我々は、この研究とその技術のヘルプはジョーダン·デイビス、ヤンヤン林、エリックSchadlerさんとJimiao鄭に感謝します。この作品は、AlaへのMCB-1054962を付与NSFのキャリアによってサポートされていました

1。大アップルジュース - 寒天プレートの準備<ol><li> 4板を作るために、千ミリリットルのフラスコに375ミリリットルをH 2 O、11.25グラムフライ寒天と攪拌棒を追加します。これは緩く、液体品の1 30分 - 滅菌サイクルに蓋をしたフラスコの蓋をミックスA.オートクレーブミックスAである。 </li><li> 500ミリリットルのビーカーに125ミリリットルのリンゴジュース、12.5グラムの砂糖と攪拌棒を追加します。ミックスAのオートクレーブ処理が終了するまで、約70℃で攪拌し、温度を維持しつつ、加熱されたプラットフォーム上ミックスB.ヒート·ミックスBである。 </li><li>ミックスが完了し、オートクレーブ処理すると、A.優しく合わせた混合物を攪拌してくださいミックスにミックスBを転送し、それを15分間冷ます。保存料の添加前過冷却となった寒天固化は避けてください。 </li><li>エタノール中10％（重量/体積）の4 - ヒドロキシ安息香酸メチル溶液を作る。これは防腐剤として機能します。上記のリンゴジュース寒天混合溶液の3.75ミリリットルを追加します。 anothe攪拌しておくR 5分。 </li><li>各300センチメートル2プラスチックや発泡スチロールの板状に防腐剤を125ミリリットルのリンゴジュース寒天混合物を注ぐ。それを室温に冷却して固化してみましょう。注ぎながら、気泡の形成を避けてください。 参考：アップルジュース寒天プレートはすぐに使用する準備が整いました。クリアーラップで使用されていないプレートをカバーし、一週間まで4℃で保存する。 </li></ol> 2。 ショウジョウバエ胚収集と前架橋処理<ol><li>胚を収集することができる、そこから約4万〜5万ハエで人口ケージをロードします。 </li><li>ミディアム標準コーンミール、糖蜜の125ミリリットル12を含む2枚ずつ作成し、それぞれのプレート上で乾燥パン酵母の約4グラムを振りかける。ハエを太らせるために48時間25℃のインキュベーター内で人口ケージにこれらのプレートを置きます。 </li><li> 25℃まで昇温さ2リンゴジュース寒天プレートそれぞれの上に乾燥したパン酵母の約1グラムを振りかけるプレート。 0-1 HR-齢の胚の収集を開始する人口ケージに2枚を配置します。 </li><li> 1時間のコレクションの最後に、プレートを取り出します。コレクションの別のラウンドが必要な場合は、2の新しいプレートを交換してください。 </li><li>プレートをカバーし、細かいペイントブラシで軽く胚を再懸濁するために十分な水を追加します。ステンレス製の金網からなる2層の篩を再懸濁した胚を注ぐ。 注：最上位層は、胚経由せながら、大きなフライパーツを収集中程度の孔サイズ（850ミクロン）のメッシュで作られています。最下層は、酵母と水を通過させる、一方、胚を収集し、細かいメッシュ（75ミクロン）で作られています。 </li><li> 50ミリリットルチューブと細かいナイロンメッシュで作られたコレクションバスケットに集めた胚を転送するために細かいペイントブラシを使用してください。水で簡単に胚をすすぎ、その後乾燥させるために紙タオル上でメッシュをブロット。 </li><li> 3分間穏やかに旋回して、50％の漂白剤で胚を浸す。徹底的なすすぎ残りの漂白剤を除去するために水でLY。乾燥するペーパータオルの上でメッシュをブロット。 </li><li> （これはより長い30秒を取るべきではありません）15秒間、穏やかに攪拌しながら、イソプロパノールまたは多胚塊の崩壊まで、絨毛膜を除去した胚を浸す。完全に乾燥さペーパータオルの上でメッシュをブロット。 </li><li>再懸濁し、それらを維持するために胚の上にヘプタンをストリーミングするピペットを使用しながら、5分間のヘプタン中の胚を浸す。乾燥するペーパータオルの上でメッシュをブロット。 </li><li> 3分間0.1％トリトンX-100（PBST）を含むリン酸緩衝生理食塩水、pH7.4中（PBS）のストリームに胚をすすぐ。 </li><li>コレクションバスケットを分解し、10ミリリットルのPBSTを含む15mlチューブにメッシュと一緒に胚を移す。メッシュから胚を洗浄するために静かにチューブを反転させる。 </li><li>チューブからメッシュを削除します。垂直にチューブを入れて、胚は重力によって、チューブの底に沈むましょう。 注記：約100から300胚のμlを1ケージから1時間の収集のために期待されている。 </li><li> PBSTを取り外し、すぐに架橋実行し続けています。 </li></ol>収集された胚の3。 インビボ架橋<ol><li>使用直前に、PBST中の0.2％ホルムアルデヒドを準備します。胚へのホルムアルデヒド固定液10ミリリットルを加え、10分間ロータリーシェーカー穏やかに攪拌しながら25℃でインキュベートする。一日の終わりまでに、未使用の固定液を捨てます。 </li><li>架橋反応をクエンチ<ol><li>架橋の終了時に、胚は、チューブの底に沈むう。 </li><li>ホルムアルデヒド溶液を除去します。すぐに架橋反応を停止させ、PBST中0.25Mグリシンの10ミリリットルを追加。 5分間ロータリーシェーカー穏やかに攪拌しながら25℃でインキュベートする。 </li><li>胚は、チューブの底に沈むましょう。クエンチ溶液を除去します。 PBSTの10ミリリットルで3回胚を洗浄します。 </li><li>完全にPを削除ピペットを用いてBST洗浄溶液。使用するまで-80℃で保存胚。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4。タンパク質試料の調製と免疫沈降<ol><li> 2ミリリットルの溶解緩衝液中でDounceホモジナイザーを用いて500μlの架橋された胚を均質化する（0.5 M尿素、0.01％SDS、2％トリトン-X 100、PBS中の2mMのフッ化フェニルメタンスルホニル[PMSF]、およびプロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテル）。 注意：特に指定のない限り、このRTで、次の手順を実行します。 </li><li> 1.5ミリリットル遠心管に溶解液を移し、ゆっくりと徹底的な溶解を確実にするために15分間の回転台に揺する。細胞破片をペレット化し、5分間16,000×gで溶解液を遠心分離する。清潔な15mlチューブに上清を保存します。 </li><li> 40μlの抗HAアガロースビーズを上清にスラリー化し、2.5時間、回転プラットフォーム上でインキュベート追加する。 </li><li> 5分間2500×gで遠心分離することにより、ビーズを沈殿。上清を除去しますが、適切を残すチューブ内のximately 250μL。残りの上清中にビーズを再懸濁し、10μmの孔のフィルターを用いて1.5ミリリットルスピンカラムに移す。 </li><li> 10秒間12,000×gでスピンカラムを遠心して、フロースルーを捨てる。 </li><li> 200μlの洗浄緩衝液（0.1 Mグリシン、1 MのNaCl、1％のIGEPAL CA-630、0.1％のTween-20、PBS中）を添加することによりビーズを洗浄する。 10秒間12,000×gでカラムを遠心し、洗浄を捨てる。洗浄を2回繰り返します。 </li><li>ビーズに40μlの溶出緩衝液（2 mg / mlのPBS中のHA-ペプチド）を追加し、穏やかに撹拌しながら15分間37℃で5分毎にインキュベートする。 10秒間、12,000×gでカラムを遠心し、溶出液を収集します。 </li><li>抗HA抗体13を用いたウエスタンブロット解析により複合体の溶出を確認してください。 </li></ol>

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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

ホルムアルデヒドは、一般的に、タンパク質 - タンパク質及びタンパク質 - 核酸相互作用を同定するための架橋剤として使用されている。一緒に下流の質量分析手法との互換性との良好な溶解性および細胞膜透過性は、ホルムアルデヒド、細胞内架橋アプリケーション3,15-17のための理想的な候補薬剤を作る。特に、正常ヴァーサ、 ショウジョウバエ 11において重要な?...

マルチサブユニットタンパク質アセンブリおよびDNA-又はRNA-タンパク質複合体の単離は、タンパク質複合体、DNA結合性調節タンパク質又はRNA結合タンパク質のRNA標的によって認識される、ゲノム遺伝子座を同定するために行われる。別の方法は、転写因子またはクロマチンタンパク質（のChIP-seqの）1と所与のRNA結合タンパク質（CLIP-seqの）2に関連するRNA標的によって認識されるDNA部位のゲノムワイドな同定を可能にする。 RNA由来のcDNAまたはDNA標的のライブラリーは、その後、深く配列決定される。これらの方法には、化学的またはUV誘導に研究複合体のタンパク質成分に対する抗体を用いて免疫沈降（IP）に続いて複合体を安定させるために、架橋を使用しています。 生物の開発中に、多くのタンパク質複合体を一過形成する。したがって、デベロッパーを制御する分子メカニズムを理解するために、インビボでのこれらの複合体の組成および機能を分析することが重要であるelopment。それは、in vitroで相互作用する成分の本来の濃度と細胞生化学的環境を再現することは事実上不可能であるため、このようなin vivoでの解析は、in vitroでのアプローチよりも優れているでしょう。ここでは、我々は成功してショウジョウバエの胚から、大きなタンパク質複合体を分離するために使用して、生体内のアプローチを示しています。この方法では、生きている胚におけるタンパク質複合体は、低濃度のホルムアルデヒドで架橋され、​​続いて、目的のタンパク質複合体は、複合体のゲル精製に続いて​​複合体の既知の成分と質量分析を用いてIPに対する抗体によって単離される未知の複雑なコンポーネントを識別します。ホルムアルデヒドは、細胞膜を透過することができ、2.3〜2.7オングストローム3の架橋範囲を有するので、タンパク質複合体は、 インビボで架橋することができ、複雑な構成要素は、互いに近い可能性が高い。この記事の我々にある一例としてチューダー（TUD）タンパク質複合体の単離を使用してこの方法を説明する。 TUDは生殖細胞の発達4-7に不可欠である生殖細胞タンパク質である。このタンパク質は、他のポリペプチド8月10日のメチル化アルギニンまたはリジンと相互作用することが知られ11 TUDドメインを含む。 先に、我々は、機能TUD 5 HA-タグ化発現し、従って、特異的な抗HA抗体を架橋後TUD錯体をプルダウンするために用いられるトランスジェニックショウジョウバエ株を生成されている。 タンパク質 - タンパク質架橋に加えて、ホルムアルデヒドは、核酸 - タンパク質架橋を生成することができるとのChIP-seqの実験で使用されている。さらに、 ショウジョウバエにおいて、ホルムアルデヒドと架橋インビボでヴァーサRNAヘリカーゼタンパク質11のRNA標的の同定を可能にした。 この記事では、生体内架橋およびPURのための方法を説明しながら、ショウジョウバエ胚由来のタンパク質複合体のification、この方法は、他の生物および組織に適合させることができる。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="858">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Drosophila agar</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Lab Scientific (http://www.labscientific.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FLY-8020-1</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Do not autoclave the water and agar mix for prolonged period of time as it will cause the apple juice plates to become fragile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H5501</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Other name: TEGOSEPT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Population cage</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Flystuff (http://www.flystuff.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-104</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Fine nylon mesh</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Flystuff (http://www.flystuff.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">57-102</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">When making the collection basket, cut the mesh slightly larger than the opening of the falcon tube cap to ensure a tight seal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Dounce homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8938-1SET</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Chill the homogenizer on ice and prerinse with cold lysis buffer before use to prevent protein degradation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Protease inhibitor cocktail&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Roche (http://www.rocheusa.com/portal/usa)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4693132001</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">PBS could be used to prepare concentrated protease inhibitor stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Anti-HA agarose beads</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">MBL international (http://www.mblintl.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">561-8</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">The kit also includes HA-peptide and spin columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">HA-peptide</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">MBL international (http://www.mblintl.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">561-8</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Prepare to 2 mg/ml with PBS&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Spin Column</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">MBL international (http://www.mblintl.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">561-8</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Spin columns are included as part of the kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP26324</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP151-500</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Heptane</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H350-4</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Invitrogen (https://www.lifetechnologies.com/us/en/home.html)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM9625</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Dilute from 10 X to 1 X with nanopure water before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP531-500</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glycine</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">BioRad (www.bio-rad.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0724</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SDS</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">BioRad (www.bio-rad.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0301</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">BioRad (www.bio-rad.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0730</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P7626-1G</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Prepare 200 mM stock solution in isopropanol then dilute to working concentration of 2 mM in lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">IGEPAL CA-630</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I8896-50ML</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP337-100</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">15-ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">USA Scientific (http://www.usascientific.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1475-0511</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Bleach</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Clorox brand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Dilute with equal volume of nanopure water to make 50% bleach</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">50-ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">BD Biosciences (http://www.bdbiosciences.com/home.jsp)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352098</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Top layer sieve</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">04-884-1AK</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Bottom layer sieve</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">04-884-1BA</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vivo crosslinking approach to isolate protein complexes from drosophila embryos

多くの細胞プロセスは、マルチサブユニットタンパク質複合体によって制御される。頻繁にこれらの複合体は、一過性に形成し、組み立てるためにネイティブ環境が必要です。したがって、これらの機能性タンパク質複合体を同定するためには、細胞溶解およびその後の精製の ​​前に、生体内でそれらを安定化することが重要である。ここでは、 ショウジョウバエの胚から大真正タンパク質複合体を単離するために用いた方法を記載している。この方法はin vivoで容易に細胞膜を通過することができ、低濃度のホルムアルデヒドを用いて架橋することによって、胚の内側の複合体の胚の透過化と安定化に基づいている。続いて、関心対象のタンパク質複合体は、ゲル精製し、そして質量分析によって分析免疫精製される。我々は、生殖系列発達のために必須であるチューダータンパク質複合体の精製を使用してこの方法を説明する図である。チューダーは、複数のチューダードメインを含む大規模なタンパク質である - 小さな標的タンパク質のメチル化アルギニンまたはリジンと対話モジュール。この方法は、異なる生物及び組織由来の天然タンパク質複合体の単離のために適合させることができる。

ウェスタンブロット（ 図2）、続いて（ 図1に示されている）、7％工程ゲル-架橋および架橋TUDタンパク質複合体の精製に成功したの有効性は3％でSDS-PAGEにより分析した。 3％の使用目的 - 7％ステップゲルを複合体の残りの未架橋TUDタンパク質および濃度の架橋TUDタンパク質複合体の効果的な分離に基づいている。上述した我々のインビボ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An in vivo Crosslinking Approach to Isolate Protein Complexes From Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

An in vivo Crosslinking Approach to Isolate Protein Complexes From Drosophila Embryos

多成分タンパク質複合体は、細胞機能および開発中に重要な役割を果たしている。ここでは、後続の構造-機能分析のための架橋された複合体の精製に続いてインビボ架橋後のショウジョウバエ胚から天然のタンパク質複合体を単離するために用いた方法を記載している。

アン in vivoで</emからのタンパク質複合体を分離するために>架橋アプローチショウジョウバエ胚

Many cellular processes are controlled by multisubunit protein complexes. Frequently these complexes form transiently and require native environment to ...

an-vivo-crosslinking-approach-to-isolate-protein-complexes-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

An in vivo Crosslinking Approach to Isolate Protein Complexes From Drosophila Embryos

16.6K ビュー.  Murray State University. 多成分タンパク質複合体は、細胞機能および開発中に重要な役割を果たしている。ここでは、後続の構造-機能分析のための架橋された複合体の精製に続いてインビボ架橋後のショウジョウバエ胚から天然のタンパク質複合体を単離するために用いた方法を記載している。 

ビデオ: An in vivo Crosslinking Approach to Isolate Protein Complexes From Drosophila Embryos

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos and their dechorionation using bleach are demonstrated. Using a glass pipet attached to a mouth suction tube, we illustrate the removal of all cells from single embryos. The method for dispersing cells from each embyro into a small (5 l) drop of medium on an uncoated glass coverslip is demonstrated. A view through the microscope at 1 hour after plating illustrates the preferred cell density. Most of the cells that survive when grown in defined medium are neuroblasts that divide one or more times in culture before extending neuritic processes by 12-24 hours. A view through the microscope illustrates the level of neurite outgrowth and branching expected in a healthy culture at 2 days in vitro. The cultures are grown in a simple bicarbonate based defined medium, in a 5% CO2 incubator at 22-24&deg;C. Neuritic processes continue to elaborate over the first week in culture and when they make contact with neurites from neighboring cells they often form functional synaptic connections. Neurons in these cultures express voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels and are electrically excitable. This culture system is useful for studying molecular genetic and environmental factors that regulate neuronal differentiation, excitability, and synapse formation/function.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. Views of live cultures show cells 1 hour after plating and differentiated neurons after 2 days of growth in a bicarbonate-based defined medium. The neurons are electrically excitable and form synaptic connections.

Midgastrulaステージショウジョウバエの胚からの神経培養の準備

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

生物学

Microfabricated Post-Array-Detectors (mPADs): an Approach to Isolate Mechanical Forces

In this video, we will present our approach to measure cellular traction forces using a microfabricated array of posts.  Traction forces are generated through myosin-actin interactions and play an important role in our physiology.  During development, they enable cells to move from one location to the next in order to form the early structures of tissue.  Traction forces help in the healing processes.  They are necessary for the proper closure of wounds or the migration and crawling of leukocytes through our body.  These same forces can be detrimental to our health in the case of cancer metastasis or vascular growth towards a tumor.  The most common method by which to study cells in vitro has been to use a glass or polystyrene dish.  However, the rigidity of the substrates makes it impossible to physically measure cell traction forces, and there are relatively few methods to study traction forces.  Our lab has developed a technique to overcome these limitations.  The method is based on a vertical array of flexible cantilevers, the stiffness and size scale of which are such that individual cells spread across many cantilevers and deflect them in the process.  The pillars we use are 3 &mu;m in diameter, 10 &mu;m tall, and are configured in a regular array with 9 &mu;m center-to-center spacing.  But these physical dimensions can be readily varied to accommodate a variety of studies.  We start with a silicon master, but the final posts are made out of silicone rubber called poly (dimethyl siloxane), or PDMS.  We can measure the deflections under a microscope and calculate the magnitude and direction of traction forces required to produce the observed deflections.  We call these substrates microfabricated post-array-detectors, or mPADs.  Here, we will show you how we fabricate and use the mPADs to assess modulations of cellular contractility.

Microfabricated Post-Array-Detectors mPADs: an Approach to Isolate Mechanical Forces

In this video, we demonstrate how to fabricate and utilize microfabricated post array detectors (mPADs) to assess modulations of cellular contractility.

微細加工後のアレイ検出器（mPADs）：機械的な力を単離するためのアプローチ

In this video, we will present our approach to measure cellular traction forces using a microfabricated array of posts.  Traction forces are generated ...

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell shape changes during embryonic development. One of the challenges faced in studying this structure is that the lumen of the heart tube, as well as the membrane features that are crucial to heart tube formation, are difficult to visualize in whole mount embryos, due to the small size of the heart tube and intra-lumenal space relative to the embryo. The use of transmission electron microscopy allows for higher magnification of these structures and gives the advantage of examining the embryos in cross section, which easily reveals the size and shape of the lumen. In this video, we detail the process for reliable fixation, embedding, and sectioning of late stage Drosophila embryos in order to visualize the heart tube lumen as well as important cellular structures including cell-cell junctions and the basement membrane.

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

We describe a process for fixation, embedding, sectioning, and imaging of late stage Drosophila embryos for Trasmission Electron Microscopy of the embryonic heart tube. This technique allows for the visualization of the heart tube lumen as well as the basement membrane, which lines the lumen of the heart.

の電子顕微鏡のための胚の調製ショウジョウバエ胎児心臓の管

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

Isolation of Labile Multi-protein Complexes by in vivo Controlled Cellular Cross-Linking and Immuno-magnetic Affinity Chromatography

The dynamic nature of cellular machineries is frequently built on transient and/or weak protein associations. These low affinity interactions preclude stringent methods for the isolation and identification of protein networks around a protein of interest. The use of chemical crosslinkers allows the selective stabilization of labile interactions, thus bypassing biochemical limitations for purification. Here we present a protocol amenable for cells in culture that uses a homobifunctional crosslinker with a spacer arm of 12 &Aring;, dithiobis-(succinimidyl proprionate) (DSP). DSP is cleaved by reduction of a disulphide bond present in the molecule. Cross-linking combined with immunoaffinity chromatography of proteins of interest with magnetic beads allows the isolation of protein complexes that otherwise would not withstand purification. This protocol is compatible with regular western blot techniques and it can be scaled up for protein identification by mass spectrometry1.
Stephanie A. Zlatic and Pearl V. Ryder contributed equally to this work.

Isolation of Labile Multi-protein Complexes by in vivo Controlled Cellular Cross-Linking and Immuno-magnetic Affinity Chromatography

The cell permeable crosslinker DSP [dithiobis-(succinimidyl propionate)] stabilizes transient and labile interactions in vivo, which allows their isolation using stringent protein complex purification techniques. Here we present a technique for crosslinking cells grown in culture followed by isolation of protein complexes by immunoprecipitation.

不安定な多タンパク質複合体の単離で in vivoで制御セルラー架橋及び免疫磁気アフィニティークロマトグラフィー

The dynamic nature of cellular machineries is frequently built on transient and/or weak protein associations. These low affinity interactions preclude ...

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in buoyant density. However, when cells are disrupted prior to centrifugation, proteins and organelles in this non-native environment often inappropriately stick to each other. Here we describe a method to separate organelles by density in intact, living Drosophila embryos. Early embryos before cellularization are harvested from population cages, and their outer egg shells are removed by treatment with 50% bleach. Embryos are then transferred to a small agar plate and inserted, posterior end first, into small vertical holes in the agar. The plates containing embedded embryos are centrifuged for 30 min at 3000g. The agar supports the embryos and keeps them in a defined orientation. Afterwards, the embryos are dug out of the agar with a blunt needle. Centrifugation separates major organelles into distinct layers, a stratification easily visible by bright-field microscopy. A number of fluorescent markers are available to confirm successful stratification in living embryos. Proteins associated with certain organelles will be enriched in a particular layer, demonstrating colocalization. Individual layers can be recovered for biochemical analysis or transplantation into donor eggs. This technique is applicable for organelle separation in other large cells, including the eggs and oocytes of diverse species.

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

We describe a method to separate organelles by density in living Drosophila embryos. Embryos are embedded in agar and centrifuged. This technique yields reproducible separation of major organelles along the anterior-posterior embryo axis. This method facilitates colocalization experiments and yields organelle fractions for biochemical analysis and transplantation experiments.

ショウジョウバエの胚の生体内の遠心

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in ...

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, preventing their identification and analysis through traditional biochemical methods such as co-immunoprecipitation. In this regard, the genetically encodable fluorescent proteins (GFP, RFP, etc.) and their associated overlapping fluorescence spectrum have revolutionized our ability to monitor weak interactions in vivo using F&ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)1-3. Here, we detail our use of a FRET-based proximity assay for monitoring receptor-receptor interactions on the endothelial cell surface.

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

This protocol describes how to image protein-protein interactions using a FRET-based proximity assay.

イメージングタンパク質間相互作用 in vivoで</em

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Here we present a mounting protocol for stained Drosophila embryos in an upright position that allows imaging of cross-sections using Confocal microscopy.

の直立イメージングショウジョウバエ胚

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos. In brief, a large amount of staged embryos from young and healthy flies are collected, sterilized, and then physically dissociated into a single cell suspension using a glass homogenizer. After being plated on culture plates or chamber slides at an appropriate density in culture medium, these cells can further differentiate into several morphologically-distinct cell types, which can be identified by their specific cell markers. Furthermore, we present conditions for treating these cells with double stranded (ds) RNAs to elicit gene knockdown. Efficient RNAi in Drosophila primary cells is accomplished by simply bathing the cells in dsRNA-containing culture medium. The ability to carry out effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical, cell imaging analyses, will allow a variety of questions to be answered in Drosophila primary cells, especially those related to differentiated muscle and neuronal cells.

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

We provide a detailed protocol for preparing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila embryos. The ability to carry out the effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical and cell imaging methods will allow a variety of questions to be addressed in Drosophila primary cells.

から初代細胞培養ショウジョウバエ原腸胚

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos.   In brief, a large amount of staged ...

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging. Cell shape changes in the fly are analogous to those in higher organisms, and they drive tissue morphogenesis. So, in many cases, their study has direct implications for understanding human disease (Table 1)1-5. On the sub-cellular scale, these cell shape changes are the product of activities ranging from gene expression to signal transduction, cell polarity, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane trafficking. Thus, the Drosophila embryo provides not only the context to evaluate cell shape changes as they relate to tissue morphogenesis, but also offers a completely physiological environment to study the sub-cellular activities that shape cells.
The protocol described here is designed to image a specific cell shape change called cellularization. Cellularization is a process of dramatic plasma membrane growth, and it ultimately converts the syncytial embryo into the cellular blastoderm. That is, at interphase of mitotic cycle 14, the plasma membrane simultaneously invaginates around each of ~6000 cortically anchored nuclei to generate a sheet of primary epithelial cells. Counter to previous suggestions, cellularization is not driven by Myosin-2 contractility6, but is instead fueled largely by exocytosis of membrane from internal stores7. Thus, cellularization is an excellent system for studying membrane trafficking during cell shape changes that require plasma membrane invagination or expansion, such as cytokinesis or transverse-tubule (T-tubule) morphogenesis in muscle.
Note that this protocol is easily applied to the imaging of other cell shape changes in the fly embryo, and only requires slight adaptations such as changing the stage of embryo collection, or using "embryo glue" to mount the embryo in a specific orientation (Table 1)8-19. In all cases, the workflow is basically the same (Figure 1). Standard methods for cloning and Drosophila transgenesis are used to prepare stable fly stocks that express a protein of interest, fused to Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) or its variants, and these flies provide a renewable source of embryos. Alternatively, fluorescent proteins/probes are directly introduced into fly embryos via straightforward micro-injection techniques9-10. Then, depending on the developmental event and cell shape change to be imaged, embryos are collected and staged by morphology on a dissecting microscope, and finally positioned and mounted for time-lapse imaging on a confocal microscope.

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Early development of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is characterized by a number of cell shape changes that are well suited for imaging approaches. This article will describe basic tools and methods required for live confocal imaging of Drosophila embryos, and will focus on a cell shape change called cellularization.

リビングでのイメージング、細胞の形状の変更ショウジョウバエ胚

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, understanding microtubule based motor transport and its regulation will likely ultimately lead to improved therapeutic approaches. Kinesin-1 is a eukaryotic motor protein which moves in an anterograde (plus-end) direction along microtubules (MTs), powered by ATP hydrolysis. Here we report a detailed purification protocol to isolate active full length kinesin from Drosophila embryos, thus allowing the combination of Drosophila genetics with single-molecule biophysical studies. Starting with approximately 50 laying cups, with approximately 1000 females per cup, we carried out overnight collections. This provided approximately 10 ml of packed embryos. The embryos were bleach dechorionated (yielding approximately 9 grams of embryos), and then homogenized. After disruption, the homogenate was clarified using a low speed spin followed by a high speed centrifugation. The clarified supernatant was treated with GTP and taxol to polymerize MTs. Kinesin was immobilized on polymerized MTs by adding the ATP analog, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate at room temperature. After kinesin binding, microtubules were sedimented via high speed centrifugation through a sucrose cushion. The microtubule pellet was then re-suspended, and this process was repeated. Finally, ATP was added to release the kinesin from the MTs. High speed centrifugation then spun down the MTs, leaving the kinesin in the supernatant. This kinesin was subjected to a centrifugal filtration using a 100 KD cut off filter for further purification, aliquoted, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 &deg;C. SDS gel electrophoresis and western blotting was performed using the purified sample. The motor activity of purified samples before and after the final centrifugal filtration step was evaluated using an in vitro single molecule microtubule assay. The kinesin fractions before and after the centrifugal filtration showed processivity as previously reported in literature. Further experiments are underway to evaluate the interaction between kinesin and other transport related proteins.

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

This is a protocol to isolate active full length Kinesin from Drosophila embryos for single-molecule biophysical studies. We show how to collect embryos, make the embryo lysate, and then polymerize microtubules (MTs). Kinesin is purified by immobilizing it on the MTs, spinning down the Kinesin-MT complexes, and then releasing the kinesin from the MTs via ATP addition.

キネシンの単離及び精製からショウジョウバエ胚

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a ...

アン in vivoで架橋アプローチショウジョウバエ胚