Dced Stato della Pennsylvania

1. Costruzione Corso <ol><li> Installare pavimento corso. Dimensioni del corso sono 40 m di lunghezza e 7 m di larghezza, comprensivi di 280 1 m 2 piastrelle portatili (piastrelle evento beige). Posizionare con finiture nere intorno al perimetro solo (Figura 1). </li><li> Dipingere le pareti adiacenti per abbinare le piastrelle del pavimento, creando un ambiente un po &#39;monocromatico. I colori che abbiamo usato con i valori in scala di grigi sono forniti (Tabella 5). Se i colori specifici non sono disponibili, si consiglia di prendere una tessera di un negozio di ferramenta per la corrispondenza dei colori. </li><li> Installare illuminazione secondo il modello di illuminazione (Figura 1). Collegare luci dimmer. </li><li> Vernice ostacoli secondo le istruzioni di verniciatura (Figura 2). </li></ol> 2. Preparare Test Area <ol><li> Regolare l&#39;illuminazione a stato desiderato e verificare con esposimetro a inizio, metà e fine del corridoio, che contiene il corso. </li&gt; <li> Assicurarsi che la videocamera è impostata per registrare e che il posizionamento della telecamera è opportuno catturare i soggetti mentre camminano attraverso il corso. Si consiglia di montare un soffitto o in alternativa, la fotocamera può essere tenuto in mano. </li></ol> 3. Record Preferred Walking Velocità PWS <ol><li> Posizione tema al centro del passaggio pedonale (ovviamente colonna &quot;D&quot;). Nota: le dita dei piedi devono essere dietro confine di passerella. Leggere le istruzioni al soggetto (Figura 3). </li><li> Inizia cronometro volta piede attraversa bordo nero e sul percorso. Smettere di tempo una volta piede attraversa bordo nero all&#39;altra estremità della passerella. Tempo come PWS1 Record. Girare tema intorno e ripetere la procedura in direzione opposta. Tempo come PWS2 Record. PWS1 Media e PWS2 e record come PWS finale. </li></ol> 4. Obstacle Course Navigation <ol><li> Dal regime di randomizzazione, istituito il primo corso (Figura 4). Piastrelle per pavimenti devono essere utilizzati come la griglia su WHIch gli ostacoli sono mappati. Fare riferimento allo schema previsto corretta mappatura degli ostacoli. E &#39;utile per numerare le piastrelle lungo l&#39;asse verticale e orizzontale con un pennarello indelebile per consentire un facile posizionamento degli ostacoli. E &#39;anche utile per etichettare gli ostacoli secondo gli schemi forniti in una posizione poco appariscente. </li><li> Guida soggetto a cominciare di 40 ft passerella. Leggere le istruzioni al soggetto (Figura 3). Oggetto deve essere posizionato al centro del passaggio pedonale (colonna &quot;D&quot;) con punte dietro frontiera. Inizia cronometro volta piede attraversa bordo nero e sul percorso. Smettere di tempo una volta piede attraversa bordo nero all&#39;altra estremità della passerella. Registrare questa volta come Velocità Rotta (CS). </li><li> Record ostacoli quando vengono colpiti, la classificazione della gravità del colpo su una scala a 3 punti. La corsa corso dovrebbe essere videoregistrato per la conferma dopo da un osservatore indipendente. </li></ol> 5. Ostacolo Identificazione <ol><li> Al completamento del coucompito navigazione RSE, girare soggetti intorno ad affrontare il corso e la posizione al centro del corso (colonna D). Nota: assicurarsi che eventuali ostacoli che richiedono riposizionamento al fine di visualizzare il colore corretto dalla fine del corso è ruotato. Leggi le istruzioni a tema (Figura 3). A questo punto il primo compito identificazione degli oggetti sarà somministrato. Chiedere al soggetto di girarsi e dire l&#39;Assistente di ricerca il numero totale di oggetti che possono discernere in 30 sec. Questo numero deve essere registrato. </li><li> Dite al soggetto di tornare a piedi attraverso il corso e punto ad ogni ostacolo si può vedere. Non importa se si scontrano con l&#39;ostacolo. Viene registrato il numero di ostacoli che possono vedere. È utile registrare che gli ostacoli sono in grado di rilevare. Questo non è a tempo. </li></ol> Gli articoli 4 e 5 devono essere ripetute per ciascuna versione corso che viene eseguito.

<ol>
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Descriviamo un corso interno, portatile, facilmente riproducibile, e relativamente poco costoso che può essere utilizzato per valutare evitare di ostacolo nelle persone non vedenti o ipovedenti. La maggior parte dei disegni e prove (ad esempio rimorchiatori) percorso a ostacoli attuali sono difficili da confrontare tra siti e osservatori, o sono instillazioni permanenti che non possono essere facilmente eseguite a posizioni alternative 16,17,30. Il nostro obiettivo era quello di creare un percorso c...

Valutazioni basse riabilitazione visione deve determinare se i risultati di intervento in miglioramento nella funzione. Metriche di performance coinvolgono tipicamente informatici basati lettura o funzionali valutazioni di 1-9, nonché la qualità della vita questionari 10-15. Essere in grado di valutare anche la capacità del paziente a basso visione per navigare intorno agli ostacoli potrebbe anche fornire indizi per miglioramenti funzionali 18 in particolare nel caso dei dispositivi di visione artificiale. Geruschat et al. Recentemente pubblicato risultati navigazione con un chip protesi retinica, evidenziando la necessità di una metrica standard in questa zona 17. Attualmente non ci sono ampiamente accettata, oggettivo, validati, e gli standard globali per la capacità di evitare ostacoli determinazione. Sviluppo di un test funzionale che potrebbe correlare prestazioni di navigazione per le persone ipovedenti o &quot;visione ultra low&quot;, come produced dalla visione artificiale sarebbe auspicabile, ma è rimasto un obiettivo irraggiungibile. Il campo crescente di dispositivi di visione artificiale come retiniche chip implantari 18-24 o dispositivi sostituzione sensoriale come il BrainPort 25 e la voce 26, richiede un test di evitamento di ostacoli che potrebbero correlare ad una maggiore capacità di navigazione conferiti da questi dispositivi. Tale valutazione non solo consentire ai soggetti di comprendere i propri limiti, e attraversa l&#39;ambiente circostante, ma potrebbe fornire un mezzo per misurare il miglioramento di orientamento e formazione per la mobilità o tra le iterazioni di valorizzazione visione prototipi di dispositivi. Idealmente, ci potrebbe essere qualche possibilità di valutare il rischio individuale per gli incidenti di caduta 27. Il nostro obiettivo era quello di creare un percorso ad ostacoli che sarebbe utile per la valutazione della capacità di navigazione nei pazienti che usano dispositivi di visione artificiale e trasferibili al campo di lvisione ow in generale. Una revisione della letteratura pubblicata su percorsi ad ostacoli e difficoltà visive è stata effettuata utilizzando il database di PubMed. Ci sono stati numerosi tentativi di creare percorsi ad ostacoli standardizzati 16,17,28-31,34. La maggior parte di questi non sono portatili, nel senso che sarebbe difficile riprodurre esattamente l&#39;ambiente, in particolare per corsi esterni. Maguire et al. Descrivere percorso ad ostacoli che viene utilizzato per mostrare le prestazioni di mobilità in pazienti affetti da Amaurosi Congenita di Leber. Questo corso ha il vantaggio di essere portatile e piccola, ma non è chiaro se diverse iterazioni sono stati resi disponibili per prevenire gli effetti di memorizzazione, né vi sono disposizioni per gli ostacoli che non sono sul pavimento, modifiche di texture o accostamenti laterali. Leat fornisce una descrizione incisiva di potenziali insidie ​​nella progettazione di un corso che mette fuori la descrizione di una pista esterna che purtroppo non sarebbe in grado di riprodurre esattamente in un Alternative posizione 30. Velikay-Parel et al. Ha descritto un test di mobilità per l&#39;utilizzo con i chip di impianti retinici. Questo disegno ha il vantaggio di essere portatile e semplice da eseguire. Anche se questo corso potrebbe essere riprodotto in un sito alternativo, non sono forniti dettagli specifici sulla costruzione corso. Inoltre, e più preoccupante era che hanno mostrato l&#39;effetto di apprendimento raggiunto livelli asintotiche a causa di corso di familiarità, essendo quindi in grado di prevenire corso di memorizzazione del tutto potrebbe eliminare la preoccupazione per la perdita dell&#39;effetto di apprendimento nel corso del tempo 18. Nessuno dei corsi descritti finora sono state ampiamente adottate dalle comunità ipovedenti o di riabilitazione. Gli autori hanno poi consultato con un team di sei ipovisione terapisti occupazionali e di orientamento e specialisti di mobilità della Western Pennsylvania School for bambini ciechi (Pittsburgh, PA) e Ciechi e Vision Servizi di Riabilitazione di Pittsburgh (Homestead, PA) regArding proposto progettazione del corso. Attributi desiderabili di una corsa ad ostacoli funzionale identificato inclusi: portabilità per un facile montaggio / smontaggio e lo stoccaggio, la flessibilità per testare sia in condizioni di scarsa illuminazione e luminosi, e per rispecchiare situazioni di &quot;vita reale&quot;, includendo gli ostacoli che rappresentano oggetti in ambiente domestico di un paziente che sono abbastanza robusto per sopportare ripetuta collisione pur essendo duttile al fine di evitare lesioni al paziente. Inoltre si è ritenuto necessario avere diversi tipi di ambienti progettati in quali modo tale che, quando somministrati in ordine casuale impedisce corso di memorizzazione. Inoltre, il corso deve dimostrare risultati riproducibili in diversi contesti, hanno una forte inter e intra affidabilità rater e di essere una misura oggettiva della consapevolezza spaziale. Il culmine di questo sforzo è stato lo sviluppo di un percorso ad ostacoli che potrebbe ragionevolmente essere riprodotte in uno istituzionale normacorridoio. Il corso è progettato per testare competenze diverse, tutti importanti per la navigazione. Ogni livello del corso tenta di mettere a fuoco alcuni particolari tipi di ostacoli incontrati nella attività di navigazione quotidiana. Il primo corso valuta la possibilità di navigare attraverso obiettivi relativamente alto contrasto che sono tutti collocati sul pavimento, ma richiede un gran numero di giri. Il secondo corso valuta la possibilità di navigare attraverso gli ostacoli che sono sia alto e basso contrasto, modifiche piano texture e oggetti sospesi in aria. Il corso finale valuta la possibilità di navigare gli ostacoli di polistirolo che sono a basso contrasto, la superficie glare modifiche al piano, l&#39;aggiunta di ostacoli nonStyrofoam (stoffa), i cambiamenti pavimento di colore, gli ostacoli che devono essere avvicinò, e gli ostacoli che non sono in piano. I corsi sono etichettati 1, 2, e 3 per la facilità di etichettatura, ma questa designazione non devono essere interpretate come l&#39;aumento del livello di difficoltà. All&#39;interno di ogni livello, ci sono thrversioni ee del corso, che possono essere randomizzati per prevenire corso memorizzazione.

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			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, beige</td>
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			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Event Floor Tiles, black trim</td>
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			<td style="width:163px;">Fired Earth Greyscale value = 95</td>
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			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:216px;">3 ft x 6 ft Standard tuff Olefin Floor Mat</td>
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			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:216px;">Fisher Scientific Traceable Dual Range Light Meter</td>
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			<td style="width:163px;">International Light, Newburyport MA, USA</td>
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a standardized obstacle course for assessment of visual function in ultra low vision and artificial vision

Descriviamo un portatile naturalmente standardizzato coperta, che può essere utilizzato per valutare evitare di ostacolo in persone che hanno una visione ultrabassa. Sei controlli vedenti e 36 completamente cieco ma altrimenti sani maschi adulti (n = 29) e (13 n =) soggetti di sesso femminile (età 19-85 anni), sono stati arruolati in uno dei tre studi condotti test del dispositivo di sostituzione sensoriale BrainPort. I soggetti sono stati invitati a navigare il corso prima e dopo, la formazione BrainPort. Hanno completato un totale di 837 piste corso in due sedi diverse. Medie e deviazioni standard sono stati calcolati tutti i tipi di controllo, corsi, luci, e visite. Abbiamo usato un modello a effetti misti lineare per confrontare diverse categorie nelle PPWS (cento velocità preferita a piedi) e dati errore cento per dimostrare che le iterazioni del corso sono stati adeguatamente progettati. Il percorso è relativamente poco costoso, semplice da amministrare, e ha dimostrato di essere un modo fattibile per testare funzione della mobilità. L&#39;analisi dei dati dimoes che per l&#39;esito di errore percentuale nonché per percentuale desiderata velocità di camminata, che ciascuno dei tre corsi è diverso, e che all&#39;interno di ciascun livello, ciascuna delle tre iterazioni sono uguali. Questo permette di randomizzazione dei corsi durante la somministrazione. Abbreviazioni: Velocità preferito piedi (PWS) Velocità di corso (CS) percentuale velocità preferita a piedi (PPWS)

Soggetti Sei bendato lungimirante, avvistato e 36 completamente cieco ma altrimenti sani adulti (di età compresa tra 19-85 anni), di sesso maschile (n = 29) e femminile (n = 13) soggetti sono stati arruolati in uno dei tre studi condotti test del BrainPort sensoriale Dispositivo di sostituzione (Wicab, Madison WI). Tutti gli studi sono stati approvati dall&#39;Università di Pittsburgh IRB e tutti i soggetti hanno firmato un documento di consenso informato approvato. Tutti gli studi erano un r...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision at JoVE.com

A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

Descriviamo un portatile naturalmente standardizzato coperta, che può essere utilizzato per valutare evitare di ostacolo in persone che hanno una visione ultrabassa. Il percorso è relativamente poco costoso, semplice da amministrare, e ha dimostrato di essere affidabile e riproducibile.

Un percorso ad ostacoli standardizzato per la valutazione della funzione visiva in Ultra Low Vision e Visione Artificiale

We describe an indoor, portable, standardized course that can be used to evaluate obstacle avoidance in persons who have ultralow vision. Six sighted ...

a-standardized-obstacle-course-for-assessment-visual-function-ultra

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.0K Views.  University of Pittsburgh.  Descriviamo un portatile naturalmente standardizzato coperta, che può essere utilizzato per valutare evitare di ostacolo in persone che hanno una visione ultrabassa. Il percorso è relativamente poco costoso, semplice da amministrare, e ha dimostrato di essere affidabile e riproducibile. 

Video: A Standardized Obstacle Course for Assessment of Visual Function in Ultra Low Vision and Artificial Vision

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

La misurazione e trattamento di soppressione in Ambliopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Ricerca

Medicina

Detecting Abnormalities in Choroidal Vasculature in a Mouse Model of Age-related Macular Degeneration by Time-course Indocyanine Green Angiography

Indocyanine Green&#160;Angiography (or ICGA) is a technique performed by ophthalmologists to diagnose abnormalities of the choroidal and retinal vasculature of various eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). ICGA is especially useful to image the posterior choroidal vasculature of the eye due to its capability of penetrating through the pigmented layer with its infrared spectrum. ICGA time course can be divided into early, middle, and late phases. The three phases provide valuable information on the pathology of eye problems. Although time-course ICGA by intravenous (IV) injection is widely used in the clinic for the diagnosis and management of choroid problems, ICGA by intraperitoneal injection (IP) is commonly used in animal research. Here we demonstrated the technique to obtain high-resolution ICGA time-course images in mice by tail-vein injection and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. We used this technique to image the choroidal lesions in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration. Although it is much easier to introduce ICG to the mouse vasculature by IP, our data indicate that it is difficult to obtain reproducible ICGA time course images by IP-ICGA. In contrast, ICGA via tail vein injection provides high quality ICGA time-course images comparable to human studies. In addition, we showed that ICGA performed on albino mice gives clearer pictures of choroidal vessels than that performed on pigmented mice. We suggest that time-course IV-ICGA should become a standard practice in AMD research based on animal models.

Indocyanine Green Angiography (or ICGA) performed by tail vein injection provides high quality ICGA time course images to characterize abnormalities in mouse choroid.

Rilevamento Anomalie nella coroide Vasculature in un modello murino di età degenerazione maculare da Time-course verde indocianina angiografia

Indocyanine Green&#160;Angiography (or ICGA) is a technique performed by ophthalmologists to diagnose abnormalities of the choroidal and retinal ...

Slow-release Drug Delivery through Elvax 40W to the Rat Retina: Implications for the Treatment of Chronic Conditions

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these diseases. Chronic retinal diseases such as retinal oedema or neovascularization usually require multiple intraocular injections to effectively treat the condition. However, the risks associated with these injections increase with repeated delivery of the drug. Therefore, alternative delivery methods need to be established in order to minimize the risks of reinjection. Several other investigations have developed methods to deliver drugs over extended time, through materials capable of releasing chemicals slowly into the eye. In this investigation, we outline the use of Elvax 40W, a copolymer resin, to act as a vehicle for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The resin is made and loaded with the drug. The drug-resin complex is then implanted into the vitreous cavity, where it will slowly release the drug over time. This method was tested using 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB), a glutamate analogue that blocks the light response of the retina. It was demonstrated that the APB was slowly released from the resin, and was able to block the retinal response by 7 days after implantation. This indicates that slow-release drug delivery using this copolymer resin is effective for treating the retina, and could be used therapeutically with further testing.

This paper details how Elvax 40W can be used as a slow-release method for drug delivery to the adult rat retina. The protocol for preparing, loading, and delivering the drug-resin complex to the eye is described.

Lento rilascio Drug Delivery attraverso Elvax 40W al Rat Retina: Implicazioni per il trattamento di condizioni croniche

Diseases of the retina are difficult to treat as the retina lies deep within the eye. Invasive methods of drug delivery are often needed to treat these ...

Three Different Protocols of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconus: Conventional, Accelerated and Iontophoresis

Keratoconus is a bilateral and progressive corneal ectasia. In order to slow down its progression, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has recently been introduced as an efficient treatment option. In biological and chemical sciences, crosslinking refers to new chemical bonds formed between reactive molecules. Hence, the aim of corneal collagen CXL is to synthetically increase the formation of crosslinks between collagen fibrils in the corneal stroma. Despite the fact that the efficiency of the conventional CXL (C-CXL) protocol has already been shown in several clinical studies, it might benefit from improvements in duration of the procedure and removal of corneal epithelium. Hence, in order to provide a coherent evaluation of two new and optimized CXL protocols, we studied keratoconus patients who had undergone one of the three CXL treatments: iontophoresis (I-CXL), accelerated CXL (A-CXL), and conventional CXL (C-CXL). A-CXL is a 6 time faster CXL procedure using a ten time higher UVA irradiance but still including an epithelium removal. Iontophoresis is a transepithelial non-invasive technique in which a small electric current is applied to improve riboflavin penetration throughout the cornea. Using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM), we conclude that regarding the depth of treatment penetration, conventional CXL protocol remains the standard for treating progressive keratoconus. Accelerated CXL seems to be a quick, effective and safe alternative to treat thin corneas. The use of iontophoresis is still being investigated and should be considered with greater caution.

Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is the only conservative treatment currently available to halt keratoconus progression by improving the biomechanical rigidity of the corneal stroma. The aim of this manuscript is to highlight the methods of three different protocols of CXL: conventional CXL (C-CXL), accelerated CXL (A-CXL), and iontophoresis CXL (I-CXL).

Tre diversi protocolli di collagene corneale reticolazione in Cheratocono: Convenzionale, accelerate e ionoforesi

Keratoconus is a bilateral and progressive corneal ectasia. In order to slow down its progression, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) has recently been ...

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to microperimetry (MY) in eyes affected by dry Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) over time through the production and secretion of growth factors (GFs) on surrounding tissue. Patients were randomly assigned to each study group. All patients were diagnosed with dry AMD and with BCVA equal to or greater than 1 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR). A suprachoroidal autologous graft by Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique (LRRT) was carried out on group A, which included 11 eyes from 11 patients. The technique was performed by implanting adipocytes, adipose-derived stem cells obtained from the stromal vascular fraction, and platelets from platelet-rich plasma in the suprachoroidal space. Conversely, group B, including 14 eyes of 14 patients, was used as a control group. For each patient, diagnosis was verified by confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). In group A, BCVA improved by 0.581 to 0.504 at 90 days and to 0.376 logMAR at 180 days (+32.20%) postoperatively. Furthermore, MY test increased by 11.44 dB to 12.59 dB at 180 days. The different cell types grafted behind the choroid were able to ensure constant GF secretion in the choroidal flow. Consequently, the results indicate that visual acuity (VA) in the grafted group can increase more than in the control group after six months.

Regenerative Therapy by Suprachoroidal Cell Autograft in Dry Age-related Macular Degeneration: Preliminary In Vivo Report

The goal of this study is to assess whether the suprachoroidal graft of adipose-derived stem cells included in the stromal vascular fraction and platelets derived from platelet-rich plasma by the Limoli Retinal Restoration Technique can improve visual acuity and retinal sensitivity responses in eyes affected by dry age-related macular degeneration.

La terapia rigenerativa da Suprachoroidal cella autoinnesto nella degenerazione maculare senile secca: Report preliminare In Vivo

This study is aimed at examining whether a suprachoroidal graft of autologous cells can improve best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and responses to ...

Puncture-Induced Iris Neovascularization as a Mouse Model of Rubeosis Iridis

We describe a model of puncture-induced iris neovascularization as a general model for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis. The model is also relevant for targeting neovascular glaucoma, a sight-threatening complication of diabetic retinopathy. This method is based on the induction of iris vascular response by a series of self-sealing uveal punctures on BALB/c mice and takes advantage of the postpartum maturation of mouse ocular vasculature. Mouse pups undergo uveal punctures from postnatal day 12.5, when the pups naturally open their eyes, until postnatal day 24.5. Due to the transparency of the cornea, iris vasculature can be analyzed easily through time by noninvasive in vivo methods. Furthermore, the semitransparent iris of BALB/c mice can be flatmounted for detailed immunohistologic analysis with minimal non-specific background staining. In this model, angiogenesis is mainly driven by the inflammatory and plasminogen activating systems. The puncture-induced model is the first to induce iris neovascularization in small rodents, and has the advantage of allowing direct noninvasive in vivo analysis of the angiogenic process. Moreover, the model can be combined with angiogenic modulating substances, which highlights its potential in the study of angiogenesis with an in vivo perspective.

Iris neovascularization, a common complication of ischemic retinal disease, may lead to sight-threatening neovascular glaucoma. Here, we describe a murine protocol for inducing experimental iris neovascularization that may be used for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis-modulating substances.

Puntura-indotta di Neovascularization dell'iride come un modello murino di Rubeosis Iridis

We describe a model of puncture-induced iris neovascularization as a general model for noninvasive evaluation of angiogenesis. The model is also relevant ...

A Model of Glaucoma Induced by Circumlimbal Suture in Rats and Mice

The circumlimbal suture is a technique for inducing experimental glaucoma in rodents by chronically elevating intraocular pressure (IOP), a well-known risk factor for glaucoma. This protocol demonstrates a step-by-step guide on this technique in Long Evans rats and C57BL/6 mice. Under general anesthesia, a "purse-string" suture is applied on the conjunctiva, around the equator and behind the limbus of the eye. The fellow eye serves as an untreated control. Over the duration of our study, which was a period of 8 weeks for rats and 12 weeks for mice, IOP remained elevated, as measured regularly by rebound tonometry in conscious animals without topical anesthesia. In both species, the sutured eyes showed electroretinogram features consistent with preferential inner retinal dysfunction. Optical coherence tomography showed selective thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Histology of the rat retina in cross-section found reduced cell density in the ganglion cell layer, but no change in other cellular layers. Staining of flat-mounted mouse retinae with a ganglion cell specific marker (RBPMS) confirmed ganglion cell loss. The circumlimbal suture is a simple, minimally invasive and cost-effective way to induce ocular hypertension that leads to ganglion cell injury in both rats and mice.

Chronic ocular hypertension is induced by applying a circumlimbal suture in rats and mice, leading to functional and structural deterioration of the retinal ganglion cells consistent with glaucoma.

Un modello del Glaucoma indotto da sutura Circumlimbal nei ratti e nei topi

The circumlimbal suture is a technique for inducing experimental glaucoma in rodents by chronically elevating intraocular pressure (IOP), a well-known ...

Effect of Artificial Tear Formulations on the Metabolic Activity of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells after Exposure to Desiccation

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear formulations that prevent cell desiccation will result in ocular surface protection and the maintenance of cell metabolic activity. During dehydration, cells undergo the process of loss of metabolic activity and subsequently cell death. This work describes a method for assessing the efficacy of artificial tear formulations. The metabolic dye (i.e., alamarBlue) changes from a low fluorescent molecule resazurin to a fluorescent molecule resorufin in viable cells. The biological performance of an artificial tear formulation is measured as the ability of the formulation to (a) maintain cell viability and (b) provide cell protection from desiccation. Growth media and saline are used as controls for the cell viability/desiccation tests. Cells are incubated with test solutions for 30 min and then desiccated for 0 or 5 min at 37 &#176;C and 45% relative humidity. Cell metabolic activity after initial exposure and after cell desiccation is then determined. The results show the comparative effects of eye drop formulations on cell metabolic activity and desiccation protection. This method can be used to test dry eye formulations that are designed to treat individuals with evaporative dry eye.

The purpose of this protocol is to evaluate if different artificial tear formulations can protect human corneal epithelial cells from desiccation using an in vitro model. After exposure to artificial tear formulations and desiccation, human corneal epithelial cells are assessed for metabolic activity.

Effetto delle formulazioni lacrimali artificiali sull'attività metabolica delle cellule epiteliali corneali umane dopo l'esposizione all'essiccazione

Artificial lipid-containing tear formulations are developed to reduce tear evaporation by the restoration of a deficient tear lipid layer. Artificial tear ...

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional rehabilitation techniques in an athletic, physically active population. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound can be applied using frame-by-frame analysis synchronized with video to understand muscle thickness changes during these dynamic tasks. Visual biofeedback with ultrasound has been established in static positions for the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. However, by securing the transducer to the abdomen using an elastic belt and foam block, biofeedback can be applied during more specific tasks prevalent in lifetime sports, such as golf. To analyze muscle activity during a golf swing, muscle thickness changes can be compared. The thickness must increase throughout the task, indicating that the muscle is more active. This methodology allows clinicians to immediately replay ultrasound videos for patients as a visual tool to instruct proper activity of the muscles of interest. For example, ultrasound can be used to target the external and internal obliques, which play an important role in swinging a golf club or any other rotational sport or activity. This methodology aims to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing. Additionally, the timing of muscle contraction can be targeted by instructing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles at specific time points, such as the beginning of the downswing, with the goal of improving muscle firing patterns during tasks.

Brightness mode ultrasound can be used to provide visual biofeedback of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing. Post-swing visual and verbal instruction can increase the muscle activation and timing of the external and internal obliques.

Fornire biofeedback visivo utilizzando gli ultrasuoni in modalità luminosità durante uno swing da golf

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional ...

Vista rivitalizzante: terapia con cellule staminali per la degenerazione retinica

Sub-Retinal Delivery of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Photoreceptor Progenitors in rd10 Mice

Regeneration of photoreceptor cells using human pluripotent stem cells is a promising therapy for the treatment of both hereditary and aging retinal diseases at advanced stages. We have shown human recombinant retina-specific laminin isoform matrix is able to support the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to photoreceptor progenitors. In addition, sub-retinal injection of these cells has also shown partial restoration in the rd10 rodent and rabbit models. Sub-retinal injection is known to be an established method that has been used to deliver pharmaceutical compounds to the photoreceptor cells and retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) layer of the eye due to its proximity to the target space. It has also been used to deliver adeno-associated viral vectors into the sub-retinal space to treat retinal diseases. The sub-retinal delivery of pharmaceutical compounds and cells in the murine model is challenging due to the constraint in the size of the murine eyeball. This protocol describes the detailed procedure for the preparation of hESC-derived photoreceptor progenitor cells for injection and the sub-retinal delivery technique of these cells in genetic retinitis pigmentosa mutant, rd10 mice. This approach allows cell therapy to the targeted area, in particular the outer nuclear layer of the retina, where diseases leading to photoreceptor degeneration occur.

Autore in primo piano: Miglioramento del ripristino della vista - Terapia basata su cellule staminali per le malattie della retina 

We describe a detailed protocol for the preparation of post-cryopreserved hESC-derived photoreceptor progenitor cells and the sub-retinal delivery of these cells in rd10 mice.

Somministrazione sottoretinica di progenitori di fotorecettori derivati da cellule staminali embrionali umane in topi rd10

Regeneration of photoreceptor cells using human pluripotent stem cells is a promising therapy for the treatment of both hereditary and aging retinal ...