This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. We would like to thank Dr. Ronald D. McKay for his discussion and comments on this project.

hPSCsの単一細胞に基づく非植民地型単層（NCM）の文化。 1。準備<ol><li> 10％FBS、2mMのL-グルタミン、および0.1mM非必須アミノ酸（NEAA）を補充したDMEM培地：マウス胚線維芽細胞（MEF）の培養のための培地500mlを加える。 </li><li> DMEM培地中の0.1％ゼラチンでコーティングされた6ウェル細胞培養プレート上のルーチンプロトコル16と培養したMEF以下CF1株に由来するマウス胚線維芽細胞（MEF）細胞を単離する。代わりに、商業資源の一節3でMEFの株式を購入してください。 </li><li>マトリゲルプレートを準備します。 <ol><li> -20℃の冷凍庫に50％ずつ、5（〜4℃で冷やした）DMEM/F12培地mlのストアとのhESC修飾マトリゲルの株式の5ミリリットルを希釈します。冷蔵庫（約4℃）、O / Nで凍結したマトリゲルのストックを解凍し、さらに（2.5％作用濃度を生じる）冷たいDMEM/F12培地中でマトリゲルを希釈。 </li><lI&gt;ウェルあたり1.5ミリリットル2.5％マトリゲルでコーティング6ウェル細胞培養プレートは、冷蔵庫、O / Nでのコートされたプレートを格納します（注：2週間以内にマトリゲルコートプレートを使用します）。 </li><li>プレートは10から30分間、細胞培養フード（注：細胞培養​​インキュベーター中でプレートを暖めるません）で、室温で温める、冷蔵庫からマトリゲルプレートを取り外し、吸引したDMEM培地前hPSCsをメッキする。 </li></ol></li><li> 500ミリリットルのhESCの媒体を作る：80％DMEM/F12培地、20％KSR、2mMのL-グルタミン、0.1mMの非必​​須アミノ酸、0.1mMのβ-メルカプトエタノール、およびFGF-2の4 ng / mlの。 </li><li> 、60％のFBS、20％のDMSO、およびmTeSR1培地中に20μMのY-27632濾過により殺菌し、1週間以内にメディアを使用します。2X HPSC凍結培地10mlを準備します。 </li></ol> 2プロトコル1（基本）：フィーダー上HPSCコロニーを育て<ol><li>一貫resulを取得するために、HPSC培養のために5または6（P5とP6とする）で、MEFの継代数を使用して、TS。有糸分裂細胞を、1×ダルベッコのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水（D-PBS）で3回、次いで0.53mMの0.05％トリプシンでのMEFを解離させる洗浄し、37℃で3時間、10μg/ mlのマイトマイシンCで細胞を処理することによってMEFのを不活性化EDTA。代わりに、X線照射で8000ラドの用量でのMEFを照射。 </li><li>顕微鏡下で、トリパンブルー染色排除法を用いて細胞数を数える。別の方法として、自動セルカウンターを使用しています。 </li><li> 6ウェルポリスチレンプレート上にプレート照射されたMEFを、ウェル当たり1.88×10 5細胞（ すなわち 、1.96×10 4細胞/ cm 2）の密度で0.1％ゼラチンでコーティングした。 37℃で細胞をインキュベートし、5％CO 2で24時間。 </li><li> （この時に必要ない洗浄ステップに注意していない）パスツールピペットで吸引によりMEF培養液を除去します。 </li><li>小さな塊に、前培養からの粉薬HPSCコロニー、FRの範囲にそれらのサイズを確保するために、顕微鏡下で塊を調べるOM 50径の100μmで、よくHPSC培地2mlを含む1にMEFフィーダー層の上にHPSC塊プレート。 </li><li> 3〜5日間の変化のhESC媒体中の毎日、写真で記録的コロニー成長、いかなる形態学的に改変されたまたは分化コロニー（〜5％）をマークし、手動でパスツールピペットで吸引によって静かにマークされたコロニーを削除します。 </li><li>二回のMEF上の残りのコロニーをすすぐ（2分間D-PBSで各々）、10〜30分間HPSC培地中1 mg / mlのコラゲナーゼIV 2mlのコロニーをインキュベート）からHPSCコロニーの分離を調べるMEF-被覆された表面（注：コロニーをしっかりとプレートに取り付けられている場合にのみ、剥離プロセスを支援するためにスクレーパーを使用します）。 </li><li> 、15mlチューブに酵素反応、転写コロニーを最小限HPSCコロニーをRTで3〜5分間沈降することができ、およびcの直接可視化することによりコロニーの沈降を確実にするために各ウェルにHPSC培地5mlを追加チューブの底のエル（注：このステップでチューブを遠心分離しないでください）​​。 </li><li>残留したMEFを含む上清を取り出して、単一細胞を解離し、ヒトES細胞培地5mlでコロニーを再懸濁し、二度沈降手順を繰り返します。 </li><li>細胞継代のための6ウェルプレートに（1良く凍結バイアルあたりの集密）またはプレート凍結保存のための媒体（またはCryoStore CS10凍結培地）を凍結1X HPSCの小さな塊、店にミディアム、粉薬HPSCコロニーを削除します。 </li></ol> 3プロトコル2：NCMにHPSCコロニーをフィーダからの変換<ol><li>一度D-PBSでHPSCペレットをすすぎ、10分間1XをAccutase 1mlでペレットをインキュベートし、単一細胞解離を保証するために、顕微鏡下で酵素反応を調べる。 </li><li>穏やかに5分間、室温で200×gの遠心分離、続いて10μMのY-27632を含有mTeSR1培地5ml中で細胞を再懸濁することにより酵素反応を停止さ（細胞の損傷の原因となる過剰な遠心力を使用しないでください）​​。 </li><li>ペレットにmTeSR1培地5mlを追加し、単一細胞としてペレットを再懸濁し、フィルターは40ミクロ​​ンセルストレーナー（残留細胞凝集体を除去するために）を通して細胞を解離した。 </li><li> 1ウェルにシード1.3-2×10 6 hPSCsは2.5％のhESC修飾マトリゲルでコーティングした6ウェルプレートの（1.4から2.1×10 5細胞/ cm 2）を 、2.5ミリリットルまでmTeSR1培地を追加し、10μMを含む培地中のY-27632（初期24時間単細胞メッキを容易にするため）。代わりに、単一セルのメッキを向上させるために、10μMのY-27632を交換するには、以下の小さな分子を利用さ1μmのY 39983（I阻害ROCK）、1μMのphenylbenzodioxane（ROCK II阻害剤）、1μMのthiazovivin（小説ROCK阻害剤を） 、および2μMのJAK阻害剤1。 </li><li> （24時間以内）の次の日に薬物を含まないmTeSR1培地で培地を交換して、余分な1から細胞を解離ウェル、および単一細胞播種効率を決定するために細胞数をカウントし（注：およそ、この段階で達成することができる単一細胞プレーティング効率の50〜90％で）。 </li><li>細胞がmTeSR1培地3mlで数日間、単一セルに形成された単層として成長することができます。毎日培地交換。 </li><li>経験的に継代のスケジュールを決定する細胞密度に依存してNCMに適合される。細胞増殖は、細胞間の境界線が消失した後3日目または4日目にコンフルエンスに達し、又は4時間の時点で通路。をAccutase 1mlの細胞を解離、細胞継代のために1〜3個の分割比（6ウェルプレートの3ウェルに播種した細胞、すなわち 、1コンフルエントウェル）を使用し、5継代によって適応NCMを安定化させる。 </li><li>細胞凍結<ol><li> 1凍結バイアル用（〜5-6×10 6細胞）とともに1集密を利用：10分をAccutaseの1ミリリットルとよく1コンフルエントから細胞を解離する。 </li><li>希薄W上記のようにmTeSR1媒体遠心細胞のi番目の5ミリリットル。 </li><li> mTeSR1培地500μl中にペレットを再懸濁した後、徐々に凍結保存バイアル中で（20μMのY-27632を含む）2X HPSC凍結培地500μlを加える。代わりに、10μMのY-27632または2のどちらか100μMのJAK阻害剤1の存在下での2100μMのJAK阻害剤1または1x CryoStor CS10培地を含む1X HPSC凍結培地中で細胞を再懸濁。 </li><li>氷冷低温容器（isopranol底で満たされた）に凍結バイアルを置き、すぐに-80℃の冷凍庫に冷凍容器を移す。 </li><li>長期間の凍結保存のために（翌日の）液体窒素タンクに℃の冷凍庫から-80細胞を移す。 </li></ol></li><li>細胞融解<ol><li> 6ウェルプレートの1だけでなく、メッキ用の凍結保存バイアルを利用する。 </li><li> 10分間37℃の水浴で2分間、同じ水浴中で解凍細胞において前加温mTeSR1培地滴下10μMのY-27632を含む予め温めmTeSR1培地5mlにセルを追加し、上記のように遠心します。 </li><li>静かに、10μMのY-27632を含むmTeSR1培地2mlで細胞ペレットを再懸濁し、ゆっくりと（注：空気の泡を発生しないよう）十分にマトリゲルでプレコートに細胞を移す。 </li><li>毎日培地交換し、HPSCの成長が3日または4でコンフルエントに達することを期待しています。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4プロトコル3：NCM文化にマトリゲル上HPSCコロニーを変換する<ol><li>冷蔵庫からマトリゲルコートプレートを外し、10から30分間組織培養フードにプレートを置き、プレートの各ウェルから培地を除去し、各ウェルに予め温めmTeSR1培地2mlを加える。 </li><li>転送は、上記のマトリゲル板にフィーダー文化（基本プロトコールのステップ2.10）からHPSC塊を粉砕した。各ウェルの2.5ミリリットル最終容量までmTeSR1媒体を追加します。 </li><li> 3から4日間、毎日培地を交換コロニーは百分の80から90までのコンフルエンスに到達するまでだ。 </li><li>細胞継代のために：二回D-PBSですすぎコロニーを15〜20分間、37℃で2 mg / mlのディスパーゼ1mlで細胞を処理し、塊として沈殿し、継代細胞。 </li><li> NCM培養のため：3.1 3.9には、議定書2に記載された手順を繰り返します。 </li></ol> 5プロトコル4：上hPSCsのNCM文化LN-521 <ol><li>使用する日の前に、4℃で、組換えLN-521溶液を解凍し、最終濃度を（のCa 2 + / Mg 2 +を含有） を 1×D-PBSで解凍し、ラミニン希釈することによりラミニンコーティング溶液（LCS）を作る10μg/ mlの。 </li><li> （：ドライアウト塗装工程の間は避けてください）​​6ウェルプレートに1にLCSの1ミリリットルを追加します。 </li><li>蒸発を防ぐため、冷蔵庫（4℃）のO / N（：1週間以内にプレートを使用してください）​​で、プレートを格納するためのパラフィルムでコーティングされたプレートをシール。 </li><li>静かにすることなく、パスツールピペットでLCSを削除コー​​ティングされた表面をuching、よく1にmTeSR1培地2mlを加える。 </li><li> 25分間37℃の水浴中で（D-PBSを含む）すべての培養液を温める。 </li><li> HPSCコロニーはNCMに変換<ol><li>議定書2に記載されているようにして、Accutaseを持つ単一の細胞に細胞凝集を解離する。 </li><li>シード1.3-2×10 ROCK阻害剤の存在なしに1よくLN-521でコーティングされた（1.4から2.1×10 5細胞/ cm 2）に6 hPSCs。 </li><li> 3から4日間、毎日培地を交換。 </li><li> 1〜3個の分割比を使用して次の細胞継代のために3日目または4にして、Accutase 1ml中の細胞を解離する。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6プロトコル5：NCM文化プラスミドDNAトランスフェクションのために<ol><li> 4のプロトコル2で説明したように、NCMの文化にHPSCコロニーを適応させる。 </li><li>プレートを10μMY-2763の存在下でのmTeSR1培地において5細胞/ウェル7.5×10 6の細胞密度で12ウェルプレート中hPSCs解離2。 </li><li>細胞をプレーティングした後4-8時間の間に薬物を含まないmTeSR1培地でmTeSR1培地を交換してください。 </li><li>各トランスフェクションのために、（ 例えば 、pmaxGFP）発現プラスミド2.5μgのを希釈し、125μlののOpti-MEMのそれぞれに別々のエッペンドルフチューブ中のリポフェクタミン2000の5μlの血清培地を削減。 </li><li> 5分後、希釈された試薬を混合し、（トランスフェクション複合体を形成する）を室温で20分間インキュベートする。 </li><li> 1ミリリットルmTeSR1培地中の各ウェルを含むhPSCsに250μlのトランスフェクション複合体を追加し、24時間、CO 2インキュベーター内で37℃で細胞を培養する。 </li><li>実際のトランスフェクション効率の計算のために、ランダムに蛍光顕微鏡と写真の下にトランスフェクション効率を調べます。 </li></ol> 7プロトコル6：NCM文化マイクロRNAのトランスフェクションのために<ol><li> 6ウェル当たりをAccutaseを1mlを添加してNCM条件下で、2日目に、半コンフルエントhPSCsを解離<html>ウェルプレート。 </li><li> 5分間200×gでの酵素反応と遠心分離機を希釈するmTeSR1培地10mlを追加します。 </li><li> mTeSR1培地で細胞ペレットを再懸濁し、10μMのY-27632を含有mTeSR1培地中で12ウェルプレート中ウェル当たり7.5×10 5細胞の密度で細胞を播種し、細胞を4時間インキュベートさせて取り付ける。 </li><li> Y27632フリーmTeSR1培地で培地を交換してください。 </li><li>市販のマイクロRNA（ 例えば 、DY547で標識された非標的miRIDIAN miRNAのトランスフェクションコントロール）を使用します。提供される試薬を用いて、0〜160 nmの範囲の濃度を滴定し、メーカーの指示に従ってください。 </li><li>トランスフェクション後24時間で、顕微鏡下で生きている細胞のDY547蛍光を撮像してHPSC株では各濃度のトランスフェクション効率を最適化します。 </li><li>すべての画像化された細胞の上DY547陽性細胞の割合に基づいてトランスフェクション効率を計算します。 </li></ol>レンチウイルスベクターの形質導入のためのNCM文化：。&gt; 8議定7 TLE &quot; <ol><li>繰り返します議定書6の7.4に7.1を繰り返します。 </li><li> TUは単位を変換の総数を表すのに対し、MOIは、ウェル内感染の所望の多重度を等しく、TU =（MOIがCNのX）/ VT（MOIまたは：次の式を使用します。形質導入のために使用されるウイルス粒子の量を算出TU /細胞）、CN、各ウェル中の細胞数を指定し、VTは、ストックのウイルス力価（TU / ml）を示す。例えば、SMART-shRNAベクターのための在庫のウイルス力価（1mlあたりの単位を変換する）、1×10 9 TU / mlに等しいことを考えると、7.5×10 5形質導入の際にウェル当たり細胞および20の予想されるMOIは：15を使用し各ウェルのための株式のウイルス粒子液（注意：この条件は、一過性のレンチウイルス誘導のために推奨されます）。 </li><li> 30分間のポリブレン10 mg / mlのとmTeSR1媒体の前のウォーム300μL。 </li><li>に株式ウイルス粒子の15μLを追加予め温めmTeSR1媒体はポリブレンを含む、ゆっくりと溶液を混合。 </li><li>ウイルス粒子を含む予め温め培地300μlの細胞培養培地を交換してください。 </li><li> 4時間のインキュベーションの後、形質導入効率を決定するためにturboGFP蛍光（shRNA発現用のメーカー）を調べる。 </li><li>細胞はturboGFPを発現し始めるときだけでなく変換に追加のmTeSR1培地300μlを加える。 </li><li> 12〜16時間インキュベートした後、ターボGFP発現を見直す。 </li><li> 72時間内にこれらの形質導入細胞で所望のフォローアップ実験を行う。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

従来の（フィーダまたは細胞外マトリックス上の細胞の）コロニー型の文化やフィーダー6のない集合体としてhPSCsの懸濁培養：in vitroでの培養hPSCsには、2つの主要な方法があります。コロニー型とサスペンションの両方培養法の制限は累積異質と継承エピジェネティックな変化があります。 NCM培養物は、単一細胞継代及び高密度細胞播種の両方に基づいて、HPSC成長6,18?...

多系列成体組織に向かって差別化するhPSCsの容量は、心血管、肝臓、膵臓、および神経システム1-4を伴う重篤な疾患に苦しむ患者の治療に新たな道を開いた。 hPSCsから派生した様々な細胞型はまた、疾患のモデリング、遺伝子工学、薬物スクリーニング、および毒性試験1,4のための堅牢な携帯プラットフォームを提供するであろう。将来の臨床的および薬理学的用途を保証する重要な問題は、 インビトロでの細胞培養を介して臨床グレードhPSCs多数の生成である。しかし、現在の培養系ではコロニー5,6としてhPSCsの様々なフィーダーフィーダーフリーの培養液を含む、不十分であったり、本質的に可変のどちらかである。 hPSCs株哺乳動物の初期胚の内部細胞塊（ICM）の多くの構造的特徴のコロニー型の増殖。 ICMは3生殖層に分化する傾向がある多細胞の環境であるため、異種シグナル勾配の存在。このように、初期胚発生における不均一性の獲得は、分化に必要なプロセスであると考えますが、HPSC文化の不要な機能です。 HPSC培養における不均一性は、多くの場合、過度のアポトーシスシグナルおよび準最適な成長条件による自発的分化によって誘導される。従って、コロニータイプの培養で、不均一な細胞は、しばしば、コロニー7,8の周囲に観察される。また、ヒト胚性幹細胞（hESCの）中の細胞が、例えばBMP-4 9とシグナル伝達分子に展示差動応答をコロニーことが示されている。また、コロニー培養法は、制御不能の成長率およびアポトーシスシグナル伝達経路6,9に低い細胞収量だけでなく、凍結保存と非常に低い細胞回収率を生成する。近年、種々の懸濁培養は、培養のためにhPSCs particulが開発されているフィーダーマトリックスを含まない条件下6,10-13中hPSCs、大量の拡張のためアルリー。明らかに、別の培養システムは、独自の長所と短所を有する。一般に、hPSCsの不均一な性質を遺伝子工学6 hPSCsにDNAとRNAの物質を送達するための準最適であるのコロニー型および凝集培養法における主な欠点のうちの1つを表す。 明らかに、現在の培養方法のいくつかの欠点を回避する新しいシステムを開発する必要性が不可欠である。単一細胞の生存を改善する（このようなROCK阻害剤Y-27632およびJAK阻害剤1のような）低分子阻害剤の発見は解離し、HPSC文化14,15のための道を開く。これらの小分子を使用することで、我々は最近、非コロニー型（NCM）を解離·hPSCs 9の成長に基づいた培養法を開発した。この新規培養法は、単一細胞継代と高密度の両方を兼ね備え、メッキ法、私たちは主要な染色体異常9なしで一貫性のある成長サイクルの下で均質hPSCsを大量に生成することができます。あるいは、NCM培養は広い用途のための培養方法を最適化するために、異なる小分子と（例えば、ラミニンなど）が定義行列を用いて実施され得る。ここでは、NCMのカルチャに基づいて、いくつかの詳細なプロトコルを提示し、遺伝子工学のための詳細な手順を描く。 NCMプロトコルの汎用性を実証するために、我々はまた、多様なROCK阻害剤で、単一のラミニンアイソフォーム521（ すなわち 、LN-521）でNCM文化をテストしました。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Countess automated cell counter&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">C10227</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Automatic cell counting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Faxitron Cabinet X-ray System</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Faxitron X-ray Corporation, Wheeling, IL&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Model RX-650</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">X-ray irradiation of MEFs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">MULTIWELL six-well plates&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Becton Dickinson Labware</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">353046</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Polystyrene plates&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">11965&#8211;092</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For MEF medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">mitomycin C</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">107 409</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mitotic inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">25300-054</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For MEF dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">DMEM/F12&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">11330&#8211;032</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For hPSC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:203px;">Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">31985-062</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For hPSC transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Heat-inactivated FBS</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">16000&#8211;044</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Component of MEF medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Knockout Serum Replacer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">10828&#8211;028</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">KSR, Component of hPSC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:203px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">D-PBS, free of Ca2+/Mg2+</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Non-essential amino acids&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">11140&#8211;050</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">NEAA, component of hPSC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">L-Glutamine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">25030&#8211;081</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Component of hPSC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="41" rowspan="2" style="height:41px;width:203px;">mTeSR1 &#38; Supplements</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:220px;">StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:187px;">5850</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Animal protein-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:187px;">medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">TeSR2 &#38; Supplements</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">5860</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Xeno-free medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">&#946;-mercaptoethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">7522</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Component of hPSC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:203px;"> 
			MEF (CF-1) ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">SCRC-1040</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For feeder culture of hPSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">hESC-qualified Matrigel</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">354277</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For feeder-free culture of hPSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Laminin-521</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">BioLamina</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">LN521-02</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Human recombinant protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">FGF-2 (recombinant FGF, basic)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">R&#38;D Systems, MN</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">223-FB</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Growth factor in hPSC medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">CryoStor CA10&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">StemCell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">7930</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Accutase</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Innovative Cell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">AT-104</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">1X mixed enzymatic solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">JAK inhibitor I</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">EMD4 Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">420099</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">An inhibitor of Janus kinase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Y-27632</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">EMD4 Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">688000</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">ROCK inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Y-27632</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Stemgent</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">04-0012</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">ROCK inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Y-39983</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Stemgent</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">04-0029</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">ROCK I inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Phenylbenzodioxane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Stemgent</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">04-0030</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">ROCK II inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Thiazovivin</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Stemgent</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">04-0017</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">A novel ROCK inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">BD Falcon Cell Strainer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">BD Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">352340</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">40-&#181;m cell strainer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Nalgene 5100-0001 Cryo 1&#176;C</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">C6516F-1</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">&#8220;Mr. Frosty&#8221; Freezing Container</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Lipofectamine 2000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Invitrogen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">11668-027</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Transfection reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">DharmaFECT Duo&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">T-2010-02</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Transfection reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:203px;">Non-targeting miRIDIAN miRNA Transfection Control</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">IP-004500-01-05</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Labeled with Dy547, to monitor the delivery of microRNAs&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">SMART-shRNA</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">To be determined</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Lentiviral vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">pmaxGFP</td>
			<td>amaxa Inc (Lonza)</td>
			<td>Included in every transfection kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Expression plasmid for transfection control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">4-Oct</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-5279</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgG2b, pluripotent marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">SSEA-1</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-21702</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgM, differentiation marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">SSEA-4</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-21704</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgG3, pluripotent marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Tra-1-60</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-21705&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgM, pluripotent marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Tra-1-81</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-21706</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgM, pluripotent marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">CK8 (C51)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-8020</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgG1, against cytokeratin 8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">&#945;-fetoprotein</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-8399</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">AFP, mouse IgG2a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">HNF-3&#946; (P-19)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">sc-9187</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">FOXA2, goat polyclonal antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Troponin T (Av-1)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">MS-295-P0</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgG1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Desmin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">RB-9014-P1</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Rabbit IgG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">Anti-NANOG</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">ReproCELL Inc, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">RCAB0004P-F</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Polyclonal antibody&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Rat anti-GFAP</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Zymed</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">13-0300</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Glial fibrillary acidic protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Albumin (clone HSA1/25.1.3)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Cedarlane Laboratories Ltd. (</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">CL2513A</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgG1,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Smooth muscle actin (clone 1A4)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">DakoCytomation Inc</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">IR611/IS611</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Mouse IgG2a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Nestin</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Chemicon International</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">MAB5326</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Rabbit polyclonal antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:203px;">TUBB3</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Convance Inc</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">MMS-435P</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Tuj1, mouse IgG2a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">HNF4&#945; (C11F12)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Cell Signaling Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">3113</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Rabbit monoclonal antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:203px;">Paraformaldehyde (solution)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">15710</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">PFA, fixative, diluted in D-PBS</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

alternative cultures for human pluripotent stem cell production, maintenance, and genetic analysis

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine and biopharmaceutical applications. Currently, optimal culture and efficient expansion of large amounts of clinical-grade hPSCs are critical issues in hPSC-based therapies. Conventionally, hPSCs are propagated as colonies on both feeder and feeder-free culture systems. However, these methods have several major limitations, including low cell yields and generation of heterogeneously differentiated cells. To improve current hPSC culture methods, we have recently developed a new method, which is based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) culture of dissociated single cells. Here, we present detailed NCM protocols based on the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632. We also provide new information regarding NCM culture with different small molecules such as Y-39983 (ROCK I inhibitor), phenylbenzodioxane (ROCK II inhibitor), and thiazovivin (a novel ROCK inhibitor). We further extend our basic protocol to cultivate hPSCs on defined extracellular proteins such as the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521) without the use of ROCK inhibitors. Moreover, based on NCM, we have demonstrated efficient transfection or transduction of plasmid DNAs, lentiviral particles, and oligonucleotide-based microRNAs into hPSCs in order to genetically modify these cells for molecular analyses and drug discovery. The NCM-based methods overcome the major shortcomings of colony-type culture, and thus may be suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs for future clinical therapies, stem cell research, and drug discovery.

NCM文化の一般的なスキーマ 図1に、ROCK阻害剤Y-27632の存在下での高密度単一細胞めっき後hPSCsの動的な変化を示す典型的なNCM培養スキーマを表します。これらの形態学的変化は、細胞のクラスター形成をプレーティングし、細胞縮合、続いて指数関数的な細胞増殖（ 図1A）の後に細胞間接続を含む。代表的な実験は、1日目に、10μMのY...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis at JoVE.com

ヒト多能性幹細胞の生産、維持、遺伝子解析のための代替培養 |生物学 |ビデオ

Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis

Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) growth of dissociated single cells. This new method, utilizing Rho-associated kinase inhibitors or the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521), is suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs, genetic manipulation, and drug discovery.

ヒト多能性のための代替培養はセル生産、メンテナンス、および遺伝子解析幹

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine and biopharmaceutical applications. Currently, optimal culture and ...

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12.3K ビュー.  National Institutes of Health. Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) growth of dissociated single cells. This new method, utilizing Rho-associated kinase inhibitors or the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521), is suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs, genetic manipulation, and drug discovery.

ビデオ: Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis

Mouse Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell (EPI-NCSC) Cultures

EPI-NCSC are remnants of the embryonic neural crest in an adult location, the bulge of hair follicles. They are multipotent stem cells that have the physiological property to generate a wide array of differentiated cell types, including neurons, nerve supporting cells, smooth muscle cells, bone/cartilage cells and melanocytes. EPI-NCSC are easily accessible in the hairy skin and can be isolated as a highly pure population of stem cells. This video provides a detailed protocol for preparing mouse EPI-NCSC cultures from whisker follicles. The whisker pad of an adult mouse is removed, and whisker follicles dissected. The follicles are then cut longitudinally and subsequently transversely above and below the bulge region. The bulge is removed from the collagen capsule and placed in a culture plate. EPI-NCSC start to emigrate from the bulge explants 3 to 4 days later.

Mouse Epidermal Neural Crest Stem Cell EPI-NCSC Cultures

Here we show our method to isolate mouse epidermal neural crest stem cells (EPI-NCSC). Technique involves micro-dissecting whisker follicles, isolating the bulge and placeing it into tissue culture. EPI-NCSC start to emigrate from bulge explants onto the substratum within 3 - 4 days.

マウス表皮神経堤幹細胞（EPI - NCSC）文化

EPI-NCSC are remnants of the embryonic neural crest in an adult location, the bulge of hair follicles. They are multipotent stem cells that have the ...

生物学

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells  

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be  fed  every day by performing a complete medium change to replenish lost nutrients and to keep the cultures free of unwanted differentiation factors. Although a small amount of differentiation is normal and expected in stem cell cultures, the culture should be routinely cleaned up by manually removing, or "picking" differentiated areas. Identifying and removing excess differentiation from hES cell cultures are essential techniques in the maintenance of a healthy population of cells.

Culture and Maintenance of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

This protocol demonstrates how to maintain healthy, undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells.

ヒト胚性幹細胞の文化とメンテナンス

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells must be monitored and cared for in order to maintain healthy, undifferentiated cultures. At minimum, the cultures must be ...

Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate (pHPL) as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures

Platelet derived growth factors have been shown to stimulate cell proliferation efficiently in vivo1,2 and in vitro. This effect has been reported for mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), fibroblasts and endothelial colony-forming cells with platelets activated by thrombin3-5 or lysed by freeze/thaw cycles6-14 before the platelet releasate is added to the cell culture medium. The trophic effect of platelet derived growth factors has already been tested in several trials for tissue engineering and regenerative therapy.1,15-17 Varying efficiency is considered to be at least in part due to individually divergent concentrations of growth factors18,19 and a current lack of standardized protocols for platelet preparation.15,16 This protocol presents a practicable procedure to generate a pool of human platelet lysate (pHPL) derived from routinely produced platelet rich plasma (PRP) of forty to fifty single blood donations. By several freeze/thaw cycles the platelet membranes are damaged and growth factors are efficiently released into the plasma. Finally, the platelet fragments are removed by centrifugation to avoid extensive aggregate formation and deplete potential antigens. The implementation of pHPL into standard culture protocols represents a promising tool for further development of cell therapeutics propagated in an animal protein-free system.

Preparation of Pooled Human Platelet Lysate pHPL as an Efficient Supplement for Animal Serum-Free Human Stem Cell Cultures

Human platelet lysate is a rich source of growth factors and a potent supplement in cell culture. This protocol presents the process of preparing a large pool of human platelet lysate by starting from platelet rich plasma, performing several freeze-thaw cycles and depleting the platelet fragments.

動物の無血清ヒト幹細胞培養のための効率的なサプリメントとしてプールしたヒト血小板可溶化物（pHPL）の調製

Platelet derived growth factors have been shown to stimulate cell proliferation efficiently in vivo1,2 and in vitro. This effect has been reported for ...

Video Bioinformatics Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony Growth

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer software.  Video bioinformatics is a powerful quantitative approach for extracting spatio-temporal data from video images using computer software to perform dating mining and analysis. In this article, we introduce a video bioinformatics method for quantifying the growth of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) by analyzing time-lapse videos collected in a Nikon BioStation CT incubator equipped with a camera for video imaging. In our experiments, hESC colonies that were attached to Matrigel were filmed for 48 hours in the BioStation CT.  To determine the rate of growth of these colonies, recipes were developed using CL-Quant software which enables users to extract various types of data from video images.  To accurately evaluate colony growth, three recipes were created. The first segmented the image into the colony and background, the second enhanced the image to define colonies throughout the video sequence accurately, and the third measured the number of pixels in the colony over time.  The three recipes were run in sequence on video data collected in a BioStation CT to analyze the rate of growth of individual hESC colonies over 48 hours. To verify the truthfulness of the CL-Quant recipes, the same data were analyzed manually using Adobe Photoshop software. When the data obtained using the CL-Quant recipes and Photoshop were compared, results were virtually identical, indicating the CL-Quant recipes were truthful. The method described here could be applied to any video data to measure growth rates of hESC or other cells that grow in colonies. In addition, other video bioinformatics recipes can be developed in the future for other cell processes such as migration, apoptosis, and cell adhesion.  

Video bioinformatics is the automated processing, analysis, understanding, and data mining of biological spatio-temporal data extracted from microscopic videos. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a method for measuring human embryonic stem cell colony growth using a video bioinformatics method.

ヒト胚性幹細胞のコロニーの成長のビデオバイオインフォマティクス解析

Because video data are complex and are comprised of many images, mining information from video material is difficult to do without the aid of computer ...

Transfecting and Nucleofecting Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs)1. While improvements in several gene delivery methods have been described2-9, transfection remains a capricious process for HESCs, and has not yet been reported in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this video, we demonstrate how our lab routinely transfects and nucleofects human iPSCs using plasmid with an enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) reporter. Human iPSCs are adapted and maintained as feeder-free cultures to eliminate the possibility of feeder cell transfection and to allow efficient selection of stable transgenic iPSC clones following transfection. For nucleofection, human iPSCs are pre-treated with ROCK inhibitor11, trypsinized into small clumps of cells, nucleofected and replated on feeders in feeder cell-conditioned medium to enhance cell recovery. Transgene-expressing human iPSCs can be obtained after 6 hours. Antibiotic selection is applied after 24 hours and stable transgenic lines appear within 1 week. Our protocol is robust and reproducible for human iPSC lines without altering pluripotency of these cells.

Despite recent advancements in genetic modification, transfection of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) remains a capricious process. To our knowledge, systematic and efficient methods to transfect human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not been reported. Here, we describe robust protocols to efficiently transfect and nucleofect human iPSCs.

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞をトランスフェクトしNucleofecting

Genetic modification is continuing to be an essential tool in studying stem cell biology and in setting forth potential clinical applications of human ...

Generation of Human Cardiomyocytes: A Differentiation Protocol from Feeder-free Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is essential first to generate functional human cardiomyocytes (CMs). The use of these cells in drug discovery and toxicology studies would also be highly beneficial, allowing new pharmacological molecules for the treatment of cardiac disorders to be validated pre-clinically on cells of human origin. Of the possible sources of CMs, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are among the most promising, as they can be derived directly from readily accessible patient tissue and possess an intrinsic capacity to give rise to all cell types of the body 1. Several methods have been proposed for differentiating iPS cells into CMs, ranging from the classical embryoid bodies (EBs) aggregation approach to chemically defined protocols 2,3. In this article we propose an EBs-based protocol and show how this method can be employed to efficiently generate functional CM-like cells from feeder-free iPS cells.

Pluripotent stem cells, either embryonic or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, constitute a valuable source of human differentiated cells, including cardiomyocytes. Here, we will focus on cardiac induction of iPS cells, showing how to use them to obtain functional human cardiomyocytes through an embryoid bodies-based protocol.

ヒト心筋細胞の生成：フィーダーフリーヒト人工多能性幹細胞からの分化プロトコル

In order to investigate the events driving heart development and to determine the molecular mechanisms leading to myocardial diseases in humans, it is ...

Efficient Generation Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Somatic Cells with Sendai-virus

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs include modeling pathogenesis of human genetic diseases, autologous cell therapy after gene correction, and personalized drug screening by providing a source of patient-specific and symptom relevant cells. However, there are several hurdles to overcome, such as eliminating the remaining reprogramming factor transgene expression after human iPSCs production. More importantly, residual transgene expression in undifferentiated human iPSCs could hamper proper differentiations and misguide the interpretation of disease-relevant in vitro phenotypes. With this reason, integration-free and/or transgene-free human iPSCs have been developed using several methods, such as adenovirus, the piggyBac system, minicircle vector, episomal vectors, direct protein delivery and synthesized mRNA. However, efficiency of reprogramming using integration-free methods is quite low in most cases.
Here, we present a method to isolate human iPSCs by using Sendai-virus (RNA virus) based reprogramming system. This reprogramming method shows consistent results and high efficiency in cost-effective manner.

Here, we present our established method to reprogram human somatic cells into transgene-free human iPSCs with Sendai virus, which shows consistent outcome and enhanced efficiency.

仙台ウイルスのヒト体細胞からの効率的な次世代ヒューマン誘導多能性幹細胞

A few years ago, the establishment of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) ushered in a new era in biomedicine. Potential uses of human iPSCs ...

A Multi-hole Cryovial Eliminates Freezing Artifacts when Muscle Tissues are Directly Immersed in Liquid Nitrogen

Studies on skeletal muscle physiology face the technical challenge of appropriately processing the specimens to obtain sections with clearly visible cytoplasmic compartments. Another hurdle is the tight apposition of myofibers to the surrounding tissues. Because the process of tissue fixation and paraffin embedding leads to the shrinkage of muscle fibers, freezing is an optimal means of hardening muscle tissue for sectioning. However, a commonly encountered issue, the formation of ice crystals, occurs during the preparation of frozen sections because of the high water content of muscle. The protocol presented here first describes a simple and efficient method for properly freezing muscle tissues by immersing them in liquid nitrogen. The problem with using liquid nitrogen alone is that it causes the formation of a nitrogen gas barrier next to the tissue, which acts as an insulator and inhibits the cooling of the tissues. To avoid this "vapor blanket" effect, a new cryovial was designed to increase the speed of liquid flow around the tissue surface. This was achieved by punching a total of 14 inlet holes in the wall of the vial. According to bubble dynamics, a higher rate of liquid flow results in smaller bubbles and fewer chances to form a gas barrier. When liquid nitrogen flows into the cryovial through the inlet holes, the flow velocity around the tissue is fast enough to eliminate the gas barrier. Compared to the method of freezing muscle tissues using pre-chilled isopentane, this protocol is simpler and more efficient and can be used to freeze muscle in a throughput manner. Furthermore, this method is optimal for institutions that do not have access to isopentane, which is extremely flammable at room temperature.

This protocol describes a procedure to freeze muscle tissues by plunging them directly into liquid nitrogen. This protocol also highlights a new cryovial that can avoid the &#34;blanket effect&#34; of nitrogen gas when liquid nitrogen contacts the tissue surface of a specimen.

筋肉組織を直接液体窒素中に浸漬されたときにアーティファクトを凍結マルチホールクライオバイアルが不要

Studies on skeletal muscle physiology face the technical challenge of appropriately processing the specimens to obtain sections with clearly visible ...

Automated Production of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cortical and Dopaminergic Neurons with Integrated Live-Cell Monitoring

Manual culture and differentiation protocols for human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) are difficult to standardize, show high variability and are prone to spontaneous differentiation into unwanted cell types. The methods are labor-intensive and are not easily amenable to large-scale experiments. To overcome these limitations, we developed an automated cell culture system coupled to a high-throughput imaging system and implemented protocols for maintaining multiple hiPSC lines in parallel and neuronal differentiation. We describe the automation of a short-term differentiation protocol using Neurogenin-2 (NGN2) over-expression to produce hiPSC-derived cortical neurons within 6&#8210;8 days, and the implementation of a long-term differentiation protocol to generate hiPSC-derived midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons within 65 days. Also, we applied the NGN2 approach to a small molecule-derived neural precursor cells (smNPC)&#160;transduced with GFP lentivirus and established a live-cell automated neurite outgrowth assay. We present an automated system with protocols suitable for routine hiPSC culture and differentiation into cortical and dopaminergic neurons. Our platform is suitable for long term hands-free culture and high-content/high-throughput hiPSC-based compound, RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 screenings to identify novel disease mechanisms and drug targets.

We show the automation of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) cultures and neuronal differentiations compatible with automated imaging and analysis.

ヒト人工多能性幹細胞由来皮質およびドーパミン作動性ニューロンの統合されたライブ細胞モニタリングによる自動生産

Manual culture and differentiation protocols for human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) are difficult to standardize, show high variability and are ...

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Cell phenotype can be reversed or modified with different methods, with advantages and limitations that are specific for each technique. Here we describe a new strategy that combines the use of chemical epigenetic erasing with mechanosensing-related cues, to generate mammalian pluripotent cells. Two main steps are required. In the first step, adult mature (terminally differentiated) cells are exposed to the epigenetic eraser 5-aza-cytidine to drive them into a pluripotent state. This part of the protocol was developed, based on the increasing understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms controlling cell fate and differentiation, and involves the use of the epigenetic modifier to erase cell differentiated state and then drive into a transient high plasticity window.
In the second step, erased cells are encapsulated in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) micro-bioreactors, also known as Liquid Marbles, to promote 3D cell rearrangement to extend and stably maintain the acquired high plasticity. PTFE is a non-reactive hydrophobic synthetic compound and its use permits the creation of a cellular microenvironment, which cannot be achieved in traditional 2D culture systems. This system encourages and boosts the maintenance of pluripotency though bio-mechanosensing-related cues.
The technical procedures described here are simple strategies to allow for the induction and maintenance of a high plasticity state in adult somatic cells. The protocol allowed the derivation of high plasticity cells in all mammalian species tested. Since it does not involve the use of gene transfection and is free of viral vectors, it may represent a notable technological advance for translational medicine applications. Furthermore, the micro-bioreactor system provides a notable advancement in stem cell organoid technology by in vitro re-creating a specific micro-environment that allows for the long-term culture of high plasticity cells, namely as ESCs, iPSCs, epigenetically erased cells and MSCs.

We here present a method that combines the use of chemical epigenetic erasing with mechanosensing-related cues to efficiently generate mammalian pluripotent cells, without the need of gene transfection or retroviral vectors. This strategy is, therefore, promising for translational medicine and represents a notable advancement in stem cell organoid technology.

エピジェネティック修飾と生体力学的手がかりを組み合わせて哺乳類多能性細胞を生成する2段階戦略

Cell phenotype can be reversed or modified with different methods, with advantages and limitations that are specific for each technique. Here we describe ...