우리는이 연구와 기술적 도움 요르단 데이비스, 야니 린, 에릭 샤 들러와 Jimiao 청 감사합니다. 이 작품은 ALA에 MCB-1054962에게 부여는 NSF 경력에 의해 지원되었다

1. 큰 사과 주스 한천 플레이트를 준비 <ol><li> 4 판을 만들려면, 1,000 ㎖의 플라스크에 375 ㎖의의 H 2 O, 12,375 g 플라이 한천 및 교반 막대를 추가합니다. 이 느슨하게 액체 제품에 대해 하나의 30 분 멸균 사이클에 덮인 플라스크의 뚜껑 믹스 A. 오토 클레이브 믹스입니다. </li><li> 500 ㎖ 비커에 125 ㎖의 사과 주스, 12.5 g 테이블 설탕 및 교반 막대를 추가합니다. 믹스의 고압 증기 멸균이 완료 될 때까지 약 70 ° C의 교반 및 온도를 유지하면서 가열 된 플랫폼에서 혼합 B. 열 믹스 B입니다. </li><li> 혼합이 완료되면 고압 증기 멸균, A. 부드럽게 결합 교반 유지 혼합하는 혼합 B를 전송하고 15 분 동안 냉각 할 수 있습니다. 를 통해 냉각 및 방부제를 첨가하기 전에 결과 한천 응고하지 마십시오. </li><li> 에탄올 10 % (중량 / 부피) 메틸 4 - 히드 록시 솔루션을합니다. 이 방부제 역할을합니다. 위의 사과 주스 한천의 혼합물에 용액의 3.75 ML을 추가합니다. anothe 교반 유지5 분 R. </li><li> 각 300cm 2 플라스틱이나 스티로폼 판에 방부제와 125 ㎖의 사과 주스 한천 혼합물을 부어. 이 실온으로 냉각 및 응고 보자. 붓는 동안 기포의 형성을 피할 것. 참고 : 사과 주스 한천 플레이트 즉시 사용할 준비가 된 것입니다. 분명 랩으로 사용하지 않는 접시를 덮고 주까지 4 ℃에서 저장한다. </li></ol> 2. 초파리 배아의 수집 및 사전 가교 처리 <ol><li> 배아가 수집 될에서 약 40,000 ~ 50,000 파리와 인구 케이지를 넣습니다. </li><li> 두 접시 각 매체 (12) 표준 옥수수 가루-당밀 125 ㎖에 포함을 확인하고 각각의 접시에 건조 빵 효모의 약 4g을 뿌린다. 파리를 살찌하는 48 시간을위한 25 ° C의 배양기에서 인구 케이지에이 판을 놓습니다. </li><li> 25 ° C.에 따뜻한 2 사과 주스 한천 플레이트 각 건조 빵 효모의 약 1g을 뿌려판. 0-1 시간 된 배아를 수집을 시작하는 인구 케이지의 2 판을 놓습니다. </li><li> 1 시간 수집의 끝에서 접시를 꺼내. 컬렉션의 또 다른 라운드가 필요한 경우 2 개의 새 번호판으로 교체합니다. </li><li> 플레이트를 커버하고 미세한 페인트 브러시로 부드럽게 배아를 재현 탁하기에 충분한 물을 추가합니다. 스테인리스 철망으로 만들어진이 층 체를 재현 탁 배아를 붓는다. 참고 : 상단 층이 배아를 통해시키면서 큰 플라이 부분을 수집 매체의 기공 크기 (850 μm의) 메쉬 만든다. 바닥 층은 효모와 물을 통해시키면서 배아를 수집 미세 메시 (75 μM)로 만든다. </li><li> 50 ML 튜브 및 미세 나일론 메쉬로 만든 컬렉션 바구니에 수집 된 배아를 전송하는 미세 페인트 브러시를 사용합니다. 물로 간단히 배아를 씻어 후 건조 종이 타월에 메쉬를 얼룩. </li><li> 3 분 동안 부드러운 소용돌이와 50 %의 표백제에서 배아를 담근다. 철저한 린스LY 물에 남아있는 표백제를 제거합니다. 건조 종이 타월에 메쉬를 더 럽히. </li><li> (이것은 이상 30 초를 복용해서는 안된다) 15 초 동안 교반과 이소프로판올 또는 다중 배아 덩어리의 붕괴까지 dechorionated 배아를 담가. 완전히 건조 종이 타월에 메쉬를 더 럽히. </li><li> 재 부유를 유지하기 위해 배아에 헵탄을 스트리밍 할 수있는 피펫을 사용하는 동안 5 분 헵탄의 배아를 담근다. 건조 종이 타월에 메쉬를 더 럽히. </li><li> 3 분 동안 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100 (PBST)를 포함하는 인산염 완충 생리 식염수, 산도 7.4 (PBS)의 스트림으로 배아를 씻어. </li><li> 컬렉션 바구니를 분해하고 10 ㎖의 PBST를 포함하는 15 ML 튜브에 메쉬와 함께 배아를 전송합니다. 메시 떨어져 배아를 씻어 부드럽게 튜브를 반전. </li><li> 튜브에서 메시를 제거합니다. 수직 위치에 튜브를 넣어 태아가 중력에 의해 튜브의 바닥에 가라 앉을 수 있습니다. 참고 : 약 100-300배아 ㎕의 하나 케이지에서 1 시간 수집을 위해 예상된다. </li><li> PBST를 제거하고 즉시 가교 수행을 계속합니다. </li></ol> 수집 된 배아의 3. 생체 가교 <ol><li> 사용 직전에 PBST에서 0.2 %의 포름 알데히드를 준비합니다. 배아에 포름 알데히드 정착액의 10 mL를 넣고 10 분 동안 회전 진탕 기에서 교반과 함께 25 ° C에서 알을 품다. 하루의 끝에서 사용하지 않는 정착을 폐기하십시오. </li><li> 가교 반응을 켄 칭하고 <ol><li> 가교의 끝에서, 배아는 튜브의 바닥에 가라하자. </li><li> 포름 알데히드 용액을 제거합니다. 즉시 가교 반응을 종결 PBST 0.25 M 글리신 10 ㎖를 추가합니다. 5 분 동안 회전 진탕 기에서 교반과 함께 25 ° C에서 알을 품다. </li><li> 배아가 튜브의 바닥에 가라하자. 급냉 솔루션을 제거합니다. PBST 10 ㎖로 3 회 배아를 씻으십시오. </li><li> 완전히 P에게 제거피펫을 사용하여 BST 세척 솔루션입니다. -80 ° C까지 사용에 보관 배아. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 단백질 샘플 준비 및 면역 침전 <ol><li> 2 ml의 용해 완충액에 다운스 균질화기를 사용하여 500 μL 가교 배아 균질화 (0.5 M 우레아, 0.01 % SDS, 2 % 트리톤-X 100, PBS 2 ㎜ 페닐 메탄 설 포닐 플루오 라이드 [PMSF] 및 프로테아제 억제제 칵테일). 참고 : 별도로 명시하지 않는 한 RT에이 다음과 같은 단계를 수행합니다. </li><li> 1.5 ㎖의 원심 분리기 튜브에 해물을 전송하고 부드럽게 철저한 용해를 보장하기 위해 15 분 동안 회전 플랫폼에 바위. 세포 파편 펠렛 5 분 16,000 XG에서 해물을 원심 분리기. 깨끗한 15 ML 튜브에 뜨는을 저장합니다. </li><li> 항-HA 아가로 오스 비즈가 뜨는에 슬러리 40 μl를 추가하고 2.5 시간 동안 회전 플랫폼에 품어. </li><li> 5 분 2,500 XG에서 원심 분리하여 구슬을 펠렛. 뜨는을 제거하지만 APPRO를 남겨튜브 ximately 250 μL. 나머지 상층 액에 구슬을 재현 탁하고 10 μm의 기공 필터를 1.5 ml의 스핀 열을 전송할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 10 초 동안 12,000 XG에 스핀 열을 원심 분리를 통해 흐름을 폐기하십시오. </li><li> 200 μL 세척 버퍼 (0.1 M 글리신, 1 M의 NaCl, 1 % IGEPAL CA-630, 0.1 % 트윈 20, PBS에있는)를 추가하여 구슬을 씻으십시오. 10 초 동안 12,000 XG에서 열을 원심 분리 및 세척을 버린다. 세척이 더 번 반복합니다. </li><li> 비즈 40 μL 용출 버퍼 (2 ㎎ / ㎖ PBS에서 HA-펩타이드)를 추가하고 교반과 5 분마다 15 분 동안 37 ° C에서 알을 품다. 10 초 동안 12,000 XG에서 열을 원심 분리기 및 용출액을 수집합니다. </li><li> 항-HA 항체 (13)를 사용하여 웨스턴 블롯 분석에 의한 복합의 용출을 확인합니다. </li></ol>

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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

포름 알데히드는 일반적으로 단백질 - 단백질 및 단백질 - 핵산 상호 작용을 식별하기위한 가교제로서 사용되고있다. 함께 하류 질량 분석 절차와 호환성과의 우수한 용해도 및 세포막 투과성은, 세포 내 가교 애플리케이션 3,15-17 알데히드 이상적인 후보 약제 만든다. 특히, 성공적 바사, 초파리 (11)에서 중요한 생식 세포 RNA 헬리 카제와 관련된 mRNA를 식별하는 데 사용되었?...

multisubunit 단백질 어셈블리 및 DNA 또는 RNA-단백질 복합체의 분리는 단백질 복합체, DNA-결합 규제 단백질이나 RNA 결합 단백질의 RNA의 대상으로 인식 게놈 유전자 좌를 식별하기 위해 수행된다. 다른 방법은 특정 RNA 결합 단백질 (CLIP-서열) 2와 관련된 전사 인자 또는 염색질 단백질 (칩 - 서열) 1 RNA의 대상으로 인식 DNA 사이트의 게놈 전체의 식별을 할 수 있습니다. RNA 유래의 cDNA 또는 DNA의 대상 라이브러리는 다음 깊이 순서가됩니다. 이러한 방법은 화학 물질 또는 UV-유도 공부 착체의 단백질 성분에 대한 항체로 면역 침전 (IP)이어서 복합체를 안정화하는 가교를 사용한다. 생물체의 개발 과정에서 많은 단백질 복합체가 일시적으로 형성한다. 따라서, 어플을 제어하는 분자 메커니즘을 이해하기 위해 생체 내에서 이러한 복합체 조성물 및 기능을 분석하는 데있어 매우 중요elopment. 이 상호 작용하는 구성 요소와 체외에서 세포의 생화학 적 환경의 기본 농도를 재현하는 것은 사실상 불가능하기 때문에 이러한 생체 분석은 체외 방법이 뛰어난 것입니다. 여기에서 우리는 우리가 성공적으로 Drosophila의 배아에서 큰 단백질 복합체를 분리하는 데 사용하는 생체 내 접근 방식을 보여줍니다. 이 방법에서, 살아있는 배아 단백질 복합체는 저 알데히드 농도 및 후속 또한 단백질 복합체가 행 착체 및 질량 분광 분석의 겔 정제하여 착물의 알려진 성분에 대한 항체와 IP에 의해 절연되어 가교 아르 알 수없는 복잡한 구성 요소를 식별합니다. 포름 알데히드는 세포막을 투과 할 수 있으며, 2.3-2.7 3의 가교 범위를 가지고 있기 때문에, 단백질 복합체는 생체 내에서 가교 결합 될 수 있고, 복잡한 구성 요소는 서로에 근접 할 가능성이있다. 이 문서에 우리의예를 들어 튜더 (TUD) 단백질 복합체의 분리를 사용하여이 방법을 설명합니다. TUD는 생식 개발 4-7 필수적인 생식 단백질이다. 이 단백질은 다른 폴리 펩타이드 8-10의 메틸화 아르기닌 또는 라이신과 상호 작용하는 것으로 알려져 11 TUD 도메인이 포함되어 있습니다. 이전에, 우리는 기능 TUD 5 HA-태그를 표현하기 때문에, 특정 항-HA 항체 가교 후 TUD 단지를 아래로 당겨하는 데 사용되는 형질 전환 초파리 라인을 생성했다. 단백질 - 단백질 가교뿐만 아니라, 포름 알데히드는 핵산 - 단백질 가교를 생성 할 수 및 칩 SEQ 실험에 사용된다. 또한, 초파리, 포름 알데히드 가교 생체 내에서 바사 RNA 헬리 케이즈 단백질 (11)의 RNA 대상의 식별을 허용했다. 이 문서에서 우리는 생체 가교 PUR하는 방법을 설명하는 동안Drosophila의 배아에서 단백질 복합체의 ification,이 방법은 다른 생물과 조직에 적용 할 수 있습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="858">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Drosophila agar</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Lab Scientific (http://www.labscientific.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FLY-8020-1</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Do not autoclave the water and agar mix for prolonged period of time as it will cause the apple juice plates to become fragile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H5501</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Other name: TEGOSEPT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Population cage</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Flystuff (http://www.flystuff.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-104</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Fine nylon mesh</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Flystuff (http://www.flystuff.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">57-102</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">When making the collection basket, cut the mesh slightly larger than the opening of the falcon tube cap to ensure a tight seal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Dounce homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D8938-1SET</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Chill the homogenizer on ice and prerinse with cold lysis buffer before use to prevent protein degradation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Protease inhibitor cocktail&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Roche (http://www.rocheusa.com/portal/usa)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4693132001</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">PBS could be used to prepare concentrated protease inhibitor stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Anti-HA agarose beads</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">MBL international (http://www.mblintl.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">561-8</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">The kit also includes HA-peptide and spin columns</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">HA-peptide</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">MBL international (http://www.mblintl.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">561-8</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Prepare to 2 mg/ml with PBS&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Spin Column</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">MBL international (http://www.mblintl.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">561-8</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Spin columns are included as part of the kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Isopropanol</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP26324</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP151-500</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Heptane</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H350-4</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Invitrogen (https://www.lifetechnologies.com/us/en/home.html)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AM9625</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Dilute from 10 X to 1 X with nanopure water before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP531-500</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glycine</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">BioRad (www.bio-rad.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0724</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SDS</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">BioRad (www.bio-rad.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0301</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Urea</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">BioRad (www.bio-rad.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0730</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P7626-1G</td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Prepare 200 mM stock solution in isopropanol then dilute to working concentration of 2 mM in lysis buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">IGEPAL CA-630</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Sigma (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/united-states.html)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">I8896-50ML</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP337-100</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">15-ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">USA Scientific (http://www.usascientific.com/)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1475-0511</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Bleach</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Clorox brand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:289px;">Dilute with equal volume of nanopure water to make 50% bleach</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">50-ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">BD Biosciences (http://www.bdbiosciences.com/home.jsp)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352098</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Top layer sieve</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">04-884-1AK</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Bottom layer sieve</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com/&#8206;)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">04-884-1BA</td>
			<td style="width:289px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an in vivo crosslinking approach to isolate protein complexes from drosophila embryos

많은 세포 과정은 multisubunit 단백질 복합체에 의해 제어된다. 자주하는이 단지는 일시적으로 형성하고 조립하는 네이티브 환경을 필요로합니다. 따라서, 이러한 기능성 단백질 복합체를 식별하기 위해서는 세포 용해 및 후속 정제 전의 생체들을 안정화시키는 것이 중요하다. 여기에서 우리는 Drosophila의 배아에서 대형 선의의 단백질 복합체를 분리하는 데 사용하는 방법을 설명합니다. 이 방법은 용이하게 세포막을 통과 할 수 알데히드의 낮은 농도를 사용하여 생체 내 가교에 의해 배아 내부 복합체 배아 permeabilization과 안정화에 기초한다. 이어서, 관심의 단백질 복합체는 겔 정제하여 질량 분석계로 분석 immunopurified된다. 우리는 생식 개발을위한 필수적인 튜더 단백질 복합체의 정화를 사용하여이 방법을 보여줍니다. 작은 - 튜더 여러 튜더 도메인을 포함하는 큰 단백질이며,표적 단백질의 메틸화 아르기닌 또는 리신과 상호 작용 모듈. 이 방법은 다른 생물과 조직에서 네이티브 단백질 복합체의 분리를 위해 적용 할 수 있습니다.

웨스턴 블롯 하였다 (도 1에 도시) 7 % 단계 겔 (도 2) - 가교 결합의 효과와 가교 TUD 단백질 착물의 정제는 성공적으로 3 %의 SDS-PAGE로 분석 하였다. 3 %를 사용하는 목적 - 7 % 스텝 겔 착물 잔존 미가 교 TUD 단백질 농도에서 가교 TUD 단백질 복합체의 효과적인 분리를 기반으로한다. 상기 우리 생체 가교 조건 하에서, TUD 단백질의 큰 비율은 미가 교 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An in vivo Crosslinking Approach to Isolate Protein Complexes From Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

An in vivo Crosslinking Approach to Isolate Protein Complexes From Drosophila Embryos

다 성분 단백질 복합체가 세포 기능 및 개발 과정에서 중요한 역할을한다. 여기에서 우리는 생체 가교 후의 구조 기능 분석을위한 가교 착물 정제하여 이후 초파리 배아로부터 네이티브 단백질 복합체를 분리하는 데 사용되는 방법을 설명한다.

생체</em에서 단백질 복합체를 분리> 가교 접근 초파리 태아

Many cellular processes are controlled by multisubunit protein complexes. Frequently these complexes form transiently and require native environment to ...

an-vivo-crosslinking-approach-to-isolate-protein-complexes-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

An in vivo Crosslinking Approach to Isolate Protein Complexes From Drosophila Embryos

16.6K 조회수.  Murray State University.  다 성분 단백질 복합체가 세포 기능 및 개발 과정에서 중요한 역할을한다. 여기에서 우리는 생체 가교 후의 구조 기능 분석을위한 가교 착물 정제하여 이후 초파리 배아로부터 네이티브 단백질 복합체를 분리하는 데 사용되는 방법을 설명한다. 

비디오: An in vivo Crosslinking Approach to Isolate Protein Complexes From Drosophila Embryos

Preparation of Neuronal Cultures from Midgastrula Stage Drosophila Embryos

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos and their dechorionation using bleach are demonstrated. Using a glass pipet attached to a mouth suction tube, we illustrate the removal of all cells from single embryos. The method for dispersing cells from each embyro into a small (5 l) drop of medium on an uncoated glass coverslip is demonstrated. A view through the microscope at 1 hour after plating illustrates the preferred cell density. Most of the cells that survive when grown in defined medium are neuroblasts that divide one or more times in culture before extending neuritic processes by 12-24 hours. A view through the microscope illustrates the level of neurite outgrowth and branching expected in a healthy culture at 2 days in vitro. The cultures are grown in a simple bicarbonate based defined medium, in a 5% CO2 incubator at 22-24&deg;C. Neuritic processes continue to elaborate over the first week in culture and when they make contact with neurites from neighboring cells they often form functional synaptic connections. Neurons in these cultures express voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels and are electrically excitable. This culture system is useful for studying molecular genetic and environmental factors that regulate neuronal differentiation, excitability, and synapse formation/function.

This video demonstrates the preparation of primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. Views of live cultures show cells 1 hour after plating and differentiated neurons after 2 days of growth in a bicarbonate-based defined medium. The neurons are electrically excitable and form synaptic connections.

Midgastrula 스테이지 Drosophila의 태아에서 문화의 연결 준비

This video illustrates the procedure for making primary neuronal cultures from midgastrula stage Drosophila embryos. The methods for collecting embryos ...

연구

생물학

Microfabricated Post-Array-Detectors (mPADs): an Approach to Isolate Mechanical Forces

In this video, we will present our approach to measure cellular traction forces using a microfabricated array of posts.  Traction forces are generated through myosin-actin interactions and play an important role in our physiology.  During development, they enable cells to move from one location to the next in order to form the early structures of tissue.  Traction forces help in the healing processes.  They are necessary for the proper closure of wounds or the migration and crawling of leukocytes through our body.  These same forces can be detrimental to our health in the case of cancer metastasis or vascular growth towards a tumor.  The most common method by which to study cells in vitro has been to use a glass or polystyrene dish.  However, the rigidity of the substrates makes it impossible to physically measure cell traction forces, and there are relatively few methods to study traction forces.  Our lab has developed a technique to overcome these limitations.  The method is based on a vertical array of flexible cantilevers, the stiffness and size scale of which are such that individual cells spread across many cantilevers and deflect them in the process.  The pillars we use are 3 &mu;m in diameter, 10 &mu;m tall, and are configured in a regular array with 9 &mu;m center-to-center spacing.  But these physical dimensions can be readily varied to accommodate a variety of studies.  We start with a silicon master, but the final posts are made out of silicone rubber called poly (dimethyl siloxane), or PDMS.  We can measure the deflections under a microscope and calculate the magnitude and direction of traction forces required to produce the observed deflections.  We call these substrates microfabricated post-array-detectors, or mPADs.  Here, we will show you how we fabricate and use the mPADs to assess modulations of cellular contractility.

Microfabricated Post-Array-Detectors mPADs: an Approach to Isolate Mechanical Forces

In this video, we demonstrate how to fabricate and utilize microfabricated post array detectors (mPADs) to assess modulations of cellular contractility.

Microfabricated 포스트 - 배열 감지기 (mPADs) : 기계적 힘을 분리하는 접근

In this video, we will present our approach to measure cellular traction forces using a microfabricated array of posts.  Traction forces are generated ...

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell shape changes during embryonic development. One of the challenges faced in studying this structure is that the lumen of the heart tube, as well as the membrane features that are crucial to heart tube formation, are difficult to visualize in whole mount embryos, due to the small size of the heart tube and intra-lumenal space relative to the embryo. The use of transmission electron microscopy allows for higher magnification of these structures and gives the advantage of examining the embryos in cross section, which easily reveals the size and shape of the lumen. In this video, we detail the process for reliable fixation, embedding, and sectioning of late stage Drosophila embryos in order to visualize the heart tube lumen as well as important cellular structures including cell-cell junctions and the basement membrane.

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

We describe a process for fixation, embedding, sectioning, and imaging of late stage Drosophila embryos for Trasmission Electron Microscopy of the embryonic heart tube. This technique allows for the visualization of the heart tube lumen as well as the basement membrane, which lines the lumen of the heart.

의 전자 현미경을위한 배아의 준비 Drosophila 태아의 심장 관

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

Isolation of Labile Multi-protein Complexes by in vivo Controlled Cellular Cross-Linking and Immuno-magnetic Affinity Chromatography

The dynamic nature of cellular machineries is frequently built on transient and/or weak protein associations. These low affinity interactions preclude stringent methods for the isolation and identification of protein networks around a protein of interest. The use of chemical crosslinkers allows the selective stabilization of labile interactions, thus bypassing biochemical limitations for purification. Here we present a protocol amenable for cells in culture that uses a homobifunctional crosslinker with a spacer arm of 12 &Aring;, dithiobis-(succinimidyl proprionate) (DSP). DSP is cleaved by reduction of a disulphide bond present in the molecule. Cross-linking combined with immunoaffinity chromatography of proteins of interest with magnetic beads allows the isolation of protein complexes that otherwise would not withstand purification. This protocol is compatible with regular western blot techniques and it can be scaled up for protein identification by mass spectrometry1.
Stephanie A. Zlatic and Pearl V. Ryder contributed equally to this work.

Isolation of Labile Multi-protein Complexes by in vivo Controlled Cellular Cross-Linking and Immuno-magnetic Affinity Chromatography

The cell permeable crosslinker DSP [dithiobis-(succinimidyl propionate)] stabilizes transient and labile interactions in vivo, which allows their isolation using stringent protein complex purification techniques. Here we present a technique for crosslinking cells grown in culture followed by isolation of protein complexes by immunoprecipitation.

불안 정한 다중 단백질 단지의 분리에 의해 생체내에 제어 세포 간 연결 및 단백질 자기 동질 크로마 토그래피

The dynamic nature of cellular machineries is frequently built on transient and/or weak protein associations. These low affinity interactions preclude ...

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in buoyant density. However, when cells are disrupted prior to centrifugation, proteins and organelles in this non-native environment often inappropriately stick to each other. Here we describe a method to separate organelles by density in intact, living Drosophila embryos. Early embryos before cellularization are harvested from population cages, and their outer egg shells are removed by treatment with 50% bleach. Embryos are then transferred to a small agar plate and inserted, posterior end first, into small vertical holes in the agar. The plates containing embedded embryos are centrifuged for 30 min at 3000g. The agar supports the embryos and keeps them in a defined orientation. Afterwards, the embryos are dug out of the agar with a blunt needle. Centrifugation separates major organelles into distinct layers, a stratification easily visible by bright-field microscopy. A number of fluorescent markers are available to confirm successful stratification in living embryos. Proteins associated with certain organelles will be enriched in a particular layer, demonstrating colocalization. Individual layers can be recovered for biochemical analysis or transplantation into donor eggs. This technique is applicable for organelle separation in other large cells, including the eggs and oocytes of diverse species.

In-vivo Centrifugation of Drosophila Embryos

We describe a method to separate organelles by density in living Drosophila embryos. Embryos are embedded in agar and centrifuged. This technique yields reproducible separation of major organelles along the anterior-posterior embryo axis. This method facilitates colocalization experiments and yields organelle fractions for biochemical analysis and transplantation experiments.

Drosophila의 배아들 중에서 - 생체내의 원심 분리

A major strategy for purifying and isolating different types of intracellular organelles is to separate them from each other based on differences in ...

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, preventing their identification and analysis through traditional biochemical methods such as co-immunoprecipitation. In this regard, the genetically encodable fluorescent proteins (GFP, RFP, etc.) and their associated overlapping fluorescence spectrum have revolutionized our ability to monitor weak interactions in vivo using F&ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET)1-3. Here, we detail our use of a FRET-based proximity assay for monitoring receptor-receptor interactions on the endothelial cell surface.

Imaging Protein-protein Interactions in vivo

This protocol describes how to image protein-protein interactions using a FRET-based proximity assay.

이미징 단백질 - 단백질 상호 작용 생체내에</em

Protein-protein interactions are a hallmark of all essential cellular processes. However, many of these interactions are transient, or energetically weak, ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Here we present a mounting protocol for stained Drosophila embryos in an upright position that allows imaging of cross-sections using Confocal microscopy.

의 입식 이미징 Drosophila 태아

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos. In brief, a large amount of staged embryos from young and healthy flies are collected, sterilized, and then physically dissociated into a single cell suspension using a glass homogenizer. After being plated on culture plates or chamber slides at an appropriate density in culture medium, these cells can further differentiate into several morphologically-distinct cell types, which can be identified by their specific cell markers. Furthermore, we present conditions for treating these cells with double stranded (ds) RNAs to elicit gene knockdown. Efficient RNAi in Drosophila primary cells is accomplished by simply bathing the cells in dsRNA-containing culture medium. The ability to carry out effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical, cell imaging analyses, will allow a variety of questions to be answered in Drosophila primary cells, especially those related to differentiated muscle and neuronal cells.

Primary Cell Cultures from Drosophila Gastrula Embryos

We provide a detailed protocol for preparing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila embryos. The ability to carry out the effective RNAi perturbation, together with other molecular, biochemical and cell imaging methods will allow a variety of questions to be addressed in Drosophila primary cells.

에서 기본 셀 문화 Drosophila Gastrula의 태아

Here we describe a method for preparing and culturing primary cells dissociated from Drosophila gastrula embryos.   In brief, a large amount of staged ...

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging. Cell shape changes in the fly are analogous to those in higher organisms, and they drive tissue morphogenesis. So, in many cases, their study has direct implications for understanding human disease (Table 1)1-5. On the sub-cellular scale, these cell shape changes are the product of activities ranging from gene expression to signal transduction, cell polarity, cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane trafficking. Thus, the Drosophila embryo provides not only the context to evaluate cell shape changes as they relate to tissue morphogenesis, but also offers a completely physiological environment to study the sub-cellular activities that shape cells.
The protocol described here is designed to image a specific cell shape change called cellularization. Cellularization is a process of dramatic plasma membrane growth, and it ultimately converts the syncytial embryo into the cellular blastoderm. That is, at interphase of mitotic cycle 14, the plasma membrane simultaneously invaginates around each of ~6000 cortically anchored nuclei to generate a sheet of primary epithelial cells. Counter to previous suggestions, cellularization is not driven by Myosin-2 contractility6, but is instead fueled largely by exocytosis of membrane from internal stores7. Thus, cellularization is an excellent system for studying membrane trafficking during cell shape changes that require plasma membrane invagination or expansion, such as cytokinesis or transverse-tubule (T-tubule) morphogenesis in muscle.
Note that this protocol is easily applied to the imaging of other cell shape changes in the fly embryo, and only requires slight adaptations such as changing the stage of embryo collection, or using "embryo glue" to mount the embryo in a specific orientation (Table 1)8-19. In all cases, the workflow is basically the same (Figure 1). Standard methods for cloning and Drosophila transgenesis are used to prepare stable fly stocks that express a protein of interest, fused to Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) or its variants, and these flies provide a renewable source of embryos. Alternatively, fluorescent proteins/probes are directly introduced into fly embryos via straightforward micro-injection techniques9-10. Then, depending on the developmental event and cell shape change to be imaged, embryos are collected and staged by morphology on a dissecting microscope, and finally positioned and mounted for time-lapse imaging on a confocal microscope.

Imaging Cell Shape Change in Living Drosophila Embryos

Early development of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is characterized by a number of cell shape changes that are well suited for imaging approaches. This article will describe basic tools and methods required for live confocal imaging of Drosophila embryos, and will focus on a cell shape change called cellularization.

생활의 이미징 셀 모양 변경 Drosophila 태아

The developing Drosophila melanogaster embryo undergoes a number of cell shape changes that are highly amenable to live confocal imaging.  Cell shape ...

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, understanding microtubule based motor transport and its regulation will likely ultimately lead to improved therapeutic approaches. Kinesin-1 is a eukaryotic motor protein which moves in an anterograde (plus-end) direction along microtubules (MTs), powered by ATP hydrolysis. Here we report a detailed purification protocol to isolate active full length kinesin from Drosophila embryos, thus allowing the combination of Drosophila genetics with single-molecule biophysical studies. Starting with approximately 50 laying cups, with approximately 1000 females per cup, we carried out overnight collections. This provided approximately 10 ml of packed embryos. The embryos were bleach dechorionated (yielding approximately 9 grams of embryos), and then homogenized. After disruption, the homogenate was clarified using a low speed spin followed by a high speed centrifugation. The clarified supernatant was treated with GTP and taxol to polymerize MTs. Kinesin was immobilized on polymerized MTs by adding the ATP analog, 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate at room temperature. After kinesin binding, microtubules were sedimented via high speed centrifugation through a sucrose cushion. The microtubule pellet was then re-suspended, and this process was repeated. Finally, ATP was added to release the kinesin from the MTs. High speed centrifugation then spun down the MTs, leaving the kinesin in the supernatant. This kinesin was subjected to a centrifugal filtration using a 100 KD cut off filter for further purification, aliquoted, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 &deg;C. SDS gel electrophoresis and western blotting was performed using the purified sample. The motor activity of purified samples before and after the final centrifugal filtration step was evaluated using an in vitro single molecule microtubule assay. The kinesin fractions before and after the centrifugal filtration showed processivity as previously reported in literature. Further experiments are underway to evaluate the interaction between kinesin and other transport related proteins.

Isolation and Purification of Kinesin from Drosophila Embryos

This is a protocol to isolate active full length Kinesin from Drosophila embryos for single-molecule biophysical studies. We show how to collect embryos, make the embryo lysate, and then polymerize microtubules (MTs). Kinesin is purified by immobilizing it on the MTs, spinning down the Kinesin-MT complexes, and then releasing the kinesin from the MTs via ATP addition.

Kinesin의 분리 및 정제에서 Drosophila 태아

Motor proteins move cargos along microtubules, and transport them to specific sub-cellular locations. Because altered transport is suggested to underlie a ...

생체 가교 접근 초파리 태아

생체 가교 접근 초파리* 태아*