir com o obstáculo. O número de obstáculos que podem ver é gravado. É útil para gravar os obstáculos que eles são capazes de detectar. Este não é cronometrado. </li></ol> Os itens 4 e 5 deve ser repetido para cada versão do curso que é executado.

<ol>
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Nós descrevemos um curso interno, portátil, de fácil reprodução, e relativamente barato que pode ser usado para avaliar desvio de obstáculos em pessoas cegas ou com baixa visão. A maioria dos projetos e testes (ie rebocadores) pista de obstáculos atuais são difíceis de comparar em sites e observadores, ou são injeções permanentes que não podem ser facilmente realizados em locais alternativos 16,17,30. Nosso objetivo era criar um curso que poderia ser padronizado para uso em diferentes l...

Avaliações de reabilitação de baixa visão deve determinar se os resultados da intervenção na melhoria da função. Métricas de desempenho normalmente envolvem leitura ou funcionais avaliações baseadas computador 1-9, bem como a qualidade de vida questionários 10-15. Ser capaz de avaliar também a capacidade do paciente de baixa visão a navegar ao redor de obstáculos também podem fornecer pistas para melhorias funcionais 18 particularmente no caso de dispositivos de visão artificial. Geruschat et al. Publicou recentemente os resultados de navegação com um chip de implante de retina, destacando a necessidade de uma métrica padrão nesta área 17. Atualmente não há amplamente aceita, objetivo, validados e normas abrangentes para determinar a capacidade de desvio de obstáculos. Desenvolvimento de um teste funcional, que se correlacionam com o desempenho de navegação para pessoas com baixa visão ou &quot;baixa visão extremista&quot;, como produced por visão artificial seria desejável, mas manteve-se uma meta distante. O campo emergente de dispositivos de visão artificial, tais como chips de implantes de retina 18-24 ou dispositivos de substituição sensorial, como a BrainPort 25 ea voz 26, necessita de um teste de desvio de obstáculos que possam correlacionar a um aumento da capacidade de navegação conferidos por esses dispositivos. Tal avaliação não só permitem que os voluntários para compreender suas próprias limitações, enquanto atravessam os seus arredores, mas pode fornecer um meio para medir a melhora com orientação e treinamento de mobilidade ou entre iterações de protótipos de melhoria da visão. Idealmente, pode haver alguma capacidade de avaliar o risco de um indivíduo para acidentes caem 27. Nosso objetivo era criar um curso de obstáculo que poderia ser útil para a avaliação da capacidade de navegação em pacientes em uso de dispositivos de visão artificial e transferível para o campo da low visão em geral. Uma revisão da literatura publicada sobre cursos de obstáculo e deficiência visual foi realizada utilizando o banco de dados PubMed. Houve numerosas tentativas de criar percursos de obstáculos padronizados 16,17,28-31,34. A maior parte destes não são portáteis, no sentido de que seria difícil de reproduzir exactamente o ajuste, em particular para os cursos exteriores. Maguire et al. Descrever curso obstáculo que é usada para mostrar o desempenho de mobilidade em pacientes com amaurose congénita de Leber. Este curso tem a vantagem de ser portátil e pequeno, mas não é claro se diferentes iterações foram disponibilizados para evitar efeitos de memorização, nem existem quaisquer provisões para os obstáculos que não são no chão, mudanças de textura, ou stepovers. Leat fornece uma descrição incisiva das potenciais armadilhas na concepção de um curso e coloca diante de uma descrição de um curso ao ar livre que, infelizmente, não seria capaz de ser reproduzido exatamente em uma alternative localização 30. Velikay-Parel et al. Descreveu um teste de mobilidade para uso com chips de implantes de retina. Este projeto teve a vantagem de ser portátil e simples de executar. Embora este curso poderia ser reproduzida em um local alternativo, sem detalhes específicos sobre a construção curso são fornecidos. Além disso, e mais preocupante foi que eles mostraram o efeito de aprendizagem atingido níveis assintótica devido ao curso de familiaridade, portanto, ser capaz de evitar por completo curso de memorização pode eliminar a preocupação com a perda de aprender efeito ao longo do tempo 18. Nenhum dos cursos descritos até agora têm sido amplamente adotados pelas comunidades de baixa visão ou de reabilitação. Os autores consultados posteriormente com uma equipe de seis baixa visão terapeutas ocupacionais e orientação e especialistas de mobilidade do Oeste Escola Pensilvânia para Crianças Cegas (Pittsburgh, PA) e os Cegos e Visão Serviços de Reabilitação de Pittsburgh (Homestead, PA) regarding proposto o projeto do curso. Atributos desejáveis ​​de um curso de obstáculo funcional identificado incluído: Portabilidade para fácil montagem / desmontagem e armazenamento, a flexibilidade para testar sob condições de pouca luz e brilhantes, e para espelhar situações &quot;vida real&quot;, incluindo os obstáculos que representam objetos no ambiente familiar de um paciente que são resistentes o suficiente para resistir a colisões repetidas ao ser dúctil, a fim de evitar danos ao paciente. Além disso, considerou-se necessário ter vários tipos de ambientes projetados de tal forma para que, quando administrado de forma aleatória impede curso memorização. Além disso, o curso deve demonstrar resultados reproduzíveis em várias configurações, tem forte confiabilidade inter e intra examinadores e ser uma medida objetiva de percepção espacial. O ponto culminante deste esforço foi o desenvolvimento de um curso de obstáculo que pode ser razoavelmente esperado para ser reproduzido em um padrão institucionalcorredor. O curso destina-se a testar diferentes conjuntos de habilidades, todos importantes para a navegação. Cada nível do curso tenta focalizar vários tipos particulares de obstáculos encontrados nas atividades de navegação diárias. O primeiro curso avalia a capacidade de navegar através de metas relativamente alto contraste que são todos colocados no chão, mas requer um grande número de voltas. O segundo curso avalia a capacidade de navegar através de obstáculos que são de contraste alta e baixa, mudanças de textura chão e objetos suspensos no ar. O curso final avalia a capacidade de navegar obstáculos de isopor que são de baixo contraste, a superfície brilho mudanças no chão, a adição de obstáculos nonStyrofoam (tecido), mudanças de cor da telha de assoalho, os obstáculos que devem ser intensificadas ao longo, e os obstáculos que não estão na chão. Os campos são rotulados 1, 2, 3 e para a facilidade de rotulagem, mas esta designação não deve ser interpretado como um aumento do nível de dificuldade. Dentro de cada nível, há three versões do curso, que podem ser randomizados para evitar curso memorização.

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a standardized obstacle course for assessment of visual function in ultra low vision and artificial vision

Nós descrevemos um curso interno, portátil, padronizado que pode ser usado para avaliar desvio de obstáculos em pessoas que têm visão ultrabaixa. Seis controles com visão e 36 completamente cego, mas de outra maneira saudável adulto masculino (n = 29) e feminino (n = 13) indivíduos (faixa etária 19-85 anos), estavam matriculados em um dos três estudos envolvendo testes do dispositivo de substituição sensorial BrainPort. Os participantes foram convidados a navegar o curso antes e depois, a formação BrainPort. Eles completaram um total de 837 cursos corridas em dois locais diferentes. Médias e desvios-padrão foram calculados através de tipos de controle, cursos, luzes e visitas. Foi utilizado um modelo linear de efeitos mistos para comparar diferentes categorias nas PPWS (cento velocidade de caminhada preferida) e dados por cento de erro para mostrar que as iterações do curso foram devidamente projetado. O curso é relativamente barato e simples de administrar, e foi demonstrado ser um meio viável para testar a função de mobilidade. A análise dos dados demonstrates que para o resultado da percentagem de erro, bem como para a percentagem preferida velocidade de marcha, de que cada um dos três cursos é diferente, e que dentro de cada nível, cada um dos três iterações forem iguais. Isto permite a randomização dos cursos durante a administração. Abreviações: velocidade de caminhada preferida (PWS) Velocidade curso (CS) percentual velocidade de caminhada preferida (PPWS)

Assuntos Seis olhos vendados avistado, avistado, e 36 completamente cego, mas de outra maneira saudável de adultos (faixa etária 19-85 anos), do sexo masculino (n = 29) e feminino (n = 13), cadastradas em um dos três estudos envolvendo testes do BrainPort sensorial dispositivo de substituição (Wicab, Madison WI). Todos os estudos foram aprovados pela Universidade de Pittsburgh IRB e todos os sujeitos assinaram um documento de consentimento informado aprovado. Todos os estudos foram um dent...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision at JoVE.com

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

Nós descrevemos um curso interno, portátil, padronizado que pode ser usado para avaliar desvio de obstáculos em pessoas que têm visão ultrabaixa. O curso é relativamente barato e simples de administrar, e tem sido demonstrado que são fiáveis ​​e reprodutíveis.

Uma pista de obstáculos Padronizado para a Avaliação da função visual em Ultra Baixa Visão e Visão Artificial

We describe an indoor, portable, standardized course that can be used to evaluate obstacle avoidance in persons who have ultralow vision. Six sighted ...

a-standardized-obstacle-course-for-assessment-visual-function-ultra

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.0K visualizações.  University of Pittsburgh.  Nós descrevemos um curso interno, portátil, padronizado que pode ser usado para avaliar desvio de obstáculos em pessoas que têm visão ultrabaixa. O curso é relativamente barato e simples de administrar, e tem sido demonstrado que são fiáveis ​​e reprodutíveis. 

Vídeo: A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

A Medição e Tratamento de Supressão de ambliopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Medicina

Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography

Indocyanine Green&#160;Angiography (or ICGA) is a technique performed by ophthalmologists to diagnose abnormalities of the choroidal and retinal vasculature of various eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). ICGA is especially useful to image the posterior choroidal vasculature of the eye due to its capability of penetrating through the pigmented layer with its infrared spectrum. ICGA time course can be divided into early, middle, and late phases. The three phases provide valuable information on the pathology of eye problems. Although time-course ICGA by intravenous (IV) injection is widely used in the clinic for the diagnosis and management of choroid problems, ICGA by intraperitoneal injection (IP) is commonly used in animal research. Here we demonstrated the technique to obtain high-resolution ICGA time-course images in mice by tail-vein injection and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. We used this technique to image the choroidal lesions in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration. Although it is much easier to introduce ICG to the mouse vasculature by IP, our data indicate that it is difficult to obtain reproducible ICGA time course images by IP-ICGA. In contrast, ICGA via tail vein injection provides high quality ICGA time-course images comparable to human studies. In addition, we showed that ICGA performed on albino mice gives clearer pictures of choroidal vessels than that performed on pigmented mice. We suggest that time-course IV-ICGA should become a standard practice in AMD research based on animal models.

Indocyanine Green Angiography (or ICGA) performed by tail vein injection provides high quality ICGA time course images to characterize abnormalities in mouse choroid.

Detectar alterações no coróide Vasculature em um modelo do rato de Degeneração Macular relacionada com a Idade de-curso Tempo Indocianina Verde Angiografia

Indocyanine Green&#160;Angiography (or ICGA) is a technique performed by ophthalmologists to diagnose abnormalities of the choroidal and retinal ...

Slow-release Drug Delivery through Elvax 40W to the Rat Retina: Implications for the Treatment of Chronic Conditions

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these diseases. Chronic retinal diseases such as retinal oedema or neovascularization usually require multiple intraocular injections to effectively treat the condition. However, the risks associated with these injections increase with repeated delivery of the drug. Therefore, alternative delivery methods need to be established in order to minimize the risks of reinjection. Several other investigations have developed methods to deliver drugs over extended time, through materials capable of releasing chemicals slowly into the eye. In this investigation, we outline the use of Elvax 40W, a copolymer resin, to act as a vehicle for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The resin is made and loaded with the drug. The drug-resin complex is then implanted into the vitreous cavity, where it will slowly release the drug over time. This method was tested using 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a glutamate analogue that blocks the light response of the retina. It was demonstrated that the APB was slowly released from the resin, and was able to block the retinal response by 7 days after implantation. This indicates that slow-release drug delivery using this copolymer resin is effective for treating the retina, and could be used therapeutically with further testing.

This paper details how Elvax 40W can be used as a slow-release method for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The protocol for preparing, loading, and delivering the drug-resin complex to the eye is described.

De liberação lenta Drug Delivery através Elvax 40W para o Rat Retina: implicações para o tratamento de condições crônicas

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these ...

Three Different Protocols of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus: Conventional, Accelerated and Iontophoresis

Keratoconus is a bilateral and progressive corneal ectasia. In order to slow down its progression, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has recently been introduced as an efficient treatment option. In biological and chemical sciences, crosslinking refers to new chemical bonds formed between reactive molecules. Hence, the aim of corneal collagen CXL is to synthetically increase the formation of crosslinks between collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma. Despite the fact that the efficiency of the conventional CXL (C-CXL) protocol has already been shown in several clinical studies, it might benefit from improvements in duration of the procedure and removal of corneal epithelium. Hence, in order to provide a coherent evaluation of two new and optimized CXL protocols, we studied keratoconus patients who had undergone one of the three CXL treatments: iontophoresis (I-CXL), accelerated CXL (A-CXL), and conventional CXL (C-CXL). A-CXL is a 6 time faster CXL procedure using a ten time higher UVA irradiance but still including an epithelium removal. Iontophoresis is a transepithelial non-invasive technique in which a small electric current is applied to improve riboflavin penetration throughout the cornea. Using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), we conclude that regarding the depth of treatment penetration, conventional CXL protocol remains the standard for treating progressive keratoconus. Accelerated CXL seems to be a quick, effective and safe alternative to treat thin corneas. The use of iontophoresis is still being investigated and should be considered with greater caution.

Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is the only conservative treatment currently available to halt keratoconus progression by improving the biomechanical rigidity of the corneal stroma. The aim of this manuscript is to highlight the methods of three different protocols of CXL: conventional CXL (C-CXL), accelerated CXL (A-CXL), and iontophoresis CXL (I-CXL).

Três diferentes protocolos de Corneal Collagen reticulação em Ceratocone: convencional, com aceleração e Iontoforese

Keratoconus is a bilateral and progressive corneal ectasia. In order to slow down its progression, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has recently been ...

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to microperimetry (MY) in eyes affected by dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) over time through the production and secretion of growth factors (GFs) on surrounding tissue. Patients were randomly assigned to each study group. All patients were diagnosed with dry AMD and with BCVA equal to or greater than 1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). A suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT) was carried out on group A, which included 11 eyes from 11 patients. The technique was performed by implanting adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells obtained from the stromal vascular fraction, and platelets from platelet-rich plasma in the suprachoroidal space. Conversely, group B, including 14 eyes of 14 patients, was used as a control group. For each patient, diagnosis was verified by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In group A, BCVA improved by 0.581 to 0.504 at 90 days and to 0.376 logMAR at 180 days (+32.20%) postoperatively. Furthermore, MY test increased by 11.44 dB to 12.59 dB at 180 days. The different cell types grafted behind the choroid were able to ensure constant GF secretion in the choroidal flow. Consequently, the results indicate that visual acuity (VA) in the grafted group can increase more than in the control group after six months.

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

The goal of this study is to assess whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipose-derived stem cells included in the stromal vascular fraction and platelets derived from platelet-rich plasma by the Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique can improve visual acuity and retinal sensitivity responses in eyes affected by dry age-related macular degeneration.

Terapia regenerativa pela célula Suprachoroidal Autograft em seco Degeneration Macular Age-related: relatório preliminar na Vivo

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to ...

Puncture-Induced Iris Neovascularization as a Mouse Model of Rubeosis Iridis

We describe a model of puncture-induced iris neovascularization as a general model for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis. The model is also relevant for targeting neovascular glaucoma, a sight-threatening complication of diabetic retinopathy. This method is based on the induction of iris vascular response by a series of self-sealing uveal punctures on BALB/c mice and takes advantage of the postpartum maturation of mouse ocular vasculature. Mouse pups undergo uveal punctures from postnatal day 12.5, when the pups naturally open their eyes, until postnatal day 24.5. Due to the transparency of the cornea, iris vasculature can be analyzed easily through time by noninvasive in vivo methods. Furthermore, the semitransparent iris of BALB/c mice can be flatmounted for detailed immunohistologic analysis with minimal non-specific background staining. In this model, angiogenesis is mainly driven by the inflammatory and plasminogen activating systems. The puncture-induced model is the first to induce iris neovascularization in small rodents, and has the advantage of allowing direct noninvasive in vivo analysis of the angiogenic process. Moreover, the model can be combined with angiogenic modulating substances, which highlights its potential in the study of angiogenesis with an in vivo perspective.

Iris neovascularization, a common complication of ischemic retinal disease, may lead to sight-threatening neovascular glaucoma. Here, we describe a murine protocol for inducing experimental iris neovascularization that may be used for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis-modulating substances.

Induzida por punção neovascularização de Iris como um modelo do rato da Rubeosis Iridis

We describe a model of puncture-induced iris neovascularization as a general model for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis. The model is also relevant ...

A Model of Glaucoma Induced by Circumlimbal Suture in Rats and Mice

The circumlimbal suture is a technique for inducing experimental glaucoma in rodents by chronically elevating intraocular pressure (IOP), a well-known risk factor for glaucoma. This protocol demonstrates a step-by-step guide on this technique in Long Evans rats and C57BL/6 mice. Under general anesthesia, a "purse-string" suture is applied on the conjunctiva, around the equator and behind the limbus of the eye. The fellow eye serves as an untreated control. Over the duration of our study, which was a period of 8 weeks for rats and 12 weeks for mice, IOP remained elevated, as measured regularly by rebound tonometry in conscious animals without topical anesthesia. In both species, the sutured eyes showed electroretinogram features consistent with preferential inner retinal dysfunction. Optical coherence tomography showed selective thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Histology of the rat retina in cross-section found reduced cell density in the ganglion cell layer, but no change in other cellular layers. Staining of flat-mounted mouse retinae with a ganglion cell specific marker (RBPMS) confirmed ganglion cell loss. The circumlimbal suture is a simple, minimally invasive and cost-effective way to induce ocular hypertension that leads to ganglion cell injury in both rats and mice.

Chronic ocular hypertension is induced by applying a circumlimbal suture in rats and mice, leading to functional and structural deterioration of the retinal ganglion cells consistent with glaucoma.

Um modelo de Glaucoma induzido por sutura Circumlimbal em ratos e camundongos

The circumlimbal suture is a technique for inducing experimental glaucoma in rodents by chronically elevating intraocular pressure (IOP), a well-known ...

Effect of Artificial Tear Formulations on the Metabolic Activity of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells after Exposure to Desiccation

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear formulations that prevent cell desiccation will result in ocular surface protection and the maintenance of cell metabolic activity. During dehydration, cells undergo the process of loss of metabolic activity and subsequently cell death. This work describes a method for assessing the efficacy of artificial tear formulations. The metabolic dye (i.e., alamarBlue) changes from a low fluorescent molecule resazurin to a fluorescent molecule resorufin in viable cells. The biological performance of an artificial tear formulation is measured as the ability of the formulation to (a) maintain cell viability and (b) provide cell protection from desiccation. Growth media and saline are used as controls for the cell viability/desiccation tests. Cells are incubated with test solutions for 30 min and then desiccated for 0 or 5 min at 37 &#176;C and 45% relative humidity. Cell metabolic activity after initial exposure and after cell desiccation is then determined. The results show the comparative effects of eye drop formulations on cell metabolic activity and desiccation protection. This method can be used to test dry eye formulations that are designed to treat individuals with evaporative dry eye.

The purpose of this protocol is to evaluate if different artificial tear formulations can protect human corneal epithelial cells from desiccation using an in vitro model. After exposure to artificial tear formulations and desiccation, human corneal epithelial cells are assessed for metabolic activity.

Efeito das formulações de lágrimas artificiais na atividade metabólica das células epiteliais da córnea humana após exposição à dessecação

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear ...

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional rehabilitation techniques in an athletic, physically active population. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound can be applied using frame-by-frame analysis synchronized with video to understand muscle thickness changes during these dynamic tasks. Visual biofeedback with ultrasound has been established in static positions for the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. However, by securing the transducer to the abdomen using an elastic belt and foam block, biofeedback can be applied during more specific tasks prevalent in lifetime sports, such as golf. To analyze muscle activity during a golf swing, muscle thickness changes can be compared. The thickness must increase throughout the task, indicating that the muscle is more active. This methodology allows clinicians to immediately replay ultrasound videos for patients as a visual tool to instruct proper activity of the muscles of interest. For example, ultrasound can be used to target the external and internal obliques, which play an important role in swinging a golf club or any other rotational sport or activity. This methodology aims to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing. Additionally, the timing of muscle contraction can be targeted by instructing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles at specific time points, such as the beginning of the downswing, with the goal of improving muscle firing patterns during tasks.

Brightness mode ultrasound can be used to provide visual biofeedback of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing. Post-swing visual and verbal instruction can increase the muscle activation and timing of the external and internal obliques.

Fornecendo Biofeedback Visual Usando Ultrassom de Modo de Brilho Durante um Balanço de Golfe

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional ...

Visão revitalizante: terapia com células-tronco para degeneração da retina

Sub-Retinal Delivery of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Photoreceptor Progenitors in rd10 Mice

Regeneration of photoreceptor cells using human pluripotent stem cells is a promising therapy for the treatment of both hereditary and aging retinal diseases at advanced stages. We have shown human recombinant retina-specific laminin isoform matrix is able to support the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to photoreceptor progenitors. In addition, sub-retinal injection of these cells has also shown partial restoration in the rd10 rodent and rabbit models. Sub-retinal injection is known to be an established method that has been used to deliver pharmaceutical compounds to the photoreceptor cells and retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) layer of the eye due to its proximity to the target space. It has also been used to deliver adeno-associated viral vectors into the sub-retinal space to treat retinal diseases. The sub-retinal delivery of pharmaceutical compounds and cells in the murine model is challenging due to the constraint in the size of the murine eyeball. This protocol describes the detailed procedure for the preparation of hESC-derived photoreceptor progenitor cells for injection and the sub-retinal delivery technique of these cells in genetic retinitis pigmentosa mutant, rd10 mice. This approach allows cell therapy to the targeted area, in particular the outer nuclear layer of the retina, where diseases leading to photoreceptor degeneration occur.

Autor em destaque: Avançando na restauração da visão - terapia baseada em células-tronco para doenças da retina 

We describe a detailed protocol for the preparation of post-cryopreserved hESC-derived photoreceptor progenitor cells and the sub-retinal delivery of these cells in rd10 mice.

Liberação Sub-Retiniana de Progenitores de Fotorreceptores Derivados de Células-Tronco Embrionárias Humanas em Camundongos rd10

Regeneration of photoreceptor cells using human pluripotent stem cells is a promising therapy for the treatment of both hereditary and aging retinal ...