著者は、ハモンドベイ生物駅、グレイトレイクスサイエンスセンター、米国地質調査所の貢献を認めている。また、レーザー走査型共焦点顕微鏡の彼女の技術的なサポートのためのミシガン州立大学の高度な顕微鏡のためのセンターで博士メリンダ·フレームに感謝。この研究は、YWCDとWMLへの五大湖漁業委員会からの補助金によってサポートされています。

1。溶液の調製<ol><li> 26.2グラムのリン酸ナトリウム（一塩基性）、115グラムのリン酸ナトリウム（二塩基性）、および87.66グラムのNaClを秤量：1 L 10×0.1 Mリン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS、pH7.4）で行う。約800ミリリットル蒸留水に溶解し、O、pHを調整し、蒸留H 2 Oで1リットルにボリュームを持ち出す<ol><li> L 1 0.1 Mリン酸緩衝生理食塩水（pH7.4）で作る：100ミリリットル10×PBSを取り、900 mlの蒸留H 2 Oを加える</li><li> 0.1％トリトンX-100で1 L 0.1 Mリン酸緩衝生理食塩水（pH7.4）に行います、100ミリリットル10倍のPBSを取る1ミリリットルのTriton X-100を追加し、蒸留H 2 Oで1リットルにボリュームを持ち出す</li></ol></li><li> 26.2グラムのリン酸ナトリウム（一塩基性）を秤量し、115グラムのリン酸ナトリウム（二塩基性）：1 Lの10倍の0.1Mリン酸バッファー（PB、pH7.4）で行う。約800ミリリットル蒸留水に溶解し、O、pHを調整し、蒸留H 2 Oで1リットルにボリュームを持ち出す<ol><li> L 1 0.1 Mリン酸緩衝液（pH7.4）を作る：100mlの10×PBを取るとH 2 Oを蒸留900ミリリットルを追加</li><li> 0.1％トリトンX-100で1 L 0.1 Mリン酸緩衝液（pH7.4）を作る：100ミリリットル10倍のPBを取る1mlのトリトンX-100を追加し、蒸留H 2 Oで1リットルまでの体積を</li></ol></li><li> 400ミリリットルヒドロゲルモノマー溶液（4％アクリルアミド、0.25％ビス - アクリルアミド、4％パラホルムアルデヒド0.0075％の硫酸アンモニウム、0.1 M PBS中の0.0005％サポニン）を作る0.3グラムの過硫酸アンモニウムおよび0.2グラムのサポニンを秤量する。 H 2 Oを蒸留210ミリリットル、40ミリリットルの40％アクリルアミド、10ミリリットルの2％ビスアクリルアミド、40ミリリットル10倍のPBS（pH7.4）で、100ミリリットル16％パラホルムアルデヒドを追加して、よく混ぜる。 </li><li> 4 Lクリア溶液（0.2Mのホウ酸4％SDS）を作る：49.464グラムのホウ酸と160グラムのSDSを秤量する。 、約3.5 L 蒸留水に溶解し、NaOHでpHを8.5に調整し、4 Lにボリュームを持ち出す</li><li> 1Lの80％グリセロール溶液を加えます。、800ミリリットルグリセロールを測定し200ミリリットル蒸留水を加え、よく混ぜる。 </li></ol> 2。組織標本<ol><li>各15ミリリットル遠心管にハイドロゲルモノマー溶液と分量10ミリリットルを用意します。 </li><li>全組織を解剖し、4℃で2日間、ヒドロゲル中に修正ヒドロゲル溶液は、少なくとも10倍の組織のボリュームであることを確認してください。 </li><li>ドラフトに（15ミリリットルの遠心管中）ハイドロゲル固定された組織を持って来る。 </li><li> 、5μlのTEMEDを追加することにより、ハイドロゲル固定された組織を重合よく混ぜ、2〜3時間室温でヒュームフードに座ってみましょう。 </li><li>徹底的に余分なジェルを取り外します。注意：余分ゲルが染色の際にクリア処理し、抗体の浸透の妨げになる。 </li><li>組織が透明になるまで数日間70回転と50℃に設定したインキュベーターシェーカーでソリューションをクリアする10ミリリットル中に固定された組織をインキュベートする。少なくとも一日一回クリアするソリューションを変更し、清算ソリューションを変更する際に、組織から余分なゲルを取り除く。 </li><li> 70 rでの0.1％トリトンX-100、10 mlの0.1 M PBで組織を​​すすぐ午後と37℃で一晩。この手順を3回繰り返し、緩衝液を変更する際に、組織から余分なゲルを取り除く。 </li><li> 2日間、70 rpmで37℃、0.1％トリトンX-100でPBの一次抗体溶液中で清澄組織をインキュベートする。注：組織全体を水没するのに十分な一次抗体溶液を加えます。 </li><li>一晩70 rpmで37℃、0.1％トリトンX-100で10mlのPBで組織を​​すすぐ。この手順を3回繰り返し、緩衝液を変更する際に、組織から余分なゲルを取り除く。 </li><li>暗い部屋で、または薄暗い光の下で、次の手順を実行します。写真の退色を防ぐために、ホイルでサンプルをカバーしています。 </li><li> 0.1％トリトンX-100 PB蛍光二次抗体溶液および1日70 rpmで37℃でブロッキング血清を清澄組織をインキュベートする。 </li><li>一晩70 rpmで37℃、0.1％トリトンX-100で10mlのPBで組織を​​すすぐ。この手順を3回繰り返し、余分なゲルFを削除緩衝液を変更するときに、組織をROM等を用いることができる。 </li><li>一晩70回転と37℃で10 mlのPBSで組織をすすぐ。この手順を3回繰り返し、緩衝液を変更する際に、組織から余分なゲルを取り除く。 </li><li> 70 rpmで37℃で一晩、80％グリセロールで明らかに組織をインキュベートする。 </li><li>前共焦点顕微鏡に4℃で蛍光染色した組織を格納します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Applegate, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+history+of+the+sea+lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus)+in+Michigan.">Natural history of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in Michigan.</a> US Fish and Wildlife Service Special Science Report on Fishery Service. (55), (1950).</li><li>Hardisty, M. W., Potter, I. C., Hardisty, M. W., Potter, I. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+general+biology+of+adult+lampreys.">The general biology of adult lampreys.</a> The biology of lampreys. 1, 127-206 (1971).</li><li>Youson, J. H., Potter, I. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+description+of+the+stages+in+the+metamorphosis+of+the+anadromous+sea+lamprey,+Petromyzon+marinus+L.">A description of the stages in the metamorphosis of the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.</a> Can. J. Zool. 57, 1808-1817 (1979).</li><li>Boomer, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cholangiocyte+apoptosis+is+an+early+event+during+induced+metamorphosis+in+the+sea+lamprey,+Petromyzon+marinus+L.">Cholangiocyte apoptosis is an early event during induced metamorphosis in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.</a> J. Pediatr. Surg. 45, 114-120 (2010).</li><li>Kasai, M., Suzuki, H., Ohashi, E., Ohi, R., Chiba, T., Okamoto, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Technique+and+results+of+operative+management+of+biliary+atresia.">Technique and results of operative management of biliary atresia.</a> World J. Surg. 2, 571-580 (1978).</li><li>Suzuki, T., Hashimoto, T., Kondo, S., Sato, Y., Hussein, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+patients&#8217;+outcome+post-Kasai+operation:+a+19-year+experience+with+modification+of+the+hepatic+portoenterostomy+and+applying+a+novel+steroid+therapy+regimen.">Evaluating patients&#8217; outcome post-Kasai operation: a 19-year experience with modification of the hepatic portoenterostomy and applying a novel steroid therapy regimen.</a> Pediatr. Surg. Int. 26, 825-830 (2010).</li><li>Hartley, J. L., Davenport, M., Kelly, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biliary+atresia.">Biliary atresia.</a> Lancet. 374, 1704-1713 (2009).</li><li>Morecki, R., Glaser, J. H., Cho, S., Balistreri, W. F., Horwitz, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biliary+atresia+and+reovirus+type+3+infection.">Biliary atresia and reovirus type 3 infection.</a> New Engl. J. Med. 307, 481-484 (1982).</li><li>Shimadera, S., Iwai, N., Deguchi, E., Kimura, O., Fumino, S., Yokoyama, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+inv+mouse+as+an+experimental+model+of+biliary+atresia.">The inv mouse as an experimental model of biliary atresia.</a> J. Pediatr. Surg. 42, 1555-1560 (2007).</li><li>Sidon, E. W., Youson, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+changes+in+the+liver+of+the+sea+lamprey,+Petromyzon+marinus+L.,+during+metamorphosis:+I.+Atresia+of+the+bile+ducts.">Morphological changes in the liver of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L., during metamorphosis: I. Atresia of the bile ducts.</a> J. Morphol. 177, 109-124 (1983).</li><li>Yeh, C. -. Y., Chung-Davidson, Y. -. W., Wang, H., Li, K., Li, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intestinal+synthesis+and+secretion+of+bile+salts+as+an+adaptation+to+developmental+biliary+atresia+in+the+sea+lamprey.">Intestinal synthesis and secretion of bile salts as an adaptation to developmental biliary atresia in the sea lamprey.</a> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 109, 11419-11424 (2012).</li><li>Chung, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+and+molecular+interrogation+of+intact+biological+systems.">Structural and molecular interrogation of intact biological systems.</a> Nature. 497, 332-337 (2013).</li><li>Alarc&#243;n, V. B., Filosa, M. F., Youson, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokeratins+in+the+liver+of+the+sea+lamprey+(Petromyzon+marinus)+before+and+after+metamorphosis.">Cytokeratins in the liver of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) before and after metamorphosis.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 287, 365-374 (1997).</li><li>Youson, J. H., Ogilvie, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrastructural+features+of+degeneration+of+the+gallbladder+during+lamprey+biliary+atresia.">Ultrastructural features of degeneration of the gallbladder during lamprey biliary atresia.</a> Tissue and Cell. 22, 477-492 (1990).</li><li>Morii, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Onset+of+apoptosis+in+the+cystic+duct+during+metamorphosis+of+a+Japanese+lamprey,+Lethenteron+reissneri.">Onset of apoptosis in the cystic duct during metamorphosis of a Japanese lamprey, Lethenteron reissneri.</a> Anat. Rec. 293, 1155-1166 (2010).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

このプロトコルは、ナノ多孔性ヒドロゲルを形成するためにポリアクリルアミドで無傷組織を架橋し、次いで、光透過性および巨大分子透過性を達成するために組織の原形質膜を剥ぎ「CLARITY」12と呼ばれる新たな方法から変更される。 「透明度」長距離突起と神経系におけるローカル回路配線の完全な組織のイメージングを可能にする。この新しい方法は、変態時にウミヤツメ肝臓?...

海のヤツメウナギは、次の3つのライフステージを通して1,2を開発しています。幼虫海のヤツメウナギ（L）は、底生フィルターフィーダーなどの巣穴に最も時間を費やしています。外部形態や内臓3における再編の劇的な変化の7変成岩の段階を経て、結果の少年（JV）が質量100回以上体を増やし、彼らはホストの魚由来の血液や組織液を餌その間に寄生段階に入る。海や大きな湖にあるホストの魚を食べて1.0から1.5年後には、大人が早春の間に給餌を中止し、産卵する河川に移行してから、1,2ダイ 。 変態中に、海のヤツメウナギの肝は、胆嚢や胆管系全体、人間の幼児疾患胆道閉鎖症を模倣進化の変異体の表現型を失う。乳児胆道閉鎖症は、重度の合併症を持つ稀な小児肝疾患である4,5,6,7、8,9,10は、しかし胆道閉鎖症の病因および病因は4不明な点が多い。外科的介入（葛西手順は）5実行されない限り、胆道閉鎖症の患者は生後2年以内に死亡する。その後、これらの患者は、広範な臨床管理と、多くの場合、肝移植6が必要です。胆道閉鎖症の病因の多くの理論は、このようなウイルス感染、先天性奇形、自己免疫疾患および毒性傷害として提案されている。しかし、胆道閉鎖症の発展にそれぞれの寄与は7,8,9,10決定的まま。 病理学的胆道閉鎖症に苦しむ乳幼児とは異なり、海のヤツメウナギは、広範な壊死炎症、線維症または肝硬変10なしで発生的にプログラムされた胆道閉鎖症を起こす。動物は、このプロセスの間に10の過渡胆汁うっ滞を受けるが、この発達状態に適合させることができる経由新規合成および肝臓11における胆汁酸塩の合成の減少として知られているメカニズムに加えて、発達胆道閉鎖症、後腸内の胆汁酸塩の分泌。海のヤツメウナギのこの発達過程は、胆道閉鎖症の進行を検討する唯一の既知の機会を提供しています。 「CLARITY」と呼ばれる新たに開発された方法は、光学的に透明なナノ多孔性ハイドロゲル12に無傷組織を形質転換することにより、複雑な哺乳類の神経系での高分解能イメージングを可能にします。海のヤツメウナギ肝臓と変更された透明度のプロトコルを使用して、胆管変性症の完全な組織のイメージングは​​、肝臓変態を通じて文書化することができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="702">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">40% acrylamide&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">161-0140</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2% bis-acrylamide&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TEMED</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ammonium persulfate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A3678-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">boric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B7901-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">saponin&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>47036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sodium dodecyl sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">L337-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sodium phosphate (monobasic)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>04269-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">sodium phosphate (dibasic)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S5136-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>X100-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">glycerol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G9012-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">16% paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaOH pellets&#160;</td>
			<td>EMD</td>
			<td>SX0590-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">15 ml centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Any brand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dissecting tools&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Any brand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a new clarification method to visualize biliary degeneration during liver metamorphosis in sea lamprey (petromyzon marinus)

胆道閉鎖症は、台湾の5000での1の報告された頻度で、南東米国では推定1 15000周波数で、乳児期の稀な疾患であるが、東アジア諸国の方が一般的。多くは胆道閉鎖症の管理について知られているが、その病因は依然としてとらえどころのないです。海のヤツメウナギ（Petromyzon·マリナス ） は、胆管変性のメカニズムおよび進行を検討するユニークな機会を提供します。幼虫に寄生し、大人：海のヤツメウナギは、次の3つのライフステージを経て発達する。幼虫から寄生少年への移行時には、海のヤツメウナギは外部形態や内臓の劇的再編·改造して変態を受ける。肝臓では、全体の胆道系は胆嚢や胆管系を含めて、失われます。 「CLARITY」と呼ばれる新たに開発された方法は、変成海のヤツメウナギにおける腸と肝臓全体との接合部を明確にするために変更されました。ザ·胆変性のプロセスは、レーザー走査共焦点顕微鏡を用いて可視化し、ウミヤツメ変態中に識別した。この方法では、ユニークな動物モデルにおける胆道閉鎖症を研究するための強力なツールが用意されています。

いくつかの重要な発生事象は、海のヤツメウナギ変態中に肝胆道系に発生する。胆管や胆嚢は、アポトーシスと縮退します（ 図1）を受ける。 （全体胆管系は、Z軸に沿って捕捉し、（変態13前後の胆管細胞および肝細胞の両方に存在CK19）、肝細胞マーカーサイトケラチン19、共焦点顕微鏡を用いて抗アポトーシスマーカーのBcl2で修飾浄化方法及び染色を組み合わせる<stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus at JoVE.com

A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus

海のヤツメウナギは変態期胆嚢や胆管、人間の胆道閉鎖症と同様のプロセスを失う。新しい固定および清澄法（CLARITY）はレーザー走査共焦点顕微鏡を用いて全体胆ツリーを視覚化するために変更されました。この方法では、胆管の変性を研究するための強力なツールが用意されています。

海ヤツメウナギ（中肝変態期胆道変性を可視化するための新しい方法の明確化 Petromyzon·マリナス）

Biliary atresia is a rare disease of infancy, with an estimated 1 in 15,000 frequency in the southeast United States, but more common in East Asian ...

a-new-clarification-method-to-visualize-biliary-degeneration-during

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)

13.7K ビュー.  Michigan State University. 海のヤツメウナギは変態期胆嚢や胆管、人間の胆道閉鎖症と同様のプロセスを失う。新しい固定および清澄法（CLARITY）はレーザー走査共焦点顕微鏡を用いて全体胆ツリーを視覚化するために変更されました。この方法では、胆管の変性を研究するための強力なツールが用意されています。 

ビデオ: A New Clarification Method to Visualize Biliary Degeneration During Liver Metamorphosis in Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus

Pyrosequencing: A Simple Method for Accurate Genotyping

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a tremendous amount of data available comes an explosion of genotyping methods. Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. It also has the ability to identify tri-allelic, indels, short-repeat polymorphisms, along with determining allele percentages for methylation or pooled sample assessment. In addition, there is a standardized control sequence that provides internal quality control. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.


Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.

パイロシーケンシング：正確なジェノタイピングのための簡単​​な方法

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a ...

生物学

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo (New Culture)

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  the formation and patterning of brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia. Applications of chick embryo culture include electroporation of DNA or RNA constructs in order to analyze gene function, grafts of growth factor coated beads such as FGFs and BMPs , as well as whole mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. This video demonstrates the different steps in chick embryo culture; First, the embryo is explanted in saline. Then, the embryo is centered on a glass ring. The membranes surrounding the embryo are lifted along the walls of the ring. The ring is then placed in a culture dish containing a pool of albumine. The culture dish is sealed and placed in a humid chamber, where the embryo is cultured for up to 24 hrs. Finally, the embryo is removed from the ring, fixed and processed for further applications. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

Method for Culture of Early Chick Embryos ex vivo New Culture

This video demonstrates New culture, a method by which chick embryos are cultured outside the egg for up to 24 hr. This method enables one to study early development (primitive streak to 14 som.), a period corresponding to E7-9 in mouse. Applications of this technique include electroporation, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

初期のニワトリ胚をex vivo（新文化）の文化のための方法

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Use of Time Lapse Microscopy to Visualize Anoxia-induced Suspended Animation in C. elegans Embryos

Caenorhabdits elegans has been used extensively in the study of stress resistance, which is facilitated by the transparency of the adult and embryo stages as well as by the availability of genetic mutants and transgenic strains expressing a myriad of fusion proteins1-4. In addition, dynamic processes such as cell division can be viewed using fluorescently labeled reporter proteins. The study of mitosis can be facilitated through the use of time-lapse experiments in various systems including intact organisms; thus the early C. elegans embryo is well suited for this study. Presented here is a technique by which in vivo imaging of sub-cellular structures in response to anoxic (99.999% N2; &lt;2 ppm O2) stress is possible using a simple gas flow through setup on a high-powered microscope. A microincubation chamber is used in conjunction with nitrogen gas flow through and a spinning disc confocal microscope to create a controlled environment in which animals can be imaged in vivo. Using GFP-tagged gamma tubulin and histone, the dynamics and arrest of cell division can be monitored before, during and after exposure to an oxygen-deprived environment. The results of this technique are high resolution, detailed videos and images of cellular structures within blastomeres of embryos exposed to oxygen deprivation.

Use of Time Lapse Microscopy to Visualize Anoxia-induced Suspended Animation in C. elegans Embryos

Described here is an in vivo technique to image sub-cellular structures in animals exposed to anoxia using a gas flow through microincubation chamber in conjunction with a spinning disc confocal microscope. This method is straightforward and flexible enough to suit a variety of experimental parameters and model systems.

における酸素欠乏によって誘導された仮死状態を可視化するために時間の経過顕微​​鏡の使用<em&gt; Cエレガンス</em&gt;胚

Caenorhabdits elegans has been used extensively in the study of stress resistance, which is facilitated by the transparency of the adult and embryo stages ...

High Throughput Microinjections of Sea Urchin Zygotes

Microinjection into cells and embryos is a common technique that is used to study a wide range of biological processes. In this method a small amount of treatment solution is loaded into a microinjection needle that is used to physically inject individual immobilized cells or embryos. Despite the need for initial training to perform this procedure for high-throughput delivery, microinjection offers maximum efficiency and reproducible delivery of a wide variety of treatment solutions (including complex mixtures of samples) into cells, eggs or embryos. Applications to microinjections include delivery of DNA constructs, mRNAs, recombinant proteins, gain of function, and loss of function reagents. Fluorescent or colorimetric dye is added to the injected solution to enable instant visualization of efficient delivery as well as a tool for reliable normalization of the amount of the delivered solution. The described method enables microinjection of 100-400 sea urchin zygotes within 10-15 min.

Microinjection is a common technique used to deliver DNA constructs, mRNAs, morpholino antisense oligonucleotides or other treatments into eggs, embryos, and cells of various species.

ウニ​​接合体のハイスループットマイクロインジェクション

Microinjection into cells and embryos is a common technique that is used to study a wide range of biological processes. In this method a small amount of ...

A Method for Extracting Pigments from Squid Doryteuthis pealeii

Cephalopods can undergo rapid and adaptive changes in dermal coloration for sensing, communication, defense, and reproduction purposes. These capabilities are supported in part by the areal expansion and retraction of pigmented organs known as chromatophores. While it is known that the chromatophores contain a tethered network of pigmented granules, their structure-function properties have not been fully detailed. We describe a method for isolating the nanostructured granules in squid Doryteuthis pealeii chromatophores and demonstrate how their associated pigments can be extracted in acidic solvents. To accomplish this, the chromatophore containing dermal layer is first manually isolated using a superficial dissection, and the pigment granules are removed using sonication, centrifugation, and washing cycles. Pigments confined within the purified granules are then extracted via acidic methanol solutions, leaving nanostructures with smaller diameters that are void of visible color. This extraction procedure produces a 58% yield of soluble pigments isolated from granules. Using this method, the composition of the chromatophore pigments can be determined and used to provide insight into the mechanism of adaptive coloration in cephalopods.

A Method for Extracting Pigments from Squid Doryteuthis pealeii

A protocol for the extraction of pigments from the nanostructured granules in squid Doryteuthis pealeii chromatophores is presented.

イカから顔料を抽出する方法<em&gt; Doryteuthis pealeii</em

Cephalopods can undergo rapid and adaptive changes in dermal coloration for sensing, communication, defense, and reproduction purposes. These capabilities ...

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the biliary tract in Suncus murinus (S. murinus&#160;). First, the specimen was dissected from S. murinus and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). Second, an enzymatic treatment and potential endogenous peroxidase inactivation were performed. The specimen was then exposed to the primary antibody, anti-neurofilament protein antibody, for 3-6 days. It was then incubated with the secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase. The color reaction was revealed by reacting the specimen with a 3,3&#39;-diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate. This method can be applied to analyze the innervation of all visceral organs. Furthermore, this protocol can also be adapted to test other neuronal antibodies, but optimization of the antibodies should be done first. This method was originally introduced by Kuratani and Tanaka1,2,3.

Using a Whole-mount Immunohistochemical Method to Study the Innervation of the Biliary Tract in Suncus murinus

A whole-mount immunohistochemical approach, to visualize neurofilament protein expression in the extrahepatic biliary tract in Suncus murinus. is presented here. This protocol can be used to analyze the innervation of all visceral organs in S. murinus or other species.

全身免疫組織化学的方法を用いて胆道の内腔を調べる<em&gt; Suncus murinus</em

This work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the ...

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds

Fungal infections have become an important medical condition in the last decades, but the number of available antifungal drugs is limited. In this scenario, the search for new antifungal drugs is necessary. The protocol reported here details a method to screen peptides for their antifungal properties. It is based on the broth microdilution susceptibility test from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A3 guidelines with modifications to suit the research of antimicrobial peptides as potential new antifungals. This protocol describes a functional assay to evaluate the activity of antifungal compounds and may be easily modified to suit any particular class of molecules under investigation. Since the assays are performed in 96-well plates using small volumes, a large-scale screening can be completed in a short amount of time, especially if carried out in an automation setting. This procedure illustrates how a standardized and adjustable clinical protocol can help the bench-work pursuit of new molecules to improve the therapy of fungal diseases.

Broth Microdilution In Vitro Screening: An Easy and Fast Method to Detect New Antifungal Compounds

An easy and adaptable broth microdilution method for screening antifungal compounds and extracts.

スープ希釈の in Vitroスクリーニング: 新しい抗真菌化合物を検出するための簡単かつ高速メソッド

Fungal infections have become an important medical condition in the last decades, but the number of available antifungal drugs is limited. In this ...

Split Green Fluorescent Protein System to Visualize Effectors Delivered from Bacteria During Infection

Bacteria, one of the most important causative agents of various plant diseases, secrete a set of effector proteins into the host plant cell to subvert the plant immune system. During infection cytoplasmic effectors are delivered to the host cytosol via a type III secretion system (T3SS). After delivery into the plant cell, the effector(s) targets the specific compartment(s) to modulate host cell processes for survival and replication of the pathogen. Although there has been some research on the subcellular localization of effector proteins in the host cells to understand their function in pathogenicity by using fluorescent proteins, investigation of the dynamics of effectors directly injected from bacteria has been challenging due to the incompatibility between the T3SS and fluorescent proteins.
Here, we describe our recent method of an optimized split superfolder green fluorescent protein system (sfGFPOPT) to visualize the localization of effectors delivered via the bacterial T3SS in the host cell. The sfGFP11 (11th &#946;-strand of sfGFP)-tagged effector secreted through the T3SS can be assembled with a specific organelle targeted sfGFP1-10OPT (1-10th &#946;-strand of sfGFP) leading to fluorescence emission at the site. This protocol provides a procedure to visualize the reconstituted sfGFP fluorescence signal with an effector protein from Pseudomonas syringae in a particular organelle in the Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana plants.

Fluorescent protein-based approaches to monitor effectors secreted by bacteria into host cells are challenging. This is due to the incompatibility between fluorescent proteins and the type-III secretion system. Here, an optimized split superfolder GFP system is used for visualization of effectors secreted by bacteria into the host plant cell.

緑の蛍光蛋白質感染時に細菌から配信されるエフェクターを視覚化するシステムを分割します。

Bacteria, one of the most important causative agents of various plant diseases, secrete a set of effector proteins into the host plant cell to subvert the ...

Immunolabelling Myofiber Degeneration in Muscle Biopsies

The necrosis of muscle fibres (myonecrosis) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several muscle conditions, including muscular dystrophies. Therapeutic options addressing the causes of muscular dystrophy pathogenesis are expected to alleviate muscle degeneration. Therefore, a method to assay and quantify the extent of cell death in muscle biopsies is needed. Conventional methods to observe myofiber degeneration in situ are either poorly quantitative or rely on the injection of vital dyes. In this article, an immunofluorescence protocol is described that stains necrotic myofibers by targeting immunoglobulin G (IgG) uptake by myofibers. The IgG uptake method is based on cell features characterizing the necrotic demise, including 1) the loss of plasma membrane integrity with the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and 2) the uptake of plasmatic proteins. In murine cross-sections, the co-immunolabelling of myofibers, extracellular matrix proteins, and mouse IgG allows clean and straightforward identification of myofibers with necrotic fate. This simple method is suitable for quantitative analysis and applicable to all species, including human samples, and does not require the injection of vital dye. The staining of necrotic myofibers by IgG uptake can also be paired with other co-immunolabelling.

Described here is a protocol for direct immunolabelling of necrotic myofibers in muscle cryosections. Necrotic cells are permeable to serum proteins, including immunoglobulin G (IgG). Revealing the uptake of IgG by myofibers allows the identification and quantification of myofibers that undergo necrosis regardless of muscle condition.

筋生検における免疫標識筋線維変性

The necrosis of muscle fibres (myonecrosis) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several muscle conditions, including muscular dystrophies. ...

Apoptosis Induction and Detection in a Primary Culture of Sea Cucumber Intestinal Cells

Primary cultured cells are used in a variety of scientific disciplines as exceptionally important tools for the functional evaluation of biological substances or characterization of specific biological activities. However, due to the lack of universally applicable cell culture media and protocols, well described cell culture methods for marine organisms are still limited. Meanwhile, the commonly occurring microbial contamination and polytropic properties of marine invertebrate cells further impede the establishment of an effective cell culture strategy for marine invertebrates. Here, we describe an easy-to-handle method for culturing intestinal cells from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus; additionally, we provide an example of in vitro apoptosis induction and detection in primary cultured intestinal cells. Moreover, this experiment provides details about the appropriate culture medium and cell collection method. The described protocol is compatible with a variety of widely available tissue samples from marine organisms including Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Crustacea, and it can provide sufficient cells for multiple in vitro experimental applications. This technique would enable researchers to efficiently manipulate primary cell cultures from marine invertebrates and to facilitate the functional evaluation of targeted biological materials on cells.

This protocol provides an easy-to-handle method to culture the intestinal cells from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus and is compatible with a variety of widely available tissue samples from marine organisms including Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Crustacea.

ナマコ腸細胞の一次培養におけるアポトーシス誘導と検出

Primary cultured cells are used in a variety of scientific disciplines as exceptionally important tools for the functional evaluation of biological ...