私たちは、37℃、PFAで固定をしようとする提案など、有用な議論のために博士ハロルドドヴォルザークを認める。この作品は、NIHの助成金P01のCA92644によっておよび癌研究のための国立財団からの契約によってサポートされていました。

1。コラーゲンコーティングされたガラスディスク上の細胞培養<ol><li>ガラスの瓶（4オンス）やディスクを滅菌するオートクレーブ内の場所のガラスディスク（直径12ミリメートル）。 </li><li> 50ミリリットルファルコンチューブに25ミリリットルの70％エタノールを入れ、細胞培養フードに入れてください。溶液のレベルが20mlに低下するまでこの溶液を複数回再利用することができる。 </li><li>ガラスディスクを処理するためにそれを使用する前に、5分間、70％エタノールに余分な細かい点でシャープな鉗子を配置します。 </li><li>慎重にチューブから鉗子を外し、キャップを閉め、ゆっくり2分間空気乾燥チューブの上にエタノール治療ピンセットを置く。鉗子の先端がフード内には何も触れないようにしてください。 </li><li>ガラスの瓶のうちの一方の滅菌ガラスディスクを取得し、24ウェル細胞培養プレートのウェルに入れて滅菌ピンセットを使用する。井戸の所望の数のディスクが読み込まれるまで繰り返します。 </li><li> （ウシコラーゲン溶液500μlを入れて50 ng / mlの）ガラスディスクを含有し、少なくとも30分間、37℃、5％CO 2細胞培養インキュベーターに置き、各ウェルに。長いインキュベーションには害はありません。 </li><li>収穫HUVEC（ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞）、またはPC3既にトリプシン処理を介して150ミリメートル細胞培養プレート中で増殖させ、その完全な培地を用いてトリプシン活性をブロックした（前立腺腫瘍細胞）。 15ミリリットルのファルコンチューブに細胞を回収します。 </li><li>細胞数をカウントし、生存率が90％以上であることを確認してください。 </li><li> 4℃で10分間、200×gで遠心分離して細胞をペレット上清を取り除きます。 </li><li> 10 5細胞/ mlに細胞を希釈し、培養培地を使用する。氷の上にセルを配置します。 </li><li>細胞培養フード内でコラーゲンを吸引し、そっとガラスディスクがコラーゲンでプレコートされた各ウェルに細胞懸濁液を500μlを置く。 24ウェルプレート中5×10 4細胞/ウェルを60％のconfにを与えるHUVEC及びPC3細胞を、30％コンフルエントのためluency。注：より高い細胞密度の細胞懸濁液を加える。 </li><li>培養37°C、1時間、2時間、4時間、6時間、又はnanopodia活性および細胞の通過を追跡する24時間、5％CO 2インキュベーター内で細胞が挙げられる。一般的に、細胞は最初の30分でガラスディスクに付着すると、分極と最初の一時間に移行し始めて、次の時間に細胞間相互作用や細胞分裂を行う。 </li></ol> 2。細胞固定<ol><li>各ウェルには、細胞を固定するために500μlの4％PFA（パラホルムアルデヒド）が必要になります。商業的に製造された又は新たに4％PFAを用いることができるいずれかからなる。準備井戸の数に基づいて、必要とされるPFAの量を計算し、15 mlのファルコンチューブにPFAを置く。注意：ホルムアルデヒドは、疑いのある発がん性物質である。 </li><li> 37℃のインキュベーター内で所定の位置に既にあったスタイロフォームスタンドでファルコンチューブを置く。戦争30分間インキュベーター内チューブを残し37℃にPFAをメートル</li><li>培養フードに加熱パッドを配置し、電源を入れます。 </li><li> 24ウェル細胞培養プレートと培養器から温めておいたPFAを取り出し、加熱パッドの上に置きます。 </li><li>井戸から培地を吸引し、直後に優しく良くエッジを通じてウェルに500μlのPFAをスライドさせるもう一方の手を使って片手で行ってください。それがその角度で安定するように簡単に吸引のために、発泡スチロールの台に対してそれをもたれ、約45℃で培養プレートを傾けます。これは、吸引を容易にし、培養中の細胞を乱すことなくウェルにPFA溶液を添加することであろう。これは、細胞の活動の元の細胞構造を維持するための最も重要なステップである。 </li><li>ガラスディスクを持つすべてのウェルがPFAを受け取るまでプロセスを繰り返します。注：井戸から既存のソリューションを変更するために必要なすべてのステップは同じ吸引手順を適用します。 </li><li> 5分間、37℃でプレートを置きます。 </li&gt; <li>バック培養フードにプレートを取り、ステップ2.5で説明したように発泡スチロールに対して傾ける。優しくコレクションチューブに井戸からPFAを転送するために片手を使用。直後だけでなく、少なくとも500μlの室温PBSを配置するためにもう一方の手を使用しています。全てのウェルを洗浄した後、戻ってよく、すべての中でもう一度PBS洗浄を繰り返します。有害廃棄物容器に集められたPFAを空にします。 </li><li> ICCは、PBS、2％ウシ胎児血清を添加することによりブロッキング緩衝液調製する。 0.04％アジ化ナトリウムを、（20％ストック溶液から希釈）を防腐剤として添加される。注意：アジ化ナトリウムは、毒性化合物である。緩衝液は、細菌汚染のない長期間4℃で保存することができる。 </li><li>それでも各ウェルのPBSを除去して吸引し、その直後に、ICCのブロッキング緩衝液500μlを加えることによって、サイクルが再び、スタンドに対して傾いた培養プレートで。セルは現在、免疫蛍光染色のための準備が整いました。必要に応じて、固定した細胞はTM4SF1タンパク質の有意な損失なし週間、4℃の冷蔵庫に保存することができる。 </li></ol> 3。 NanopodiaのTM4SF1免疫蛍光染色<ol><li>各ウェルに、トリトンX-100 0.01％を含む新しいブロッキングバッファーで500μlのICCブロッキングバッファーを交換し、それを1時間室温で放置します。それが細胞膜からTM4SF1が削除されますように、0.03％トリトンX-100よりも高く、使用しないでください。染色はすぐに開始する準備ができている場合にはPBSをステップ2.10から細胞を洗浄し、直接トリトンを含むブロッキングバッファーに移動することができます。 </li><li> ICCブロッキング緩衝液中0.5μgの/ mlになるように一次抗TM4SF1（または抗CD9）抗体を希釈する。 </li><li>各ウェルに、ICC/0.01％トリトン緩衝液を除去し、抗TM4SF1抗体液を300μlと交換してください。室温で2時間インキュベートするか、4℃で一晩残し</li><li>劣らず500よりμLのPBSで各ウェルを洗ってください。 3回繰り返します。毎回ルに与えるインキュベーション時間のastの5分。 </li><li>二次抗体およびファロイジン溶液を調製ICCのAlexa 488標識したロバ抗マウス二次抗体（2μg/ mlの最終濃度）の1000倍希釈およびファロイジン1,000×希釈（50 ng / mlの最終濃度）を用いて、ブロッキング緩衝液。 </li><li> PBSを削除し、各ウェルに二次抗体とファロイジン溶液を300μLを加え、2時間インキュベートまたは4℃で一晩にしておく</li><li>洗浄あたり少なくとも5分間のインキュベーションを含むPBS洗浄手順を繰り返します。最後の洗浄では、1時間PBS中で各ウェルを残す。 </li><li>スライドガラス上の退色防止封入剤の一滴（〜10μl）をドロップします。 </li><li>曲げ硬い表面を軽く押して、注射針19のG 1.5 90°の先端。曲がった針を保持し、ゆっくりと井戸からガラスディスクを持ち上げ、シャープな鉗子を使用して、ディスクを把握するもう一方の手を使って片手で行ってください。 </li><li>ガラスディスクを回し＆＃160;スライドガラス上の細胞側接点封入剤をさせる下向きにセットしてください。穏やかにガラスディスクを配置し、室温で暗所で一晩乾燥させてみましょう。 </li><li>イメージに免疫蛍光染色nanopodiaを続行するか、-20℃でスライドボックスでスライドを保存するスライドは、-20℃の中で数ヶ月閲覧可能のままになります</li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Chhabra, E. S., Higgs, H. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+many+faces+of+actin:+matching+assembly+factors+with+cellular+structures.">The many faces of actin: matching assembly factors with cellular structures.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 9, 1110-1121 (2007).</li><li>Shih, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+L6+protein+TM4SF1+is+critical+for+endothelial+cell+function+and+tumor+angiogenesis.">The L6 protein TM4SF1 is critical for endothelial cell function and tumor angiogenesis.</a> Cancer Res. 69, 3272-3277 (2009).</li><li>Zukauskas, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TM4SF1:+a+tetraspanin-like+protein+necessary+for+nanopodia+formation+and+endothelial+cell+migration.">TM4SF1: a tetraspanin-like protein necessary for nanopodia formation and endothelial cell migration.</a> Angiogenesis. 14, 345-354 (2011).</li><li>Hellstrom, I., Beaumier, P. L., Hellstrom, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antitumor+effects+of+L6,+an+IgG2a+antibody+that+reacts+with+most+human+carcinomas.">Antitumor effects of L6, an IgG2a antibody that reacts with most human carcinomas.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83, 7059-7063 (1986).</li><li>Jang, Y. Y., Ye, Z., Cheng, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+imaging+and+stem+cell+research.">Molecular imaging and stem cell research.</a> Mol. Imag. 10, 111-122 (2011).</li><li>Hemler, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetraspanin+functions+and+associated+microdomains.">Tetraspanin functions and associated microdomains.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 801-811 (2005).</li><li>Vasile, E., Tomita, Y., Brown, L. F., Kocher, O., Dvorak, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+of+thymosin+beta-10+by+early+passage+and+senescent+vascular+endothelium+is+modulated+by+VPF/VEGF:+evidence+for+senescent+endothelial+cells+in+vivo+at+sites+of+atherosclerosis.">Differential expression of thymosin beta-10 by early passage and senescent vascular endothelium is modulated by VPF/VEGF: evidence for senescent endothelial cells in vivo at sites of atherosclerosis.</a> FASEB. 15, 458-466 (2001).</li><li>Itoh, T. J., Hotani, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubule+dynamics+and+the+regulation+by+microtubule-associated+proteins+(MAPs).">Microtubule dynamics and the regulation by microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs).</a> Uchu Seibutsu Kagaku. 18, 116-117 (2004).</li><li>Caplow, M., Shanks, J., Ruhlen, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature-jump+studies+of+microtubule+dynamic+instability.">Temperature-jump studies of microtubule dynamic instability.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 263, 10344-10352 (1988).</li><li>Pollice, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequential+paraformaldehyde+and+methanol+fixation+for+simultaneous+flow+cytometric+analysis+of+DNA,+cell+surface+proteins,+and+intracellular+proteins.">Sequential paraformaldehyde and methanol fixation for simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of DNA, cell surface proteins, and intracellular proteins.</a> Cytometry. 13, 432-444 (1992).</li><li>Macarulla, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+solubilization+by+the+non-ionic+detergent+triton+X-100.+A+comparative+study+including+model+and+cell+membranes.">Membrane solubilization by the non-ionic detergent triton X-100. A comparative study including model and cell membranes.</a> Revista Espanola de Fisiologia. 45 Suppl, 1-8 (1989).</li><li>Koley, D., Bard, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triton+X-100+concentration+effects+on+membrane+permeability+of+a+single+HeLa+cell+by+scanning+electrochemical+microscopy+(SECM).">Triton X-100 concentration effects on membrane permeability of a single HeLa cell by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM).</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 16783-16787 (2010).</li><li>Chang, Y. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD13+(aminopeptidase+N)+can+associate+with+tumor-associated+antigen+L6+and+enhance+the+motility+of+human+lung+cancer+cells.">CD13 (aminopeptidase N) can associate with tumor-associated antigen L6 and enhance the motility of human lung cancer cells.</a> Int. J. Cancer. 116, 243-252 (2005).</li></ol>

利害の対立が宣言されていません。

NanopodiaはしっかりTMEDを通して、マトリックスに付着して、環境を感知し、細胞間の相互作用2,3を仲介する偏モバイル携帯から100μm以上を拡張することができ、薄い細胞膜チャネルである。 Nanopodiaセルが（ 図1および図2）離れるにつれて残基が残されるように強固に接着マトリックス。 Nanopodiaは、このように私たちは、細胞がその環境を感知する方法の研究...

移動用の偏光の間に、動物細胞は糸状仮足、ラメリポディア、後退繊維、フリル1を含め、それらの表面から動的、膜突起、さまざまな拡張。最近、このリストに追加さnanopodia、薄いの新しく認識されたタイプ（直径100〜300μmの）、などの糸状仮足のようなF-アクチンの構造の拡張のための膜チャネルを提供する細長い（最大50〜100ミクロンの長さ）の膜突起があったと後退繊維、その汚れ積極TM4SF1（膜貫通4-L-6ファミリー-1）培養内皮細胞および腫瘍細胞の2,3内で。 TM4SF1は、もともと分子が内皮細胞の増殖および遊走2,3において必須の役割を果たし、内皮細胞バイオマーカーであるという発見の前に、腫瘍細胞抗原4として知られていたテトラスパニン様トポロジーを有するタンパク質である。免疫蛍光染色は、TM4SF1がperinucに局在していることを明らかにしたリア小胞と細胞膜へとは、TM 4SF1 電子 nrichedマイクロd omains（TMED）に富んでいる。 TMEDアンカー行列にnanopodiaとnanopodia 1-3 TMED /ミクロンの長さの等間隔の縞状に存在する。 Nanopodiaは、典型的には、細胞の主要なフロントから延びており、移動のための細胞極性の間にリアトレーリング。原因TMEDしっかり接着性性質のために、nanopodiaはそれが離れて移動するときに戻って、細胞内に後退することはできません。放棄nanopodia残基は、このような細胞移動経路をトレース。 F-アクチン伸縮用の膜チャネルを提供し、細胞間の相互作用や通信2,3のサイトがあるNanopodia。これらの特性は、細胞の偏光、環境の細胞センシング、細胞運動のパスと方向の決定、および細胞間の相互作用の間、F-アクチンアセンブリのメカニズムを研究するユニークな機会を提供nanopodiaことを意味ND通信。 原因TMEDの高度に疎水性の性質とnanopodiaの薄くて壊れやすい膜状性質のために、特別な注意はTMEDとnanopodiaを維持するために注意が必要です。 nanopodiaおよび一般的な実験方法によるTMEDの除去の破壊は六十から三出版物は1986年1年に最初の発見以来、オン、100〜300ミクロンのマイクロドメインにおけるTM4SF1濃縮の知識の完全な欠如のためにTM4SF1に登場してきた理由の可能な理由である細胞表面2009 2での内皮細胞におけるTM4SF1のレポートまでです。 従来の免疫染色法が一般的に細胞を固定し、細胞を5を透過性にするために、0.1％以上のトリトンX-100の濃度を使用するために、エタノール、メタノール、アセトンなどの有機溶剤を使用しています。 （I）37℃、4％PFAを使用すると、37に細胞を固定：ここに記載された研究は、TMEDとnanopodiaを明らかにし、従来の方法に3の主要な変更を実施76、Cインキュベーターは、（ii）は、穏やかに室温PBS洗浄を適用し、（iii）のトリトンX-100トリトンX-100 0.03％以上抽出するように、一次抗体を添加する前に細胞を透過するだけで簡単に0.03％未満を使用TM4SF1。 すべてのテトラスパニンは細胞膜6上のマイクロドメインを形成し、いくつかは、内皮細胞および腫瘍細胞の2,3にTMEDと共局在。 CD9、CD81、およびCD151などテトラスパニンが遍在的に発現されるように、ここに記載の染色プロトコルはnanopodia機能の研究のためにTM4SF1を欠いている多くの異なる細胞型に拡張することができる。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1597">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">glass discs&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">12-545-82&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:983px;">12-mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">glass jar</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-912-310</td>
			<td>Certified Clean Clear Glass Straight-Sided Jars, 4 oz.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">glass slide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">12-544-1</td>
			<td>Fisherfinest Premium Plain Glass Microscope Slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">50-ml falcon tube&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">BD Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">352070</td>
			<td>50-ml high-clarity polypropylene conical centrifuge tube, 16,000 rcf rating. Sterile.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">15-ml falcon tube with Styrofoam rack</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">430790</td>
			<td>Corning 15-ml PP Centrifuge Tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Sharp forceps&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">13-812-42</td>
			<td>Dissecting Extra-Fine-Pointed Splinter Forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">24-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">353047</td>
			<td>24-well Cell Culture Plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">150-mm cell culture plate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">353025</td>
			<td>150-mm cell culture plate&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">19G 1 &#189; syringe needle&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">309635</td>
			<td>19G 1 &#189;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Name of Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories, Inc.</td>
			<td>2701</td>
			<td>Decon&#39;s Pure Ethanol 200 Proof</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">collagen solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">354249</td>
			<td>Collagen I, High Concentration, rat tail, 100 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">25-053-CI</td>
			<td><a name="RANGE!D15">0.25% Trypsin-EDTA 1X</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>DMEM high glucose (1X), liquid, with L-glutamine, without sodium pyruvate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">10X PBS</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Affymetrix</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">75889 5 LT</td>
			<td style="width:983px;">PBS, 10X Solution, pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">PFA (paraformaldehyde)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Affymetrix</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">19943 1 LT</td>
			<td>4% in PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">FBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F4135-500ML</td>
			<td><a name="RANGE!D19">Fetal Bovine Serum</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">EGM2-MV</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-3162</td>
			<td>EGM-2 BulletKit, EBM-2 Basal Medium 500 ml and EGM-2 SingleQuot Kit Suppl. &#38; Growth Factors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">T8787</td>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">NaN3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">S2002-25G</td>
			<td>solubilized in water. 4% stock solution and working concentration is 0.4%.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">mouse anti-human TM4SF1 antibody&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">MAB3127</td>
			<td>Epitope is located in extracellular domain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">mouse anti-human CD9 antibody&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">555370</td>
			<td>Epitope is located in extracellular domain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:323px;">Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey anti-mouse 2nd antibody</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">A-21202</td>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Phalloidin</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Chemicon</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">90324</td>
			<td>Rhodamine-conjugated Phalloidin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">anti-fade mounting media&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">P-36931</td>
			<td>ProLong Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Buffers and solutions</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">70% ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td>17.5 ml of ethanol (200 proof) 
			7.5 ml of double deionized water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">10X PBS (make 200 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">20 ml of 10X PBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">180 ml of double deionized water</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">20% Triton X-100 (make 20 ml)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">4 ml</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">16 ml double deionized water</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:323px;">4% NaN3 (make 25 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:323px;">1 g of NaN3</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">25 ml of double deionized water</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:323px;">50 ng/ml bovine collagen solution in PBS (make 5 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Make stock soln. of 50 &#956;g/ml (50 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">830 &#956;l of Collage I (3 mg)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">50 ml PBS&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">ICC Blocking Buffer (50 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">49 ml PBS</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td style="width:983px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">2% FBS (add 1 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td style="width:983px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:323px;">0.04% NaN3 (add 100 &#956;l of 4% NaN3)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:323px;">ICC Blocking Buffer/0.01% Triton X-100 (make 50 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">50 ml of ICC Blocking Buffer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">25 &#956;l of 20% Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Name of Cell</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">HUVEC&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Lonza&#160;</td>
			<td>C2517A</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.lonza.com/products-services/bio-research/primary-and-stem-cells/human-cells-and-media/endothelial-cells-and-media/huvec-human-umbilical-vein-endothelial-cells.aspx">http://www.lonza.com/products-services/bio-research/primary-and-stem-cells/human-cells-and-media/endothelial-cells-and-media/huvec-human-umbilical-vein-endothelial-cells.aspx</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">PC3</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">CRL-1435</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.atcc.org/products/all/CRL-1435.aspx#85786B46AA23451B94BC5D45200673F7">http://www.atcc.org/products/all/CRL-1435.aspx#85786B46AA23451B94BC5D45200673F7</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;"></td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Name of Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:160px;"></td>
			<td style="width:133px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">cell culture hood</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">NuAIRE</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Nu-425-600</td>
			<td>NU-425 (Series 60) BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINET&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:323px;">37 &#176;C, 5% CO2 cell culture incubator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">CellStar</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">QWJ300DABA&#160;</td>
			<td>Cellstar CO2 Water Jacketed Incubator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:323px;">heating pad&#160;</td>
			<td>K&#38;H Manufacturing</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">1020</td>
			<td style="width:983px;">K&#38;H Lectro Kennel Heated Pad with Free Fleece Cover (http://www.amazon.com/Lectro-Kennel-Heat-Pad-22-5x28-5-In/dp/B000PSRN20/ref=pd_bxgy_petsupplies_img_y)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Sorvall&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">T6000B&#160;</td>
			<td>Sorvall T6000 (B) Benchtop Centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemacytometer</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Z359629</td>
			<td>Bright-Line Hemacytometer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

nanopodia - thin, fragile membrane projections with roles in cell movement and intercellular interactions

培養液中の接着細胞は、移動や細胞間の相互作用をサポートするために、偏光状態を維持している。 Nanopodiaは、薄く細長い、TM4SF1（膜貫通4-L-6ファミリー-1）免疫蛍光染色によって可視化することができる内皮細胞および癌細胞中の大部分は、F-アクチン負の膜突起で。 100から300ミクロン径TMEDにおけるTM4SF1クラスターのような多くの14のような個々のTM4SF1の分子に3を含む（TM 4SF1 eはマイクロd omainsをnriched。） TMEDは、μメートル当たり1から3 TMEDの規則的な間隔でnanopodiaに沿って断続的に配置されており、しっかりと行列にnanopodiaを固定している。これは、偏内皮細胞または腫瘍細胞の前を先頭または末尾に背面から100以上のμメートルを拡張することnanopodiaが可能となり、MATRに残されるべき膜残基を引き起こすIXの細胞が離れて移動したとき。 TMEDとnanopodiaは、それらの極端な脆弱性および温度に対する感受性見過ごされてきた。ルーチンの洗浄と固定が構造を破壊する。 Nanopodia、染色の前に、0.01％トリトンX-100に短時間曝露し、続いて37℃でパラホルムアルデヒド（PFA）中に直接固定することによって保存される。細胞生物学における新しい展望を開くNanopodia：彼らは検出して距離をおいて他の細胞を識別し、密接な接触で細胞間の相互作用を開始し、移動、増殖に関与するシグナル伝達機構のため、細胞がその環境を感知する方法の理解を再構築し、細胞を約束する - 細胞コミュニケーション。 TM4SF1由来nanopodiaを研究するために開発されている方法は、古典的なテトラスパニン、特に普遍的に発現CD9、CD81、およびCD151の代理店を通じて他の細胞型に形成nanopodiaの研究のために有用である可能性がある。

ステップ1： （例えば、HUVEC、およびこの研究で使用PC3等）、細胞が正常に成長することができるならば、細胞は播種後、30分以内にコラーゲン被覆ディスクに付着分極と程なく移動となり、先にそれらの経路のnanopodiaを拡張する運動の。 図1Aおよび1Bは、それぞれ偏光と増殖しているHUVEC。 図2（a）は、携帯状態で偏PC3細胞展覧。 <p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nanopodia - Thin, Fragile Membrane Projections with Roles in Cell Movement and Intercellular Interactions at JoVE.com

Nanopodia - Thin, Fragile Membrane Projections with Roles in Cell Movement and Intercellular Interactions

Nanopodiaは、セルの前面を先頭または末尾に背面から100ミクロンにまで拡張し、細胞環境を感知薄いが脆弱な膜チャネルである。 37℃で、穏やかに洗浄し、エタノール、メタノール、アセトン等の有機溶媒の回避でより高いトリトンX-100の濃度の直接的な固定は、これらの細胞構造を観察するために必要とされる。

Nanopodia  - 細胞運動および細胞間の相互作用において役割を有する薄い、壊れやすい膜見通し

Adherent cells in culture maintain a polarized state to support movement and intercellular interactions. Nanopodia are thin, elongated, largely ...

nanopodia-thin-fragile-membrane-projections-with-roles-cell-movement

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

10.2K ビュー.  Harvard Medical School.  Nanopodiaは、セルの前面を先頭または末尾に背面から100ミクロンにまで拡張し、細胞環境を感知薄いが脆弱な膜チャネルである。 37℃で、穏やかに洗浄し、エタノール、メタノール、アセトン等の有機溶媒の回避でより高いトリトンX-100の濃度の直接的な固定は、これらの細胞構造を観察するために必要とされる。 

ビデオ: Nanopodia - Thin, Fragile Membrane Projections with Roles in Cell Movement and Intercellular Interactions

Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane biogenesis occurs rapidly and in an inducible manner. We have found that phagocytosis of latex beads is practical for these purposes as cells rapidly synthesize membrane lipids to replenish membrane pools lost as  wrapping material  during particle engulfment. Here, we describe procedures for studying changes in phagocytosis-induced gene expression with a luciferase-based reporter gene approach using the Dual-Glo  Luciferase Assay System from Promega.

Here, we describe procedures for studying changes in phagocytosis-induced gene expression with a luciferase-based reporter gene approach using the Dual-GloTM Luciferase Assay System from Promega.

ルシフェラーゼベースのレポーター遺伝子アッセイで膜の生合成を研究して

To study the coordination of different lipid synthesis pathways during membrane biogenesis it is useful to work with an experimental system where membrane ...

生物学

The MultiBac Protein Complex Production Platform at the EMBL

Proteomics research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that proteins in cells mostly exist not as isolated entities but exert their biological activity in association with many other proteins, in humans ten or more, forming assembly lines in the cell for most if not all vital functions.1,2 Knowledge of the function and architecture of these multiprotein assemblies requires their provision in superior quality and sufficient quantity for detailed analysis. The paucity of many protein complexes in cells, in particular in eukaryotes, prohibits their extraction from native sources, and necessitates recombinant production. The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has proven to be particularly useful for producing eukaryotic proteins, the activity of which often relies on post-translational processing that other commonly used expression systems often cannot support.3 BEVS use a recombinant baculovirus into which the gene of interest was inserted to infect insect cell cultures which in turn produce the protein of choice. MultiBac is a BEVS that has been particularly tailored for the production of eukaryotic protein complexes that contain many subunits.4 A vital prerequisite for efficient production of proteins and their complexes are robust protocols for all steps involved in an expression experiment that ideally can be implemented as standard operating procedures (SOPs) and followed also by non-specialist users with comparative ease. The MultiBac platform at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) uses SOPs for all steps involved in a multiprotein complex expression experiment, starting from insertion of the genes into an engineered baculoviral genome optimized for heterologous protein production properties to small-scale analysis of the protein specimens produced.5-8 The platform is installed in an open-access mode at EMBL Grenoble and has supported many scientists from academia and industry to accelerate protein complex research projects.

Protein complexes catalyze key cellular functions. Detailed functional and structural characterization of many essential complexes requires recombinant production. MultiBac is a baculovirus/insect cell system particularly tailored for expressing eukaryotic proteins and their complexes. MultiBac was implemented as an open-access platform, and standard operating procedures developed to maximize its utility.

EMBLでMultiBacタンパク質複合体生産プラットフォーム

Proteomics  research revealed the impressive complexity of eukaryotic proteomes in  unprecedented detail. It is now a commonly accepted notion that ...

Live Imaging Assay for Assessing the Roles of Ca2+ and Sphingomyelinase in the Repair of Pore-forming Toxin Wounds

Plasma membrane injury is a frequent event, and wounds have to be rapidly repaired to ensure cellular survival. Influx of Ca2+ is a key signaling event that triggers the repair of mechanical wounds on the plasma membrane within ~30 sec. Recent studies revealed that mammalian cells also reseal their plasma membrane after permeabilization with pore forming toxins in a Ca2+-dependent process that involves exocytosis of the lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase followed by pore endocytosis. Here, we describe the methodology used to demonstrate that the resealing of cells permeabilized by the toxin streptolysin O is also rapid and dependent on Ca2+ influx. The assay design allows synchronization of the injury event and a precise kinetic measurement of the ability of cells to restore plasma membrane integrity by imaging and quantifying the extent by which the liphophilic dye FM1-43 reaches intracellular membranes. This live assay also allows a sensitive assessment of the ability of exogenously added soluble factors such as sphingomyelinase to inhibit FM1-43 influx, reflecting the ability of cells to repair their plasma membrane. This assay allowed us to show for the first time that sphingomyelinase acts downstream of Ca2+-dependent exocytosis, since extracellular addition of the enzyme promotes resealing of cells permeabilized in the absence of Ca2+.

Live Imaging Assay for Assessing the Roles of Ca2+ and Sphingomyelinase in the Repair of Pore-forming Toxin Wounds

Live imaging of cells exposed to the lipophilic dye FM1-43 allows precise determination of the kinetics by which pore-forming toxins are removed from the plasma membrane. This is a sensitive assay that can be used to assess requirements for Ca2+, sphingomyelinase and other factors on plasma membrane repair.

カルシウムの役割を評価するためのイメージングアッセイを生きる<sup&gt; 2 +</sup孔形成毒素の傷の修復&gt;とスフィンゴミエリナーゼ

Plasma membrane injury is a frequent event, and wounds have to be rapidly repaired to ensure cellular survival. Influx of Ca2+ is a key signaling event ...

Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication: A Functional Biomarker to Assess Adverse Effects of Toxicants and Toxins, and Health Benefits of Natural Products

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer (SL-DT) technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction channels, which is a major intercellular process by which tissue homeostasis is maintained. Interruption of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) by toxicants, toxins, drugs, etc. has been linked to numerous adverse health effects. Many genetic-based human diseases have been linked to mutations in gap junction genes. The SL-DT technique is a simple functional assay for the simultaneous assessment of GJIC in a large population of cells. The assay involves pre-loading cells with a fluorescent dye by briefly perturbing the cell membrane with a scalpel blade through a population of cells. The fluorescent dye is then allowed to traverse through gap junction channels to neighboring cells for a designated time. The assay is then terminated by the addition of formalin to the cells. The spread of the fluorescent dye through a population of cells is assessed with an epifluorescence microscope and the images are analyzed with any number of morphometric software packages that are available, including free software packages found on the public domain. This assay has also been adapted for in vivo studies using tissue slices from various organs from treated animals. Overall, the SL-DT assay can serve a broad range of in vitro pharmacological and toxicological needs, and can be potentially adapted for high throughput set-up systems with automated fluorescence microscopy imaging and analysis to elucidate more samples in a shorter time.

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction channels. Gap junctional intercellular communication is a major cellular process by which tissue homeostasis is maintained and disruption of this cell signaling has adverse health effects.

ギャップ結合細胞間コミュニケーション：毒物および毒素の有害効果を評価するための機能バイオマーカー、および天然物の健康上の利点

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer (SL-DT) technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction ...

Open-source Single-particle Analysis for Super-resolution Microscopy with VirusMapper

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy is currently revolutionizing cell biology research. Its capacity to break the resolution limit of around 300 nm allows for the routine imaging of nanoscale biological complexes and processes. This increase in resolution also means that methods popular in electron microscopy, such as single-particle analysis, can readily be applied to super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. By combining this analytical approach with super-resolution optical imaging, it becomes possible to take advantage of the molecule-specific labeling capacity of fluorescence microscopy to generate structural maps of molecular elements within a metastable structure. To this end, we have developed a novel algorithm &#8212; VirusMapper &#8212; packaged as an easy-to-use, high-performance, and high-throughput ImageJ plugin. This article presents an in-depth guide to this software, showcasing its ability to uncover novel structural features in biological molecular complexes. Here, we present how to assemble compatible data and provide a step-by-step protocol on how to use this algorithm to apply single-particle analysis to super-resolution images.

This manuscript uses the Fiji-based open-source software package VirusMapper to apply single-particle analysis to super-resolution microscopy images in order to generate precise models of nanoscale structure.

VirusMapperと超解像顕微鏡のためのオープンソースの単一粒子分析

Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy is currently revolutionizing cell biology research. Its capacity to break the resolution limit of around 300 nm ...

Flash-and-Freeze: A Novel Technique to Capture Membrane Dynamics with Electron Microscopy

Cells constantly change their membrane architecture and protein distribution, but it is extremely difficult to visualize these events at a temporal and spatial resolution on the order of ms and nm, respectively. We have developed a time-resolved electron microscopy technique, &#34;flash-and-freeze,&#34; that induces cellular events with optogenetics and visualizes the resulting membrane dynamics by freezing cells at defined time points after stimulation. To demonstrate this technique, we expressed channelrhodopsin, a light-sensitive cation channel, in mouse hippocampal neurons. A flash of light stimulates neuronal activity and induces neurotransmitter release from synaptic terminals through the fusion of synaptic vesicles. The optogenetic stimulation of neurons is coupled with high-pressure freezing to follow morphological changes during synaptic transmission. Using a commercial instrument, we captured the fusion of synaptic vesicles and the recovery of the synaptic vesicle membrane. To visualize the sequence of events, large datasets were generated and analyzed blindly, since morphological changes were followed in different cells over time. Nevertheless, flash-and-freeze allows the visualization of membrane dynamics in electron micrographs with ms temporal resolution.

We developed a novel technique in electron microscopy, &#34;flash-and-freeze,&#34; that enables the visualization of membrane dynamics with ms temporal resolution. This technique combines the optogenetic stimulation of neurons with high-pressure freezing. Here, we demonstrate the procedures and describe the protocols in detail.

フラッシュとフリーズ：電子顕微鏡でメンブレンダイナミクスをキャプチャするために新しい技術

Cells constantly change their membrane architecture and protein distribution, but it is extremely difficult to visualize these events at a temporal and ...

Pulling Membrane Nanotubes from Giant Unilamellar Vesicles

The reshaping of the cell membrane is an integral part of many cellular phenomena, such as endocytosis, trafficking, the formation of filopodia, etc. Many different proteins associate with curved membranes because of their ability to sense or induce membrane curvature. Typically, these processes involve a multitude of proteins making them too complex to study quantitatively in the cell. We describe a protocol to reconstitute a curved membrane in vitro, mimicking a curved cellular structure, such as the endocytic neck. A giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) is used as a model of a cell membrane, whose internal pressure and surface tension are controlled with micropipette aspiration. Applying a point pulling force on the GUV using optical tweezers creates a nanotube of high curvature connected to a flat membrane. This method has traditionally been used to measure the fundamental mechanical properties of lipid membranes, such as bending rigidity. In recent years, it has been expanded to study how proteins interact with membrane curvature and the way they affect the shape and the mechanics of membranes. A system combining micromanipulation, microinjection, optical tweezers, and confocal microscopy allows measurement of membrane curvature, membrane tension, and the surface density of proteins, concurrently. From these measurements, many important mechanical and morphological properties of the protein-membrane system can be inferred. In addition, we lay out a protocol of creating GUVs in the presence of physiological salt concentration, and a method of quantifying the surface density of proteins on the membrane from fluorescence intensities of labeled proteins and lipids.

Many proteins in the cell sense and induce membrane curvature. We describe a method to pull membrane nanotubes from lipid vesicles to study the interaction of proteins or any curvature-active molecule with curved membranes in vitro.

巨大リポソームの膜カーボンナノ チューブを引っ張ってください。

The reshaping of the cell membrane is an integral part of many cellular phenomena, such as endocytosis, trafficking, the formation of filopodia, etc. Many ...

Assessing Protein Interactions in Live-Cells with FRET-Sensitized Emission

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is the radiationless transfer of energy from an excited donor to an acceptor molecule and depends upon the distance and orientation of the molecules as well as the extent of overlap between the donor emission and acceptor absorption spectra. FRET permits to study the interaction of proteins in the living cell over time and in different subcellular compartments. Different intensity-based algorithms to measure FRET using microscopy have been described in the literature. Here, a protocol and an algorithm are provided to quantify FRET efficiency based on measuring both the sensitized emission of the acceptor and quenching of the donor molecule. The quantification of ratiometric FRET in the living cell not only requires the determination of the crosstalk (spectral spill-over, or bleed-through) of the fluorescent proteins but also the detection efficiency of the microscopic setup. The protocol provided here details how to assess these critical parameters.

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between two fluorophore molecules can be used for studying protein interactions in the living cell. Here, a protocol is provided as to how to measure FRET in live cells by detecting sensitized emission of the acceptor and quenching of the donor molecule using confocal laser scanning microscopy.

FRET感作発光を伴う生細胞におけるタンパク質相互作用の評価(英語)

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is the radiationless transfer of energy from an excited donor to an acceptor molecule and depends upon the ...

Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions

Lipid bilayers form the main matrix of cell membranes and are the primary platform for nutrient exchange, protein-membrane&#160;interactions, and viral budding, among other vital cellular processes. For efficient biological activity, cell membranes should be rigid enough to maintain the integrity of the cell and its compartments yet fluid enough to allow membrane components, such as proteins and functional domains, to diffuse and interact. This delicate balance of elastic and fluid membrane properties, and their impact on biological function, necessitate a better understanding of collective membrane dynamics over mesoscopic length and time scales of key biological processes, e.g., membrane deformations and protein binding events. Among the techniques that can effectively probe this dynamic range is neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy. Combined with deuterium labeling, NSE can be used to directly access bending and thickness fluctuations as well as mesoscopic dynamics of select membrane features. This paper provides a brief description of the NSE technique and outlines the procedures for performing NSE experiments on liposomal membranes, including details of sample preparation and deuteration schemes, along with instructions for data collection and reduction. The paper also introduces data analysis methods used to extract key membrane parameters, such as the bending rigidity modulus, area compressibility modulus, and in-plane viscosity. To illustrate the biological importance of NSE studies, select examples of membrane phenomena probed by NSE are discussed, namely, the effect of additives on membrane bending rigidity, the impact of domain formation on membrane fluctuations, and the dynamic signature of membrane-protein interactions.

This paper describes the protocols for sample preparation, data reduction, and data analysis in neutron spin echo (NSE) studies of lipid membranes. Judicious deuterium labeling of lipids enables access to different membrane dynamics on mesoscopic length and time scales, over which vital biological processes occur.

脂質膜動態と膜タンパク質相互作用に対するユニークなプローブとしての中性子スピンエコー分光法

Lipid bilayers form the main matrix of cell membranes and are the primary platform for nutrient exchange, protein-membrane&#160;interactions, and viral ...

Isolation of Cardiac and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Adult, Juvenile, Larval and Embryonic Zebrafish for Electrophysiological Studies

Zebrafish have long been used as a model vertebrate organism in cardiovascular research. The technical difficulties of isolating individual cells from the zebrafish cardiovascular tissues have been limiting in studying their electrophysiological properties. Previous methods have been described for dissection of zebrafish hearts and isolation of ventricular cardiac myocytes. However, the isolation of zebrafish atrial and vascular myocytes for electrophysiological characterization was not detailed. This work describes new and modified enzymatic protocols that routinely provide isolated juvenile and adult zebrafish ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, as well as vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells from the bulbous arteriosus, suitable for patch-clamp experiments. There has been no literary evidence of electrophysiological studies on zebrafish cardiovascular tissues isolated at embryonic and larval stages of development. Partial dissociation techniques that allow patch-clamp experiments on individual cells from larval and embryonic hearts are demonstrated.

The present protocol describes the acute isolation of viable cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells from adult, juvenile, larval, and embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio), suitable for electrophysiological studies.

電気生理学的研究のための成体、幼若、幼虫および胚性ゼブラフィッシュからの心臓および血管平滑筋細胞の単離(英語)

Zebrafish have long been used as a model vertebrate organism in cardiovascular research. The technical difficulties of isolating individual cells from the ...