The authors gratefully acknowledge the use of facilities at the University of New Hampshire including the University Instrumentation Center. This work was supported by the University of New Hampshire, Department of Chemistry.

本明細書中で行わ無脊椎動物動物研究は、米国では規制されていません。したがって、制度的動物実験委員会は、そのようなプロトコルの見直しのための権限を有しません。これらの代わりに、米国における規制の管轄下に落下する著者がここにこれらの研究は、誠実な倫理的な利用に向けた努力、ケア、およびこれらの動物の治療で行われたと述べている、個人の数が最小化され、これらの努力ではありませんバーゼル宣言と実験動物学のための国際評議会（ICLAS）倫理ガイドラインと一致しています。 1. Doryteuthis pealeii（D.のpealeii）解剖<ol><li>購入断頭イカD.ウッズホール、マサチューセッツ州で海洋生物学研究所で海洋資源省から、または任意の新鮮な魚市場からpealeii。フィレットまたは以前にこの手順を適用するために変更された検体は使用しないでください。具体的には、彩度tophore層は依然として、試料上無傷でなければなりません。 <ol><li>動物をすぐに使用しない場合は、使用するまで-20℃で保存します。標本を解凍するには、前の解剖に1時間室温の水にそれらを配置します。 </li></ol></li><li>動物の後側に沿って切断したステンレス鋼ストレート細かい点解剖ハサミを使用。腹マントルの底から始まり、フィン領域に終わります。 </li><li>鉗子を解剖し、解剖ハサミを使用して結合組織を切断して、それらを持ち上げることによって内臓（胃、鰓、インク腺、生殖器官、全身心臓、および上腕心臓）のすべてを削除します。標本袋に臓器を捨てます。 </li><li>柔軟な解剖パッドを含む標準11-1 / 2 &quot;×7-1 / 2&quot;×1-1 / 2 &quot;アルミ解剖パンにマントル（フィン側まで）をピンに解剖T-ピンを使用してください。組織水没使い捨てポリスチレン真空濾過システムを通して濾過された海水を250ml0.2μmの細孔サイズを含みます。 </li><li>慎重に無傷の皮膚層を含む色素胞を保ち、解剖鉗子で表皮層（不透明色）を取り外します。表皮層が除去されると、試料袋に廃棄します。 </li><li>鉗子や解剖ハサミで色素胞層の小さい（1センチメートル×1センチ）のセクションを分析。 1.5ミリリットルマイクロ遠心チューブ内のサンプルを収集する（解剖組織と各空のチューブの半分を埋めます）。 </li><li>チューブを含む組織にフィルタ海水の500μLを加えます。サンプルを、4℃で一晩保存することができます。 </li></ol> 2.単離色素胞色素顆粒<ol><li> 組織消化 <ol><li>パパイン/コラゲナーゼの調製<ol><li>紙の重さ4 &quot;×4&quot;低窒素を使用してコラゲナーゼを30mgおよびパパイン5mgを秤量。スクリューキャップを有する50mLのポリプロピレン遠心管にこれらを移します。 </li><li> deionizの10ミリリットルを測定します目盛り付きピペットを用いて、ED水。パパイン/コラゲナーゼを含むバイアルに直接追加します。最高の設定上の渦溶液が透明になるまで。 </li></ol></li><li>細胞外組織を削除します<ol><li>遠心分離14000×gで5分間のステップ1.7から収集した色素胞組織。廃プラスチックのバケツに海水のトップ層を捨てます。 </li><li> P1000容量可変シングルチャンネルマイクロピペットを用いて組織にパパイン/コラゲナーゼ溶液500μlを追加します。最高設定に1-2分間、各サンプルをボルテックスし。 </li><li>周囲の組織から細胞を解離するためには40kHzの周波数で5分間サンプルを超音波処理します。 </li><li> 14,000×gで5分間遠心分離します。廃プラスチックのバケツに上清を捨てます。 </li><li> G X 14,000で5分間収集色素胞組織を遠心。廃プラスチックのバケツに海水のトップ層を捨てます。もう一度繰り返します。 </li><li>手動で任意の残りの大規模な組織秒を削除次のステップに進む前に、ピンセットで、このプロセスに分解しなかったン。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 顔料顆粒の単離 <ol><li>均質化緩衝液の調製<ol><li> （4-（2-ヒドロキシエチル）-1-ピペラジンエタンスルホン酸）（HEPES、100mMの）、塩化マグネシウム（10ミリモル）0.095 gのカリウム、アスパラギン酸（50ミリモル）の0.856 g及び0.015gの2.38グラム計量ジチオスレイトール（1 mM）の。スクリューキャップと150ミリリットルのポリスチレン容器に移します。 1商業ミニタブレットのプロテアーゼ阻害剤を追加します。 </li><li>メスシリンダーを用いて、100mlの脱イオン水を測定します。均質化塩を含有する容器に直接追加します。解決までの渦は明らかです。 </li></ol></li><li>顔料顆粒の均質化<ol><li> 5分間、14,000×gでステップ2.1から各サンプルを遠心分離します。廃プラスチックのバケツに上清を捨てます。このサンプルでは、​​細胞外組織の空隙でなければなりません。 </li><li> 500＆を追加＃181; 1〜2分間ごとに、各チューブとボルテックスに均質化緩衝液のリットルは徹底的にサンプルを混合します。 30分（〜40 kHzの）のためのサンプルを超音波処理し、14,000×gでの遠心分離の5分に従ってください。 </li><li>廃プラスチックのバケツに上清を捨て、そして色素胞の球形嚢とタンパク質テザーの完全な消化を確実にするために、前のステップを2-3回繰り返します。残りの溶液は淡黄色の上澄み液と分離された色素顆粒を含む赤色のペレットを含むべきです。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 3.顔料の抽出<ol><li> 酸性メタノール（塩酸-メタノール）の製造 <ol><li>慎重にメタノール5ml（メタノール）に濃縮された（36.5から38までパーセント（w / w）の）塩酸（HCl）の25μlを添加します。スクリューキャップガラス製サンプルバイアル中のHCl-MeOH溶液を保管してください。溶液を均一に混合するために穏やかに渦巻。 注：複数の酸性溶液、より多くの顔料はFiの中に抽出されます最初の抽出。 </li></ol></li><li> 顔料の抽出 <ol><li> 14,000×gで5分間（2.2.2から）顔料顆粒サスペンションを遠心し、廃プラスチックのバケツに上清を捨てます。 </li><li>塩酸 - メタノール溶液500μlを加え、3-4分〜のために各サンプルをボルテックス。 10分（〜40 kHzの）のためのサンプルを超音波処理し、その後、14,000×gで5分間遠心します。 </li><li>トランスファーピペットを用いて、1ドラムスクリュートップガラスバイアルに上清を収集します。上清の色は暗赤色でなければなりません。 </li><li>それ以上の色が抽出されなくなるまで抽出ステップ3.2.2を繰り返し（〜4-5回の洗浄）。 注：各抽出は、顔料の〜1.5ミリリットルを得られます。残りの無色のペレットは、顔料抽出した顆粒です。注：無色顆粒抽出顔料の両方は、さらなる使用まで4℃で水中に保存することができます。 </li></ol></li></ol>抽出プロセス全体を通じて4.キャラクタリゼーション<ol><li> スキャンエル顕微鏡ectron <ol><li>抽出プロセスの純度を確認するために、走査電子顕微鏡（SEM）を用いて（ステップ2.2.1および顔料抽出ステップ3.2.3からの未反応の）画像顆粒。 </li><li>イメージングのための顆粒サンプルを調製するには、最初の遠心分離の未反応の顆粒と顔料の両方が14,000×gで5分間顆粒を抽出し、廃プラスチックのバケツに上清を捨てます。再懸濁これらをエタノール1mlに、転送ピペットを用いてアルミニウムSEMスタブ上に顆粒懸濁液を2-3滴を堆積させます。 </li><li>一晩の試料を乾燥した後、15 nmのコーティングを達成するために3分間金 - 白金コーティングでコートスパッタ。 </li><li>ショットキー・エミッタ及び二次電子検出器をSEMを用いて画像。 5-7 kVのビーム電圧および画像への8と9ミリメートルこれらの材料間のワーキングディスタンスを使用します。 </li></ol></li><li> 紫外-可視（UV-VIS）分光光度測定 <ol><li>吸光度のプロを監視します200〜800ナノメートルからデュアルビーム分光光度計を使用して、すべての3つの条件のためのファイル（2.2.2からの未反応顆粒、3.2.3から抽出された顔料、および3.2.4からの顔料抽出顆粒）。 </li><li>未反応の顆粒および顔料抽出顆粒のための1ミリリットルキュベットに脱イオン水を用いてブランク測定を収集します。両方のサンプルのためのUV-Vis吸収スペクトルを収集します。 </li><li>抽出された顔料のための1ミリリットルキュベット中の酸性メタノール溶液を使用してブランク測定を収集します。サンプル用のUV-Vis吸収スペクトルを収集します。 </li><li>吸光度ピークがその最大相対的な高さに到達する波長を識別することにより、各試料の最大波長を決定します。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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We have nothing to disclose.

私たちは、イカ色素胞の顆粒から色素を抽出する方法を示しました。特に顆粒を標的とすることによって、私たちの目標は、適応着色の媒介におけるそれらの役割を決定することです。この方法は、バルク組織サンプル14または凍結乾燥した皮膚15を使用して、頭足類の顔料を特徴付けるために設計された従来の報告とは異なります。 このプロトコルは、...

このようなイカ、イカ、タコなどの頭足動的にカモフラージュとシグナリングのため、その外観を変更する能力を持っている。1-6この機能は、色素胞として知られている着色された臓器の選択的な面積の拡大によって部分的にサポートされています。4,7-9色素胞されています筋線維によって放射状に固定されているcytoelastic球形嚢の中に閉じ込められたナノ構造色素顆粒のネットワークを含むソフトアクチュエータ。1,3、それらが作動されるように、色素胞は、臓器全体の顆粒を配布提示表面積が500％によって拡大する。3,7このアクションは色素胞の数の上に協調された場合、10,11は 、動物の全体的な着色が変更されます。それは顔料顆粒は、この色の変化に寄与することが知られているが、それらの組成物が不明のままです。私たちは、将来の組成の研究のために適合させることができる色素胞の顔料を分離し、精製するための手順について説明します。 。3,12色素胞含む組織が頭足類から慎重に摘出を通して収穫されます。消化及び均質化処理は、次に、周囲の組織を解離し、色素胞細胞を分離するために使用されます。ナノ構造の顆粒を繰り返し、超音波処理し、遠心分離を用いて、残りの色素胞から単離され、精製されます。精製の際、顔料は酸性メタノール溶液を使用して蝶の羽からの可視色の抽出から適合されたプロセスにおける顆粒から抽出される。13走査電子顕微鏡（SEM）及び分光光度は色素胞顔料が正常に使用して抽出されていることを確認するために使用されていますこのプロセス。 この方法は、cの分子の寄与を調査するために使用される色素胞顆粒の単離を記載します頭足類でoloration。動物全体から12小分子の抽出は、多くの場合、長くて退屈なプロセスになることがあります。ここでの目的は、頭足類でのナノ構造の顆粒から顔料を取得するための効果的かつ容易なプロトコルの将来の研究者を通知することです。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Collagenase</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>9001-12-1</td><td>No hazard</td></tr><tr><td>Dithiothreitol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>3482-12-3</td><td>Irritant, acute toxicity</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>7365-45-9</td><td>Mild irritant</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric acid</td><td>EMD Chemicals</td><td>7647-01-0</td><td>Corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>k-Aspartate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>1115-63-5</td><td>Reacts violently with oxidants</td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium Chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>7786-30-3</td><td>Mild eye irritant</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Pharmco-AAPER</td><td>67-56-1</td><td>Highly flammable</td></tr><tr><td>Mini tablet prtoease inhibitor</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>469315-90-01</td><td>Corrosive to metal and skin</td></tr><tr><td>Papain</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>9001-73-4</td><td>Irritant&amp;nbsp;</td></tr></tbody></table>

a method for extracting pigments from squid doryteuthis pealeii

Cephalopods can undergo rapid and adaptive changes in dermal coloration for sensing, communication, defense, and reproduction purposes. These capabilities are supported in part by the areal expansion and retraction of pigmented organs known as chromatophores. While it is known that the chromatophores contain a tethered network of pigmented granules, their structure-function properties have not been fully detailed. We describe a method for isolating the nanostructured granules in squid Doryteuthis pealeii chromatophores and demonstrate how their associated pigments can be extracted in acidic solvents. To accomplish this, the chromatophore containing dermal layer is first manually isolated using a superficial dissection, and the pigment granules are removed using sonication, centrifugation, and washing cycles. Pigments confined within the purified granules are then extracted via acidic methanol solutions, leaving nanostructures with smaller diameters that are void of visible color. This extraction procedure produces a 58% yield of soluble pigments isolated from granules. Using this method, the composition of the chromatophore pigments can be determined and used to provide insight into the mechanism of adaptive coloration in cephalopods.

色素胞は、Dから解剖されていますpealeii背マントル（ 図1A、1B）。それらが削除されると、色素胞を溶解させ、着色された顆粒（ 図2A、2B） を出て分離するために遠心分離し、洗浄サイクルを使用して精製されます。酸性メタノール溶液（塩酸-メタノール）は、可溶性色素の抽出物および不?...

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A Method for Extracting Pigments from Squid Doryteuthis pealeii

イカDoryteuthis pealeii色素胞におけるナノ構造の顆粒から顔料の抽出のためのプロトコルが提示されています。

イカから顔料を抽出する方法<em&gt; Doryteuthis pealeii</em

Cephalopods can undergo rapid and adaptive changes in dermal coloration for sensing, communication, defense, and reproduction purposes. These capabilities ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

A Method for Extracting Pigments from Squid Doryteuthis pealeii

9.4K ビュー.  University of New Hampshire. イカDoryteuthis pealeii色素胞におけるナノ構造の顆粒から顔料の抽出のためのプロトコルが提示されています。 

ビデオ: A Method for Extracting Pigments from Squid Doryteuthis pealeii

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with the goal of examining the ecological functions of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. The result has been a progression of protocols that have increasingly refined the ecological relevance of the experimental approach. Here we present the most up-to-date version of a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay that enables investigators to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. Organic metabolites of all polarities are exhaustively extracted from the tissue of the target organism and reconstituted at natural concentrations in a nutritionally appropriate food matrix. Experimental food pellets are presented to a generalist predator in laboratory feeding assays to assess the antipredatory activity of the extract. The procedure described herein uses the bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, to test the palatability of Caribbean marine invertebrates; however, the design may be readily adapted to other systems. Results obtained using this laboratory assay are an important prelude to field experiments that rely on the feeding responses of a full complement of potential predators. Additionally, this bioassay can be used to direct the isolation of feeding-deterrent metabolites through bioassay-guided fractionation. This feeding bioassay has advanced our understanding of the factors that control the distribution and abundance of marine invertebrates on Caribbean coral reefs and may inform investigations in diverse fields of inquiry, including pharmacology, biotechnology, and evolutionary ecology.

This bioassay employs a model predatory fish to assess the presence of feeding-deterrent metabolites from organic extracts of the tissues of marine organisms at natural concentrations using a nutritionally comparable food matrix.

海洋生物の組織からの二次代謝産物のAntipredatory活性を評価するために魚の供給研究所バイオアッセイ

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

環境学

Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster

Pigmentation is a morphologically simple but highly variable trait that often has adaptive significance. It has served extensively as a model for understanding the development and evolution of morphological phenotypes. Abdominal pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster has been particularly useful, allowing researchers to identify the loci that underlie inter- and intraspecific variations in morphology. Hitherto, however, D. melanogaster abdominal pigmentation has been largely assayed qualitatively, through scoring, rather than quantitatively, which limits the forms of statistical analysis that can be applied to pigmentation data. This work describes a new methodology that allows for the quantification of various aspects of the abdominal pigmentation pattern of adult D. melanogaster. The protocol includes specimen mounting, image capture, data extraction, and analysis. All the software used for image capture and analysis feature macros written for open-source image analysis. The advantage of this approach is the ability to precisely measure pigmentation traits using a methodology that is highly reproducible across different imaging systems. While the technique has been used to measure variation in the tergal pigmentation patterns of adult D. melanogaster, the methodology is flexible and broadly applicable to pigmentation patterns in myriad different organisms.

Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster

This work presents a method to quickly and precisely quantify the abdominal pigmentation of Drosophila melanogaster using digital image analysis. This method streamlines the procedures between phenotype acquisition and data analysis and includes specimen mounting, image acquisition, pixel value extraction, and trait measurement.

腹部色素沈着の定量化<em&gt;ショウジョウバエmelanogaster</em

Pigmentation is a morphologically simple but highly variable trait that often has adaptive significance. It has served extensively as a model for ...

遺伝学

Water in Oil Emulsions: A New System for Assembling Water-soluble Chlorophyll-binding Proteins with Hydrophobic Pigments

Chlorophylls (Chls) and bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) are the primary cofactors that carry out photosynthetic light harvesting and electron transport. Their functionality critically depends on their specific organization within large and elaborate multisubunit transmembrane protein complexes. In order to understand at the molecular level how these complexes facilitate solar energy conversion, it is essential to understand protein-pigment, and pigment-pigment interactions, and their effect on excited dynamics. One way of gaining such understanding is by constructing and studying complexes of Chls with simple water-soluble recombinant proteins. However, incorporating the lipophilic Chls and BChls into water-soluble proteins is difficult. Moreover, there is no general method, which could be used for assembly of water-soluble proteins with hydrophobic pigments. Here, we demonstrate a simple and high throughput system based on water-in-oil emulsions, which enables assembly of water-soluble proteins with hydrophobic Chls. The new method was validated by assembling recombinant versions of the water-soluble chlorophyll binding protein of Brassicaceae plants (WSCP) with Chl a. We demonstrate the successful assembly of Chl a using crude lysates of WSCP expressing E. coli cell, which may be used for developing a genetic screen system for novel water-soluble Chl-binding proteins, and for studies of Chl-protein interactions and assembly processes.

This manuscript describes a simple and high-throughput method for assembling water-soluble proteins with hydrophobic pigments that is based on water-in-oil emulsions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in the assembly of native chlorophylls with four variants of recombinant water-soluble-chlorophyll binding proteins (WSCPs) of Brassica plants expressed in E. coli.

油中水型エマルジョン：疎水性顔料と水溶性クロロフィル結合タンパク質を組み立てるための新しいシステム

Chlorophylls (Chls) and bacteriochlorophylls (BChls) are the primary cofactors that carry out photosynthetic light harvesting and electron transport. ...

化学

Isolating and Incorporating Light-Harvesting Antennas from Diatom Cyclotella Meneghiniana in Liposomes with Thylakoid Lipids

The photosynthetic performance of plants, algae and diatoms strongly depends on the fast and efficient regulation of the light harvesting and energy transfer processes in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. The light harvesting antenna of diatoms, the so called fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c binding proteins (FCP), are required for the light absorption and efficient transfer to the photosynthetic reaction centers as well as for photo-protection from excessive light. The switch between these two functions is a long-standing matter of research. Many of these studies have been carried out with FCP in detergent micelles. For interaction studies, the detergents have been removed, which led to an unspecific aggregation of FCP complexes. In this approach, it is hard to discriminate between artifacts and physiologically relevant data. Hence, more valuable information about FCP and other membrane bound light harvesting complexes can be obtained by studying protein-protein interactions, energy transfer and other spectroscopic features if they are embedded in their native lipid environment. The main advantage is that liposomes have a defined size and a defined lipid/protein ratio by which the extent of FCP clustering is controlled. Further, changes in the pH and ion composition that regulate light harvesting in vivo can easily be simulated. In comparison to the thylakoid membrane, the liposomes are more homogenous and less complex, which makes it easier to obtain and understand spectroscopic data. The protocol describes the procedure of FCP isolation and purification, liposome preparation, and incorporation of FCP into liposomes with natural lipid composition. Results from a typical application are given and discussed.

Isolating and Incorporating Light-Harvesting Antennas from Diatom Cyclotella Meneghiniana in Liposomes with Thylakoid Lipids

Here, we present a protocol to isolate fucoxanthin chlorophyll a/c binding proteins (FCP) from diatoms and incorporate them into liposomes with natural lipid compositions to study excitation energy transfer upon ion composition changes.

分離してチラコイド脂質リポソームの珪藻峰 Meneghinianaから光捕集アンテナを組み込む

The photosynthetic performance of plants, algae and diatoms strongly depends on the fast and efficient regulation of the light harvesting and energy ...

生化学

Cultivation of the Marine Pelagic Tunicate Dolioletta gegenbauri (Uljanin 1884) for Experimental Studies

Gelatinous zooplanktons play a crucial role in ocean ecosystems. However, it is generally difficult to investigate their physiology, growth, fecundity, and trophic interactions primarily due to methodological challenges, including the ability to culture them. This is particularly true for the doliolid, Dolioletta gegenbauri. D. gegenbauri commonly occurs in productive subtropical continental shelf systems worldwide, often at bloom concentrations capable of consuming a large fraction of daily primary production. In this study, we describe cultivation approaches for collecting, rearing, and maintaining D. gegenbauri for the purpose of conducting laboratory-based studies. D. gegenbauri and other doliolid species can be captured live using obliquely towed conical 202 &micro;m mesh plankton nets from a drifting ship. Cultures are most reliably established when water temperatures are below 21 &deg;C and are started from immature gonozooids, maturing phorozooids, and large nurses. Cultures can be maintained in rounded culture vessels on a slowly rotating plankton wheel and sustained on a diet of cultured algae in natural seawater for many generations. In addition to the ability to establish laboratory cultures of D. gegenbauri, we demonstrate that the collection condition, algae concentration, temperature, and exposure to naturally conditioned seawater are all critical to the culture establishment, growth, survival, and reproduction of D. gegenbauri.

Cultivation of the Marine Pelagic Tunicate Dolioletta gegenbauri Uljanin 1884 for Experimental Studies

Doliolids, including the species Dolioletta gegenbauri, are small gelatinous marine zooplankton of ecological significance found on productive subcontinental shelf systems worldwide. The difficulty of culturing these delicate organisms limits their investigation. In this study, we describe cultivation approaches for collecting, rearing, and maintaining the doliolid Dolioletta gegenbauri.

実験研究のための海洋ペラジック・チュニケート・ドリオレッタ・ゲゲンバウリ(ウルジャニン1884)の栽培

Gelatinous zooplanktons play a crucial role in ocean ecosystems. However, it is generally difficult to investigate their physiology, growth, fecundity, ...

Large-Scale Purification of Porcine or Bovine Photoreceptor Outer Segments for Phagocytosis Assays on Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Analysis of one of the vital functions of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, the phagocytosis of spent aged distal fragments of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) can be performed in vitro. Photoreceptor outer segments with stacks of membranous discs containing the phototransduction machinery are continuously renewed in the retina. Spent POS are eliminated daily by RPE cells. Rodent, porcine/bovine and human RPE cells recognize POS from various species in a similar manner. To facilitate performing large series of experiments with little variability, a large stock of POS can be isolated from porcine eyes and stored frozen in aliquots. This protocol takes advantage of the characteristic of photopigments that display an orange color when kept in the dark. Under dim red light, retinae are collected in a buffer from opened eyecups cut in halves. The retinal cell suspension is homogenized, filtered and loaded onto a continuous sucrose gradient. After centrifugation, POS are located in a discrete band in the upper part of the gradient that has a characteristic orange color. POS are then collected, spun, resuspended sequentially in wash buffers, counted and aliquoted. POS obtained this way can be used for phagocytosis assays and analysis of protein activation, localization or interaction at various times after POS challenge. Alternatively, POS can be labeled with fluorophores, e.g., FITC, before aliquoting for subsequent fluorescence quantification of POS binding or engulfment. Other possible applications include the use of modified POS or POS challenge combined with stress conditions to study the effect of oxidative stress or aging on RPE cells.

This article describes the protocol for the purification of photoreceptor outer segment fragments (POS) via ultracentrifugation from porcine/bovine retinae using homogenization and sucrose gradient centrifugation. This protocol allows the preparation of large stocks of POS aliquots, labeled or unlabeled, that can then be stored at -80 &#176;C.

網膜色素上皮細胞に貪食アッセイのためにブタまたはウシの感光体外側セグメントの大規模精製

Analysis of one of the vital functions of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, the phagocytosis of spent aged distal fragments of photoreceptor outer ...

免疫・感染学

Obtaining Hemocytes from the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid Euprymna scolopes and Observing their Adherence to Symbiotic and Non-Symbiotic Bacteria

Studies concerning the role of the immune system in mediating molecular signaling between beneficial bacteria and their hosts have, in recent years, made significant contributions to our understanding of the co-evolution of eukaryotes with their microbiota. The symbiotic association between the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes and the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri has been utilized as a model system for understanding the effects of beneficial bacteria on animal development. Recent studies have shown that macrophage-like hemocytes, the sole cellular component of the squid host's innate immune system, likely play an important role in mediating the establishment and maintenance of this association. This protocol will demonstrate how to obtain hemocytes from E. scolopes and then use these cells in bacterial binding assays. Adult squid are first anesthetized before hemolymph is collected by syringe from the main cephalic blood vessel. The host hemocytes, contained in the extracted hemolymph, are adhered to chambered glass coverslips and then exposed to green fluorescent protein-labeled symbiotic Vibrio fischeri and non-symbiotic Vibrio harveyi. The hemocytes are counterstained with a fluorescent dye (Cell Tracker Orange, Invitrogen) and then visualized using fluorescent microscopy.

Obtaining Hemocytes from the Hawaiian Bobtail Squid Euprymna scolopes and Observing their Adherence to Symbiotic and Non-Symbiotic Bacteria

This video will demonstrate how to obtain hemocytes (blood cells) from the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes for use in cell biological and bacterial adhesion assays. Hemocytes will be stained with a fluorescent dye and exposed to GFP-labeled bacteria.

ハワイのボブテイルイカから血球の入手 Euprymna scolopesと共生と非共生細菌への遵守を観察

Studies concerning the role of the immune system in mediating molecular signaling between beneficial bacteria and their hosts have, in recent years, made ...

生物学

Adsorptive Bioprocess Improves Yield of Melanin from Pseudomonas stutzeri

Melanins are natural pigments, and the presence of indole ring and numerous functional groups makes melanin an ideal choice for many applications such as UV protective agents, skincare, cosmetics etc. A marine Pseudomonas stutzeri produces melanin without the addition of tyrosine. The feedback inhibition was observed by melanin in the culture of a melanin-producing marine bacterium, Pseudomonas stutzeri. Melanin also demonstrated microbial growth inhibition. The Han-Levenspiel model-based analysis identified uncompetitive type product inhibition of melanin on the cell growth. Tyrosinase enzyme, which produces melanin, was inhibited by melanin. The double reciprocal plot of the enzymatic reaction in the presence of different melanin concentrations revealed uncompetitive product inhibition. An adsorbent-based adsorptive bioprocess was developed to reduce the feedback inhibition by melanin. Different adsorbents were screened to select the best adsorbent for melanin adsorption. Dosage amount and time were optimized to develop the adsorptive bioprocess, which resulted in an 8.8-fold enhancement in melanin production by the marine bacteria Pseudomonas stutzeri (153 mg/L to 1349 mg/L) without supplementation of tyrosine and yeast extract.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>吸着性バイオプロセスは、Pseudomonas stutzeriからのメラニンの収量を改善します

Here we present a protocol on adsorptive bioprocess to produce a biological product, especially a pigment that inhibits its own biosynthesis and inhibits the growth of the microorganism that produces it.

吸着性バイオプロセスは、Pseudomonas stutzeriからのメラニンの収量を改善します

Melanins are natural pigments, and the presence of indole ring and numerous functional groups makes melanin an ideal choice for many applications such as ...

工学

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

In plants and green algae, light is captured by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), a family of integral membrane proteins that coordinate chlorophylls and carotenoids. In vivo, these proteins are folded with pigments to form complexes which are inserted in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. The high similarity in the chemical and physical properties of the members of the family, together with the fact that they can easily lose pigments during isolation, makes their purification in a native state challenging. An alternative approach to obtain homogeneous preparations of LHCs was developed by Plumley and Schmidt in 19871, who showed that it was possible to reconstitute these complexes in vitro starting from purified pigments and unfolded apoproteins, resulting in complexes with properties very similar to that of native complexes. This opened the way to the use of bacterial expressed recombinant proteins for in vitro reconstitution. The reconstitution method is powerful for various reasons: (1) pure preparations of individual complexes can be obtained, (2) pigment composition can be controlled to assess their contribution to structure and function, (3) recombinant proteins can be mutated to study the functional role of the individual residues (e.g., pigment binding sites) or protein domain (e.g., protein-protein interaction, folding). This method has been optimized in several laboratories and applied to most of the light-harvesting complexes. The protocol described here details the method of reconstituting light-harvesting complexes in vitro currently used in our laboratory, and examples describing applications of the method are provided.

In Vitro Reconstitution of Light-harvesting Complexes of Plants and Green Algae

This protocol details the reconstitution of light-harvesting complexes in vitro. These integral membrane proteins coordinate chlorophylls and carotenoids and are responsible for harvesting light in higher plants and green algae.

植物や緑藻の光捕集複合体のin vitro再構成では、

In plants and green algae, light is captured by the light-harvesting complexes (LHCs), a family of integral membrane proteins that coordinate chlorophylls ...

イカから顔料を抽出する方法

要約

さらに動画を探す

海洋生物の組織からの二次代謝産物のAntipredatory活性を評価するために魚の供給研究所バイオアッセイ

腹部色素沈着の定量化

油中水型エマルジョン：疎水性顔料と水溶性クロロフィル結合タンパク質を組み立てるための新しいシステム

分離してチラコイド脂質リポソームの珪藻峰 Meneghinianaから光捕集アンテナを組み込む

実験研究のための海洋ペラジック・チュニケート・ドリオレッタ・ゲゲンバウリ(ウルジャニン1884)の栽培

網膜色素上皮細胞に貪食アッセイのためにブタまたはウシの感光体外側セグメントの大規模精製

ハワイのボブテイルイカから血球の入手 Euprymna scolopesと共生と非共生細菌への遵守を観察

吸着性バイオプロセスは、Pseudomonas stutzeriからのメラニンの収量を改善します

吸着性バイオプロセスは、Pseudomonas stutzeriからのメラニンの収量を改善します

植物や緑藻の光捕集複合体のin vitro再構成では、