DCH、MBとFKは基金に関するEPSRCフォローによってサポートされていました。 BL-VとDSがそれぞれのMRC博士studentshipsによってサポートされていました。 KCは、英国再生医療プラットフォームからの資金によってサポートされていました。

PHNGAD（ポリ[1,6-hexanodiol /ネオペンチルグリコール/ジ（エチレングリコール）-alt - アジピン酸]ジオール）の合成<img alt="スキーム1" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51723/51723scheme1.jpg" width="500" /> スキーム1：PHNAGDの合成 PHNAGDの合成の模式図。。 PHNAGDは、1,6 - Hexanodiol、ジエチレングリコール、neoppentylグリコールとアジピン酸との反応により調製した。 PHNAGD、ポリ[1,6-hexanodiol /ネオペンチルグリコール/ジ（エチレングリコール）-alt - アジピン酸]ジオール。 <ol><li>残留水を除去し、真空オーブン中で48時間40℃でのモノマー1,6 - ヘキサンジオール、ジ（エチレングリコール）及びネオペンチルグリコールに熱処理を適用する。真空下で室温まで寒さにできるようにします。 </li><li>二口丸底フラスコに攪拌棒を備えたディーン·スターク装置に接続する各モノマーの22ミリモルを加え、アジピン酸（55ミリモル）を加えた。 </li><li>真空下でアセンブリ全体を置き、静かにGLAを加熱フラスコ中の化学物質の添加中の任意の吸湿を避けるために、6時間40℃でssware。 </li><li> 、一滴ずつ、シリンジを介して追加の触媒チタン（IV）ブトキシドの0.0055モル。 </li><li> 24時間N 2雰囲気下、180℃で反応混合物を撹拌し、そしてディーン-スタークトラップに残留水を集める。製品が室温まで冷却させる。 </li></ol> PU134の2の合成<img alt="スキーム2" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51723/51723scheme2.jpg" width="500" /> スキーム2：PU134の合成 PU134は、4,4 &#39; -メチレンビス（フェニルイソシアネート）の2.0当量とPHNGADの1.0当量との反応により調製されたポリウレタン134の合成の略図、1.0を添加した。 1,4 - ブタンジオール連鎖延長剤の当量。 <ol><li> 4の2当量とポリオールPHNGAD 1当量の量（Mn〜1,800ダルトン、3.2ミリモル）を混ぜ無水N 4 &#39; -メチレンビス（フェニルイソシアネート）（6.4ミリモル）、Nジメチルホルムアミド（12 ml）を加えた。 </li><li> N 2雰囲気下、70℃で反応混合物を、攪拌する。 </li><li>触媒チタン（IV）ブトキシド（0.8％重量）を一滴ずつ、シリンジを介して追加します。 </li><li> 1時間後、鎖延長剤1,4 - ブタンジオール（3.2ミリモル）の1当量を加える。 90℃に温度を上昇させ、N 2雰囲気下で24時間撹拌した。 </li><li>反応後、沈殿が生じるまで反応溶液に滴下し（ヘキサンまたは水を使用することもできる）のジエチルエーテルを加えて沈殿させることによりポリウレタンを収集する。 </li><li> 5分間5,300×gで解決策を遠心。 </li><li>上清を除去し、溶媒が蒸発するまで、真空オーブンで40℃で乾かす。 注するために、反応の最終生成物は、分子量分布に関する適切なパラメータを有することを確実にするために、機能的grouポリマー、溶融およびガラス転移温度のpsが、さまざまな分析技術および方法は、ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーまたはFITR分光法を用いることができる。 </li></ol> PU134ソリューションの調製<ol><li>ガラス瓶にPU134を200mg秤量する。 </li><li>クロロホルム、1クロロホルムとトルエンの組み合わせ：1の比率、テトラヒドロフラン、及び1テトラヒドロフラン及びdicloromethaneの組み合わせ：1の比の溶媒の数が2％の最終濃度にPU134を希釈する。 注：右の溶媒の選挙は、使用するポリマーに応じて変化する。異なる溶媒は、ポリマーの可溶化に影響を与えることができる異なる沸点を有する。 </li><li>溶液が均一になり、沈殿物が観察されなくなるまで、200 MOT /分の速度でシェーカーを用いて室温で20分間溶液を激しく振る。 </li></ol> PU134とスライドガラスの4。塗装<ol><li> ROUを配置スピンコーター上のND 15ミリメートル2カバースリップ。 </li><li>ピペットを用いて各PU134溶液50μlを適用します。比に比例表面ボリュームを保つ必要なカバーガラスサイズに応じてPU134溶液の量を調整します。 </li><li> 23 x gで7秒間、各カバースリップスピン。 </li><li>滅菌前に少なくとも24時間、室温で空気乾燥カバースリップ。 </li></ol>カバースリップの5。照射<ol><li> 12分間実験室の照射装置を用いて10グレイの線量を適用することにより、ポリマーで被覆されたカバースリップをガンマ - 照射する。 </li><li> UV-16分間、30 W、UV電球の各側面を用いてポリマーコーティングされたカバースリップを照射する。 </li><li>スライドのサイズに応じて適切な組織培養プレートにポリマー被覆カバースリップを置きます。 </li></ol> 6。走査型電子顕微鏡<ol><li>圧力5×10 -1ミリバールの雰囲気下で200秒間スパッタリングによる金コートポリマーカバースリップ。 </li><li>マイクログラムをキャプチャ二次電子撮像モードで20kVの加速電圧での走査型電子顕微鏡を用いてポリマーコーティングされたカバースリップのraphs。 </li></ol> 7。原子間力顕微鏡の観察<ol><li>ポリマー表面の20×20μmの領域をスキャンします。 </li><li> 1.32ヘルツから1.60 Hzのスキャンレートを設定します。 </li><li>スキャンされた領域内の512×512ピクセルの解像度を設定します。 </li><li>平均画像データプレーンから採取した高さ偏差の平均値を用いて、コーティングの平方根（RMSまたはさRq）の平均平方根を計算し、のように表さ。 <img fo:content-width="1in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51723/51723eq1.jpg" width="123" /> Ziが現在のZ値であり、Nは、所定の領域内の点の数である。 </li><li> 7.5偏差を計算し、または使用して、画像の表面粗さ（Ra）を意味し、 <img fo:content-width="1.5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51723/51723eq2.jpg" width="154" /> Z（x）はtで記述する関数である。彼は、高さ（Z）と評価長さ &quot;L&quot;を超える試料の位置（x）に関して分析プロファイル表面。 Raは中心面に対する表面の平均値を表す。 </li></ol> 8。細胞培養および分化<ol><li>文化·ヘイ17で説明したようにヒト胚性幹細胞株（ヒトES細胞）H9を区別。 </li><li>解離試薬を用いて細胞を外し、Szkolnicka 18,19で説明するように、無血清培地の存在下で、分化過程の9日目でPU134被覆スライドにドラッグreplate。 注：酵素的細胞解離の使用は物理的な細胞剥離に好適である。 </li></ol> 9チトクロームP450機能アッセイ<ol><li>製造者の指示に従ってCYP3A活性を測定する。 </li><li>細胞なしのhESCに由来する13日目または19日目での肝細胞、およびメディアをインキュベート - ネガティブコントロールとして、適切なSUBSTRで37℃で5時間食べた。 </li><li> 、細胞および培地からの上清を回収し、製造業者の指示に従ってアッセイを実施しています。 </li><li>表面積（cm 2）でのCYP活性と正規化のレベルを測定する。 </li></ol> 10免疫染色<ol><li> PBSで洗浄するのhESC派生肝細胞は、1分間、2回繰り返す。 </li><li> 10分間、-20℃での氷冷100％の細胞を固定するために、メタノール、場所を追加します。 </li><li> 5分間のPBSで細胞を洗浄し、二回繰り返します。 </li><li> RTで1時間PBS / T（0.1％トゥイーン）/ 10％BSAで細胞をインキュベートする。 </li><li> PBST液を吸引し、PBS / T（0.1％トゥイーン）/ 1％BSA中に希釈した適切な一次抗体を追加し、穏やかに撹拌し、O / N、4℃でインキュベートする。 </li><li> 5分間のPBS / T（0.1％トゥイーン）/ 1％BSAで細胞を洗浄し、三回繰り返して。 </li><li> ％のBSA / 1×PBS / T（0.1％トゥイーン）中で適切な抗体を希釈し、細胞に追加し、穏やかに撹拌しながら室温で1時間、暗所でインキュベートする。。 </li><li> 5分間のPBSで細胞を洗浄し、3回繰り返します。 </li><li>各ウェルに、気泡の数を減らすために穏やかにカバースリップを追加し（千DAPI 1を含む）MOWIOL 488を追加する。暗闇の中で4℃で保存固定した細胞。適切なフィルターと蛍光灯顕微鏡を用いて染色し観察します。最適化された一次および二次抗体は、 表1に記載されています。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nano-+and+microscale+holes+modulate+cell-substrate+adhesion,+cytoskeletal+organization,+and+-beta1+integrin+localization+in+SV40+human+corneal+epithelial+cells.">Nano- and microscale holes modulate cell-substrate adhesion, cytoskeletal organization, and -beta1 integrin localization in SV40 human corneal epithelial cells.</a> IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience. 5 (4), 273-280 (2006).</li><li>Hamilton, D. W., Brunette, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+substratum+topography+on+osteoblast+adhesion+mediated+signal+transduction+and+phosphorylation.">The effect of substratum topography on osteoblast adhesion mediated signal transduction and phosphorylation.</a> Biomaterials. 28 (1), 1806-1819 (2007).</li><li>Engler, A. J., Sen, S., Sweeney, H. L., Discher, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Matrix+elasticity+directs+stem+cell+lineage+specification.">Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification.</a> Cell. 126 (4), 677-689 (2006).</li><li>Dang, J. M., Leong, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myogenic+Induction+of+Aligned+Mesenchymal+Stem+Cell+Sheets+by+Culture+on+Thermally+Responsive+Electrospun+Nanofibers.">Myogenic Induction of Aligned Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheets by Culture on Thermally Responsive Electrospun Nanofibers.</a> Advanced Materials. 19 (19), 2775-2779 (2007).</li><li>Azevedo, E. C., Nascimento, E. M., Chierice, G. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=UV+and+gamma+irradiation+effects+on+surface+properties+of+polyurethane+derivate+from+castor+oil.">UV and gamma irradiation effects on surface properties of polyurethane derivate from castor oil.</a> Pol&#237;meros. 23 (3), 305-311 (2013).</li><li>Rosu, L., Cascaval, C. N., Ciobanu, C., Rosu, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+UV+radiation+on+the+semi-interpenetrating+polymer+networks+based+on+polyurethane+and+epoxy+maleate+of+bisphenol+A.">Effect of UV radiation on the semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on polyurethane and epoxy maleate of bisphenol A.</a> Journal of Photochemistry and Photobilogy A: Chemistry. 169 (2), 177-185 (2005).</li><li>Yang, X. F., Tallman, D. E., Bierwagen, G. P., Croll, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blistering+and+degradation+of+polyurethane+coatings+under+different+accelerated+weathering+tests.">Blistering and degradation of polyurethane coatings under different accelerated weathering tests.</a> Polymer Degradation and Stability. 77 (1), 103-109 (2002).</li></ol>

DCHはCSO、FibromEdプロダクツ株式会社における取締役、創業者でFibromEd製品株式会社MBおよびJPIにおける株主である創業者の株主である

幹細胞から肝細胞を生成するために使用される現在の方法の多くは、動物由来の未定義のマトリックスに依存している。これらの基板は、アプリケーションに重大な障壁を表す、細胞の機能および安定性に影響を与える、費用がかかり、非常に可変であることができる。そこで、幹細胞由来肝細胞の培養を支持する合成材料のためのスクリーンを行った。私たちは、同定した、堅牢な肝細胞?...

生物学的材料は、広く、多能性幹細胞1の維持および分化に使用されている。可能にしながら、これらの生物学的基質は、多くの場合、未定義の構成要素の無数が含まれています。マトリゲルは、幹細胞の培養および分化のための一般的に使用される基板である。残念ながら、その可変組成は、細胞の機能および表現型に影響を与える。代替、複数の定義された生物学的マトリックスの多様2-7使用されてきたが、それらの動物由来または貧弱な拡張性は、彼らに工業的な製造には適さない候補にする。したがって、定義された組成と信頼できる性能を有する合成代替物の同定は、幹細胞研究の重要な目標である。 未定義の細胞培養基質の制限を克服する試みにおいて、化学と生物学との間の学際的コラボレーションは、細胞表現型をサポートする能力を有する合成材料を同定した。シンセエティックな基板は、スケーラブルであり、費用対効果、および複雑な3次元構造に製造することができ、 生体内環境を模倣する。によるこれらの特性に合成基質は、広く多くの細胞型8-10の分化を支持し、駆動するために使用されてきた。 Advancedおよびハイスループットアッセイは、大規模なライブラリーから、合成材料の迅速なスクリーニングを容易にし、生物医学の研究開発11-13の幅広いアプリケーションとの柔軟な特性を有する新規材料を提供してきました。高いスループットを利用して、高分子マイクロアレイスクリーニング技術は、急速にヒト幹細胞由来の肝細胞の維持に適した単純なポリウレタン（PU134）を同定した。このポリマーは、肝細胞の分化および機能14-16に関して動物由来の基質よりも優れていることが判明した。私たちは、その後の効果をアクセスするための塗布条件、地形や滅菌プロセスを最適化した肝細胞機能と寿命を安定化するポリマーの性能に。これは、セルベースの​​モデリングと再生医療アプリケーションのための肝細胞生物学の基礎を理解することに関して重要な意味を持っている。 ここで説明する技術は、合成ポリマーの表面が細胞表現型を維持するために最適化することができる方法の例を示している。私たちは、効率的な無血清肝細胞分化プロトコルでこの技術の組み合わせは、 インビトロモデリングや再生医療で使用するための肝細胞のスケーラブルな生産を提供する可能性を持っていることを信じています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Synthesis, preparation, coating and characterization of polymer PU134 coated coverslips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker</td>
			<td>Edmun B&#252;hler</td>
			<td>KS-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Irradiator</td>
			<td>CIS Biointernational</td>
			<td>IBL 637&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spin coater</td>
			<td>Specialty Coating System</td>
			<td>&#160;P-6708</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning Electron Microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>XL30CPSEM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atomic Force Microscope</td>
			<td>DimensionV Nanoscope, VEECO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>p4-GLO CYP3A4</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V8902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV bulb</td>
			<td>ESCO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoScope analysis software</td>
			<td>VEECO</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>version 1.20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>TH45200</td>
			<td>Use Volocity 4 Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture plates</td>
			<td>Corning, UK&#160;</td>
			<td>3527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glass slides</td>
			<td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies</td>
			<td>MIC3308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethylene glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>93171</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;1,6-hexanediol</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>240117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neopentyl glycol</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>408255</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adipic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>9582</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anhydrous N,N-Dimethylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>227056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethyl ether</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>676845</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>titanium (IV) butoxide&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>244112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,4-butanediol&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>493732</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum oven</td>
			<td>Thermoscientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4,4&#8217;-Methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate)</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>101688</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrahydrofurane</td>
			<td>Sigma&#8211;Aldrich</td>
			<td>401757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sputter coater</td>
			<td>Bal-Tec SCD 050</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Inmunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffer saline (-MgCl2, -CaCl2)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010031</td>
			<td>&#160;Store at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBST, PBS made up with 0.1% TWEEN 20&#160;</td>
			<td>&#160; Scientific Laboratory Supplies Ltd</td>
			<td>EC607&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>&#160; Scientific Laboratory Supplies Ltd</td>
			<td>CHE5010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, UK</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOWIOL 488 DAPI</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>475904</td>
			<td>Made up in Tris HCL and glycerol as per manufacturers instructions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cell culture and Functional assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CYP3A activity pGLO kit</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>V8902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepatozyme</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17705021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TryLE express</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/order/catalog/product/12604013">12604013</a></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stabilizing hepatocellular phenotype using optimized synthetic surfaces

Currently, one of the major limitations in cell biology is maintaining differentiated cell phenotype. Biological matrices are commonly used for culturing and maintaining primary and pluripotent stem cell derived hepatocytes. While biological matrices are useful, they permit short term culture of hepatocytes, limiting their widespread application. We have attempted to overcome the limitations using a synthetic polymer coating. Polymers represent one of the broadest classes of biomaterials and possess a wide range of mechanical, physical and chemical properties, which can be fine-tuned for purpose. Importantly, such materials can be scaled to quality assured standards and display batch-to-batch consistency. This is essential if cells are to be expanded for high through-put screening in the pharmaceutical testing industry or for cellular based therapy. Polyurethanes (PUs) are one group of materials that have shown promise in cell culture. Our recent progress in optimizing a polyurethane coated surface, for long-term culture of human hepatocytes displaying stable phenotype, is presented and discussed.

ポリマー溶媒は、ポリマーコーティングされた表面の形状に影響を与える ポリウレタン134は、トルエンまたはテトラヒドロフランまたはジクロロメタンとの単独または組み合わせのいずれかで、クロロホルムに溶解し、ガラススライドは、異なる製剤でスピンコートした。走査電子顕微鏡（SEM）および原子間力顕微鏡（AFM）は、ポリマーコーティング（ <str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces at JoVE.com

Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces

この記事では、ヒト肝細胞を由来幹細胞の長期、安定的な培養のためにポリマーコーティングされた表面の開発に注力していきます。

最適化された合成表面を使用した肝細胞表現型の安定化

Currently, one of the major limitations in cell biology is maintaining differentiated cell phenotype. Biological matrices are commonly used for culturing ...

stabilizing-hepatocellular-phenotype-using-optimized-synthetic

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

10.2K ビュー.  University of Edinburgh. この記事では、ヒト肝細胞を由来幹細胞の長期、安定的な培養のためにポリマーコーティングされた表面の開発に注力していきます。 

ビデオ: Stabilizing Hepatocellular Phenotype Using Optimized Synthetic Surfaces

Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor embedded in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. BMP-2 acts as trigger of mesenchymal cell differentiation into osteoblasts, thus stimulating healing and de novo bone formation. The clinical use of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) in conjunction with scaffolds has raised recent controversies, based on the mode of presentation and the amount to be delivered. The protocol presented here provides a simple and efficient way to deliver BMP-2 for in vitro studies on cells. We describe how to form a self-assembled monolayer consisting of a heterobifunctional linker, and show the subsequent binding step to obtain covalent immobilization of rhBMP-2. With this approach it is possible to achieve a sustained presentation of BMP-2 while maintaining the biological activity of the protein. In fact, the surface immobilization of BMP-2 allows targeted investigations by preventing unspecific adsorption, while reducing the amount of growth factor and, most notably, hindering uncontrolled release from the surface. Both short- and long-term signaling events triggered by BMP-2 are taking place when cells are exposed to surfaces presenting covalently immobilized rhBMP-2, making this approach suitable for in vitro studies on cell responses to BMP-2 stimulation.

We describe a method for accomplishing efficient immobilization of BMP-2 on surfaces. Our approach is based on the formation of a self-assembled monolayer to achieve the covalent binding of BMP-2 via its free amine residues. This method is a useful tool to study signaling at the cell membrane.

共有結合は、自己組織化単分子膜の手法を用いて表面上のBMP-2の結合

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor embedded in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. BMP-2 acts as trigger of mesenchymal cell ...

化学

Towards Biomimicking Wood: Fabricated Free-standing Films of Nanocellulose, Lignin, and a Synthetic Polycation

Woody materials are comprised of plant cell walls that contain a layered secondary cell wall composed of structural polymers of polysaccharides and lignin. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly process which relies on the assembly of oppositely charged molecules from aqueous solutions was used to build a freestanding composite film of isolated wood polymers of lignin and oxidized nanofibril cellulose (NFC). To facilitate the assembly of these negatively charged polymers, a positively charged polyelectrolyte, poly(diallyldimethylammomium chloride) (PDDA), was used as a linking layer to create this simplified model cell wall. The layered adsorption process was studied quantitatively using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and ellipsometry. The results showed that layer mass/thickness per adsorbed layer increased as a function of total number of layers. The surface coverage of the adsorbed layers was studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Complete coverage of the surface with lignin in all the deposition cycles was found for the system, however, surface coverage by NFC increased with the number of layers. The adsorption process was carried out for 250 cycles (500 bilayers) on a cellulose acetate (CA) substrate. Transparent free-standing LBL assembled nanocomposite films were obtained when the CA substrate was later dissolved in acetone. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the fractured cross-sections showed a lamellar structure, and the thickness per adsorption cycle (PDDA-Lignin-PDDA-NC) was estimated to be 17 nm for two different lignin types used in the study. The data indicates a film with highly controlled architecture where nanocellulose and lignin are spatially deposited on the nanoscale (a polymer-polymer nanocomposites), similar to what is observed in the native cell wall.

The objective of this research was to form synthetic plant cell wall tissue using layer-by-layer assembly of nanocellulose fibrils and isolated lignin assembled from dilute aqueous suspensions.&#160; Surface measurement techniques of quartz crystal microbalance and atomic force microscopy were used to monitor the formation of the polymer-polymer nanocomposite material.

Nanocellulose、リグニンから製造自立フィルム、合成ポリカチオン：Biomimickingウッドに向けて

Woody materials are comprised of plant cell walls that contain a layered secondary cell wall composed of structural polymers of polysaccharides and ...

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

Soft landing of mass-selected ions onto surfaces is a powerful approach for the highly-controlled preparation of materials that are inaccessible using conventional synthesis techniques. Coupling soft landing with in situ characterization using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) enables analysis of well-defined surfaces under clean vacuum conditions. The capabilities of three soft-landing instruments constructed in our laboratory are illustrated for the representative system of surface-bound organometallics prepared by soft landing of mass-selected ruthenium tris(bipyridine) dications, [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = bipyridine), onto carboxylic acid terminated self-assembled monolayer surfaces on gold (COOH-SAMs). In situ time-of-flight (TOF)-SIMS provides insight into the reactivity of the soft-landed ions. In addition, the kinetics of charge reduction, neutralization and desorption occurring on the COOH-SAM both during and after ion soft landing are studied using in situ Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR)-SIMS measurements. In situ IRRAS experiments provide insight into how the structure of organic ligands surrounding metal centers is perturbed through immobilization of organometallic ions on COOH-SAM surfaces by soft landing. Collectively, the three instruments provide complementary information about the chemical composition, reactivity and structure of well-defined species supported on surfaces.

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

Soft landing of mass-selected ions onto surfaces is a powerful approach for the highly-controlled preparation of novel materials. Coupled with analysis by in situ secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), soft landing provides unprecedented insights into the interactions of well-defined species with surfaces.

その場 SIMSおよび質量選択されたイオンのソフトランディングで調製し明確に定義された表面の赤外分光法における

Soft landing of mass-selected ions onto surfaces is a powerful approach for the highly-controlled preparation of materials that are inaccessible using ...

Synthetic Methodology for Asymmetric Ferrocene Derived Bio-conjugate Systems via Solid Phase Resin-based Methodology

Early detection is a key to successful treatment of most diseases, and is particularly imperative for the diagnosis and treatment of many types of cancer. The most common techniques utilized are imaging modalities such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Topography (PET), and Computed Topography (CT) and are optimal for understanding the physical structure of the disease but can only be performed once every four to six weeks due to the use of imaging agents and overall cost. With this in mind, the development of &#8220;point of care&#8221; techniques, such as biosensors, which evaluate the stage of disease and/or efficacy of treatment in the clinician&#8217;s office and do so in a timely manner, would revolutionize treatment protocols.1 As a means to exploring ferrocene based biosensors for the detection of biologically relevant molecules2, methods were developed to produce ferrocene-biotin bio-conjugates described herein. This report will focus on a biotin-ferrocene-cysteine system that can be immobilized on a gold surface.

The synthesis of asymmetric species of ferrocene is challenging using solution techniques. This report focuses on the methods carried out to produce a ferrocene-biotin bioconjugate using facile and clean reactions accomplished via solid-phase synthesis. Incorporation of a thiolate moiety is shown to impart the ability for immobilization on gold surfaces.

固相樹脂系の方法論を経由して、非対称フェロセン派生バイオコンジュゲートシステムのための合成方法論

Early detection is a key to successful treatment of most diseases, and is particularly imperative for the diagnosis and treatment of many types of cancer. ...

Optimization of Synthetic Proteins: Identification of Interpositional Dependencies Indicating Structurally and/or Functionally Linked Residues

Protein alignments are commonly used to evaluate the similarity of protein residues, and the derived consensus sequence used for identifying functional units (e.g., domains). Traditional consensus-building models fail to account for interpositional dependencies &#8211; functionally required covariation of residues that tend to appear simultaneously throughout evolution and across the phylogentic tree. These relationships can reveal important clues about the processes of protein folding, thermostability, and the formation of functional sites, which in turn can be used to inform the engineering of synthetic proteins. Unfortunately, these relationships essentially form sub-motifs which cannot be predicted by simple &#8220;majority rule&#8221; or even HMM-based consensus models, and the result can be a biologically invalid &#8220;consensus&#8221; which is not only never seen in nature but is less viable than any extant protein. We have developed a visual analytics tool, StickWRLD, which creates an interactive 3D representation of a protein alignment and clearly displays covarying residues. The user has the ability to pan and zoom, as well as dynamically change the statistical threshold underlying the identification of covariants. StickWRLD has previously been successfully used to identify functionally-required covarying residues in proteins such as Adenylate Kinase and in DNA sequences such as endonuclease target sites.

Synthetic protein sequences based on consensus motifs typically ignore co-evolving residues, that imply interpositional dependencies (IPDs). IPDs can be essential to activity, and designs that disregard them may result in suboptimal results. This protocol uses StickWRLD to identify IPDs and help inform rational protein design, resulting in more efficient results.

合成タンパク質の最適化：中間物挿入依存関係の同定構造的インジケートおよび/または機能的に連結された残基

Protein alignments are commonly used to evaluate the similarity of protein residues, and the derived consensus sequence used for identifying functional ...

An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

Here, we demonstrate a detailed protocol for the radiosynthesis of a 125I-labeled azide prosthetic group and its application to the efficient radiolabeling of DBCO-group-functionalized gold nanoparticles using a copper-free click reaction. Radioiodination of the stannylated precursor (2) was carried out by using [125I]NaI and chloramine T as an oxidant at room temperature for 15 min. After HPLC purification of the crude product, the purified 125I-labeled azide (1) was obtained with high radiochemical yield (75 &plusmn; 10%, n = 8) and excellent radiochemical purity (&gt;99%). For the synthesis of radiolabeled 13-nm-sized gold nanoparticles, the DBCO-functionalized gold nanoparticles (3) were prepared by using a thiolated polyethylene glycol polymer. A copper-free click reaction between 1 and 3 gave the 125I-labeled gold nanoparticles (4) with more than 95% of radiochemical yield as determined by radio-thin-layer chromatography (radio-TLC). These results clearly indicate that the present radiolabeling method using a strain-promoted copper-free click reaction will be useful for the efficient and convenient radiolabeling of DBCO-group-containing nanomaterials.

An Optimized Protocol for the Efficient Radiolabeling of Gold Nanoparticles by Using a 125I-labeled Azide Prosthetic Group

A detailed procedure for the synthesis of a 125I-labeled azide and the radiolabeling of dibenzocyclooctyne (DBCO)-group-conjugated, 13-nm-sized gold nanoparticles using a copper-free click reaction is described.

使用した金ナノ粒子の効率的な放射性標識のために最適化されたプロトコル<sup&gt; 125</sup&gt; I標識アジド補綴グループ

Here, we demonstrate a detailed protocol for the radiosynthesis of a 125I-labeled azide prosthetic group and its application to the efficient ...

Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones

Synthetic cathinones are a large class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are increasingly prevalent in drug seizures made by law enforcement and other border protection agencies globally. Color testing is a presumptive identification technique indicating the presence or absence of a particular drug class using rapid and uncomplicated chemical methods. Owing to their relatively recent emergence, a color test for the specific identification of synthetic cathinones is not currently available. In this study, we introduce a protocol for the presumptive identification of synthetic cathinones, employing three aqueous reagent solutions: copper(II) nitrate, 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (neocuproine) and sodium acetate. Small pin-head sized amounts (approximately 0.1-0.2 mg) of the suspected drugs are added to the wells of a porcelain spot plate, and each reagent is then added dropwise sequentially before heating on a hotplate. A color change from very light blue to yellow-orange after 10 min indicates the likely presence of synthetic cathinones. The highly stable and specific test reagent has the potential for use in the presumptive screening of unknown samples for synthetic cathinones in a forensic laboratory. However, the nuisance of an added heating step for the color change result limits the test to laboratory application and decreases the likelihood of an easy translation to field testing.

Here we present a simple, inexpensive, and selective chemical spot test protocol for the detection of synthetic cathinones, a class of new psychoactive substances. The protocol is suitable for use in various areas of law enforcement that encounter illicit material.

合成 Cathinones の急速な検出のための推定ツールとして色スポット テスト

Synthetic cathinones are a large class of new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are increasingly prevalent in drug seizures made by law enforcement and ...

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry

There are many techniques that can be employed in the characterization of synthetic homopolymers, but few provide as useful of information for end group analysis as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). This tutorial demonstrates methods for optimization of the sample preparation, spectral acquisition, and data analysis of synthetic polymers using MALDI-TOF MS. Critical parameters during sample preparation include the selection of the matrix, identification of an appropriate cationization salt, and tuning the relative proportions of the matrix, cation, and analyte. The acquisition parameters, such as mode (linear or reflector), polarization (positive or negative), acceleration voltage, and delay time, are also important. Given some knowledge of the chemistry involved to synthesize the polymer and optimizing both the data acquisition parameters and the sample preparation conditions, spectra should be obtained with sufficient resolution and mass accuracy to enable the unambiguous determination of the end groups of most homopolymers (masses below 10,000) in addition to the repeat unit mass and the overall molecular weight distribution. Though demonstrated on a limited set of polymers, these general techniques are applicable to a much wider range of synthetic polymers for determining mass distributions, though end group determination is only possible for homopolymers with narrow dispersity.

Characterization of Synthetic Polymers via Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry

A protocol for the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) characterization of synthetic polymers is described including the optimization of sample preparation, spectral acquisition, and data analysis.

マトリクスによる合成高分子のキャラクタリゼーション支援レーザー脱離イオン化時間 (MALDI Tof) 質量分析装置

There are many techniques that can be employed in the characterization of synthetic homopolymers, but few provide as useful of information for end group ...

Light-driven Molecular Motors on Surfaces for Single Molecular Imaging

The design and synthesis of a synthetic system that aims for the direct visualization of a synthetic rotary motor at the single molecule level on surfaces are demonstrated. This work requires careful design, considerable synthetic effort, and proper analysis. The rotary motion of the molecular motor in solution is shown by 1H NMR and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy techniques. In addition, the method to graft the motor onto an amine-coated quartz is described. This method helps to gain more insight into molecular machines.

The manuscript describes how to synthesize and graft a molecular motor on surfaces for single molecular imaging.

単一分子イメージングの表面上の光駆動の分子モーター

The design and synthesis of a synthetic system that aims for the direct visualization of a synthetic rotary motor at the single molecule level on surfaces ...

A Facile Synthetic Method to Obtain Bismuth Oxyiodide Microspheres Highly Functional for the Photocatalytic Processes of Water Depuration

Bismuth oxyhalide (BiOI) is a promising material for sunlight-driven-environmental photocatalysis. Given that the physical structure of this kind of materials is highly related to its photocatalytic performance, it is necessary to standardize the synthetic methods in order to obtain the most functional architectures and, thus, the highest photocatalytic efficiency. Here, we report a reliable route to obtain BiOI microspheres via the solvothermal process, using Bi(NO3)3 and potassium iodide (KI) as precursors, and ethylene glycol as a template. The synthesis is standardized in a 150 mL autoclave, at 126 &#176;C for 18 h. This results in 2-3 &#181;m-sized mesoporous microspheres, with a relevant specific surface area (61.3 m2/g). Shortening the reaction times in the synthesis results in amorphous structures, while higher temperatures lead to a slight increase in the porosity of the microspheres, with no effect in the photocatalytic performance. The materials are photo-active under UV-A/visible light irradiation for the degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in water. This method has demonstrated to be effective in interlaboratory tests, obtaining similar BiOI microspheres in Mexican and Chilean research groups.

This article describes a synthetic method to obtain bismuth oxyiodide microspheres, which are highly functional to perform the photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants, such as ciprofloxacin, in water under UV-A/visible light irradiation.

水洗水の光触媒プロセスのビスマス Oxyiodide 微粒子高機能を取得する簡便な合成法

Bismuth oxyhalide (BiOI) is a promising material for sunlight-driven-environmental photocatalysis. Given that the physical structure of this kind of ...