1 N、N &#39;の合成- （1 -アルカン酸n-ジイル）diisonicotinamide <ol><li>すべての水分を除去されていることを確認するために、オーブン（100ºC、1時間）の単一首や3口丸底フラスコを乾燥させます。 </li><li>磁気撹拌棒と一緒にフラスコに、固体のイソニコチン酸、またはその誘導体を追加します。ジアミノリガンド（単数または複数）は、室温で固体である場合、（イソニコチン酸のモル数に対して）0.5モル、この段階でフラスコに添加する。 </li><li>ラバーセプタムでフラスコの首（複数可）キャップ、連続窒素気流を介して、または窒素を充填したバルーンを使用することでどちらの窒素でフラスコ内の空気を交換してください。 </li><li>固体を溶解し、無水ジメチルホルムアミド又はジメチルスルホキシド（イソニコチン酸又は2 - メチル - イソニコチン酸500mgの当たり4ml）に追加するために皮下注射針及び注射器を使用する。固体は容易に溶解しない場合は、溶液を穏やかに加熱する。 </li><li> Aに（7モル当量を追加トリエチルアミン（弱塩基）とジアミノアルカンの0.5モル当量の使用済みイソニコチン酸）のマウント。溶液は室温で液体である場合には、1.5モル当量を加える。 </li><li>連続的に攪拌しながら1 - プロピルホスホン酸無水物（カップリング剤）の1モル当量を添加し、反応物を5から12時間かけて完了させる。 </li></ol>リガンドの2。精製<ol><li> 10以上のメチレン基を持つジアミノリガンドを使用して作らビスピリジンリガンドの、反応の進行に伴って溶液から析出させた製品を待つ。 </li><li>ビスピリジンリガンドがジアミノオクタンを用いて作製するために、〜に40mlの水を添加して生成物を沈殿させる。 </li><li>ビスピリジンのために〜水40mlを加え、二から六メチレン基のジアミノアルカンを使用して作られ、化合物は、1〜3日かけて結晶化することができます。 </li><li>真空濾過により、各ビスピリジンリガンドを収集し、約400〜500ミリリットル200あたりの沸騰水から再結晶リガンドのミリグラム。注：詳細水は彼らの非常に減少水溶性のために長くビスピリジンリガンドのために必要です。 </li><li>化合物は、再結晶の際に、遊離塩基であることを保証するために溶液をNaOHおよびKOH（pH値9）を追加します。 </li></ol>二核白金錯体の3。合成および精製<ol><li>完全に明確な強く黄色溶液を生成するトランス diamminodichloridoplatinum（II）、transplatin、暑い中で（70から80℃）、水（transplatin 200mgの当たり150ミリリットル）を溶解。 </li><li>ビスピリジン配位子の0.5モル当量を追加し、リガンドが溶解（透明な溶液）になるまで温度で溶液を攪拌する。ソリューションは、近い無色回し、熱をオフにして、いくつかの追加時間室温で撹拌するのを待ちます。 </li><li>黄色の粉末を得るであろう、回転蒸発により溶媒を除去。 </li><li>最小暖かい水の量（〜50＆に溶解して、白金錯体（ES）を浄化する＃186、C）。残りの黄色または白色の固形物が存在する場合、これらのフィルタOFF。 </li><li>金属錯体のポリマー形態であると思われ、反応生成物の10％までを表し、白色の沈殿物が形成されるまで溶液にアセトンを加える。これ以上沈殿が表示されなくなるまで（〜エクストラ20〜30ミリリットル）アセトンの添加を続ける。注：この白い沈殿物が不純物である。 </li><li>ナイロン製濾紙（孔径0.2μm）と、純粋な生成物が得られる乾固するまで残った溶液を、回転蒸発を介してコンテンツをフィルタリングすることにより、この沈殿物を除去する。注：必要に応じて複合体が純粋になるまで、追加のアセトン沈殿工程を行うことができる。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Wheate, N. J., Walker, S., Craig, G. E., Oun, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+status+of+platinum+anticancer+drugs+in+the+clinic+and+in+clinical+trials.">The status of platinum anticancer drugs in the clinic and in clinical trials.</a> Dalton Trans. 39, 8113-8127 (2010).</li><li>Kiernan, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pain+with+platinum:+oxaliplatin+and+neuropathy.">The pain with platinum: oxaliplatin and neuropathy.</a> Eur. J. Cancer. 43, 2631-2633 (2007).</li><li>Markman, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+features+of+hypersensitivity+reactions+to+carboplatin.">Clinical features of hypersensitivity reactions to carboplatin.</a> J Clin. Oncol. 17, 1141-1145 (1999).</li><li>Ding, D., Allman, B. 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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

本研究では二核白金錯体は、潜在的な抗癌剤として合成されている。そうすることでビスピリジン架橋配位子は、イソニコチン酸可変長ジアミノアルカンを用いたアミドカップリング反応を介して合成した。以前は2〜8個のメチレン基およびそれらのそれぞれの白金錯体とビスピリジンリガンドおよびそのメチル類似体の合成が報告されている。本論文では、合成および精製方法は、それが?...

白金抗癌薬は、ヒト癌の治療における1薬剤の最も広く使用されている家族の一員のままである。それらの成功にもかかわらず、それらは重篤な用量を制限する副作用2-4によってその適用が制限される。患者に投与することができる限定された用量はまた、腫瘍が抵抗5を開発できることを意味する。このように、新たな薬物はphenanthriplatin 6およびphosphaplatin 7のように、副作用プロファイルを改善し、獲得耐性を克服するために開発され続けている。 1990年代後半に、三核プラチナ薬が開発された、BBR3464（ スキーム1）8、すなわち大手プラチナ薬剤、シスプラチンより試験管内で最大1,000 Xより細胞傷害性である。 BBR3464はまた、ヒト癌細胞株のパネル9で取得された耐性を克服することができる。残念ながら、BBR3464の活性の増加は50にマッチさ - 100に - 高い毒性を折り、そのその使用10月12日に制限されます。それはまた、簡単に、薬物のほとんどを意味する、体内で分解されるには、9そのまま癌の核に到達した。 ピコプラチンは、2 -メチル-ピリジン配位子（ スキーム1）13 を含有する単核白金系薬物である。この薬のメチル基は、生物学的な求核攻撃から保護します。ペプチド/タンパク質14〜16を含む特定のシステインおよびメチオニン。このように、薬物は非常に安定であり、BBR3464 17およびシスプラチンの両方と比較して癌核に達するはるかに高い濃度を有する。その還元反応性もピコプラチンはBBR3464とシスプラチン10,18,19と比較して、より高い最大耐量を有している。 このプロジェクトは、したがって、改善された生物学的安定性や重症度の低い副作用EFFEを表示する獲得耐性を克服することができます新薬を生産するBBR3464とピコプラチンの特性を組み合わせるように努めたカラット（ 例えば 、 図1）。そうすることで、二核白金錯体の範囲は、ビスピリジン架橋配位子20で調製した。リガンドは、イソニコチン酸、又は2 - メチル - イソニコチン酸、可変長ジアミノアルカンのようなその誘導体とのアミドカップリング反応を用いて製造される。 transplatin二モル当量の配位子の1モル当量の反応は、所望の白金錯体（ スキーム1）を得る。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="782">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:297px;">D2O</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">151882</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">99.9% D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:297px;">DMSO-d6</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">156914</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">99.96% D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:297px;">1,8-diaminooctane</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">D22401</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:152px;">98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:297px;">1,10-diaminodecane</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">D14204</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:152px;">98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:297px;">1,12-diaminododecane</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">D1,640-1</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:152px;">98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">Isonicotinic acid</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">I17508</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:152px;">99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:297px;">1-Propylphosphonic anhydride solution</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">431303</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">50 wt% in ethyl acetate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="100">
			<td height="100" style="height:100px;width:297px;">Trans-diaminodichloridoplatinum(II)</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">P1525</td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Dimethylsulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Z76855</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">&#62;99.9%, anhydrous</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">N,N&#8217;-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:159px;">227056</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">99.8%, anhydrous</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Triethylamine</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">T0886</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">&#62;99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Nylon filter membranes</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">7402-004</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Pore size, 0.2 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Magnetic stirring hotplate</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Magnetic stirring bar&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Round bottom or three neck flask</td>
			<td style="width:175px;"></td>
			<td style="width:159px;"></td>
			<td style="width:152px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">Rubber septums of sufficient size for chosen round bottom or three neck flask</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">5 mL hypodermic syringes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Hypodermic needles</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Rubber party ballons</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Rubber bands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:297px;">A source of N2 gas</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Rotary evaporator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Drying oven</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">NMR tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">NMR spectrometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">500 mL beakers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Glass or plastic pipettes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

amide coupling reaction for the synthesis of bispyridine-based ligands and their complexation to platinum as dinuclear anticancer agents

Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. Isonicotinic acid, or its derivatives, are coupled to variable length diaminoalkane chains under an inert atmosphere in anhydrous DMF or DMSO with the use of a weak base, triethylamine, and a coupling agent, 1-propylphosphonic anhydride. The products precipitate from solution upon formation or can be precipitated by the addition of water. If desired, the ligands can be further purified by recrystallization from hot water. Dinuclear platinum complex synthesis using the bispyridine ligands is done in hot water using transplatin. The most informative of the chemical characterization techniques to determine the structure and gross purity of both the bispyridine ligands and the final platinum complexes is 1H NMR with particular analysis of the aromatic region of the spectra (7-9 ppm). The platinum complexes have potential application as anticancer agents and the synthesis method can be modified to produce trinuclear and other multinuclear complexes with different hydrogen bonding functionality in the bridging ligand.

ビスピリジンリガンドおよびそれらのそれぞれの二核白金錯体は1 H、13 Cおよび195にPt NMR（ 表1および2）、およびエレクトロスプレーイオン化質量分析により特徴付けられる。正確な融点は最高のC、HおよびNの含有率の元素分析によって決定される示差走査熱量測定および純度を用いて決定することができる。それが決定的に成功したアミドカップリ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents at JoVE.com

Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

このプロトコルは、抗癌剤BBR3464とピコプラチンの態様を組み合わせた多核白金錯体の合成に使用するのに好適な架橋配位子を形成するためのイソニコチン酸とジアミノアルカンのアミドカップリング反応の使用を記載している。

ビスピリジン系リガンドの合成と二核抗癌剤として白金彼らの複合体形成のためのアミドカップリング反応

Amide coupling reactions can be used to synthesize bispyridine-based ligands for use as bridging linkers in multinuclear platinum anticancer drugs. ...

amide-coupling-reaction-for-synthesis-bispyridine-based-ligands-their

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

13.8K ビュー.  The University of Sydney. このプロトコルは、抗癌剤BBR3464とピコプラチンの態様を組み合わせた多核白金錯体の合成に使用するのに好適な架橋配位子を形成するためのイソニコチン酸とジアミノアルカンのアミドカップリング反応の使用を記載している。 

ビデオ: Amide Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Bispyridine-based Ligands and Their Complexation to Platinum as Dinuclear Anticancer Agents

Anticancer Metal Complexes: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation by the MTT Assay

Titanium (IV) and vanadium (V) complexes are highly potent anticancer agents. A challenge in their synthesis refers to their hydrolytic instability; therefore their preparation should be conducted under an inert atmosphere. Evaluation of the anticancer activity of these complexes can be achieved by the MTT assay.
The MTT assay is a colorimetric viability assay based on enzymatic reduction of the MTT molecule to formazan when it is exposed to viable cells. The outcome of the reduction is a color change of the MTT molecule. Absorbance measurements relative to a control determine the percentage of remaining viable cancer cells following their treatment with varying concentrations of a tested compound, which is translated to the compound anticancer activity and its IC50 values. The MTT assay is widely common in cytotoxicity studies due to its accuracy, rapidity, and relative simplicity.
Herein we present a detailed protocol for the synthesis of air sensitive metal based drugs and cell viability measurements, including preparation of the cell plates, incubation of the compounds with the cells, viability measurements using the MTT assay, and determination of IC50 values.

A method for synthesis of air-sensitive titanium and vanadium anticancer agents is described, along with the evaluation of their cytotoxic activity towards human cancer cell line by the MTT Assay.

MTTアッセイにより合成と細胞毒性の評価：抗がん金属錯体

Titanium (IV) and vanadium (V) complexes are highly potent anticancer agents. A challenge in their synthesis refers to their hydrolytic instability; ...

化学

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid phase by using combinatorial chemistry. One of the most well studied classes of peptidomimetics is peptoids. Peptoids are easy to synthesize and have been shown to be proteolysis-resistant and cell-permeable. Over the past decade, many useful protein ligands have been identified through screening of peptoid libraries. However, most of the ligands identified from peptoid libraries do not display high affinity, with rare exceptions. This may be due, in part, to the lack of chiral centers and conformational constraints in peptoid molecules. Recently, we described a new synthetic route to access peptide tertiary amides (PTAs). PTAs are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. With side chains on both &#945;-carbon and main chain nitrogen atoms, the conformation of these molecules are greatly constrained by sterical hindrance and allylic 1,3 strain. (Figure 1) Our study suggests that these PTA molecules are highly structured in solution and can be used to identify protein ligands. We believe that these molecules can be a future source of high-affinity protein ligands. Here we describe the synthetic method combining the power of both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a sample one-bead one-compound (OBOC) library of PTAs.

Peptide tertiary amides (PTAs) are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. Here we describe a synthetic method which combines&#160;both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a one-bead one-compound library of PTAs.

ペプチド第三級アミドライブラリのスプリット·アンド·プールの合成とキャラクタリゼーション

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid ...

Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties

We demonstrate a novel synthesis strategy for the preparation of Pr-doped SrTiO3 ceramics via a combination of solid state reaction and spark plasma sintering techniques. Polycrystalline ceramics possessing a unique morphology can be achieved by optimizing the process parameters, particularly spark plasma sintering heating rate. The phase and morphology of the synthesized ceramics were investigated in detail using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microcopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. It was observed that the grains of these bulk Pr-doped SrTiO3 ceramics were enhanced with Pr-rich grain boundaries. Electronic and thermal transport properties were also investigated as a function of temperature and doping concentration. Such a microstructure was found to give rise to improved thermoelectric properties. Specifically, it resulted in a significant improvement in carrier mobility and the thermoelectric power factor. Simultaneously, it also led to a marked reduction in the thermal conductivity. As a result, a significant improvement (> 30%) in the thermoelectric figure of merit was achieved for the whole temperature range over all previously reported maximum values for SrTiO3-based ceramics. This synthesis demonstrates the steps for the preparation of bulk polycrystalline ceramics of non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3.

Synthesis of Non-uniformly Pr-doped SrTiO3 Ceramics and Their Thermoelectric Properties

A protocol for the synthesis and processing of polycrystalline SrTiO3 ceramics doped non-uniformly with Pr is presented along with the investigation of their thermoelectric properties.

非均一のPrをドープしたチタン酸ストロンチウムの合成<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;セラミックスとその熱電特性

We demonstrate a novel synthesis strategy for the preparation of Pr-doped SrTiO3 ceramics via a combination of solid state reaction and spark plasma ...

Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry of Nanosize Monosodium Titanate

This paper describes the synthesis and peroxide-modification of nanosize monosodium titanate (nMST), along with an ion-exchange reaction to load the material with Au(III) ions. The synthesis method was derived from a sol-gel process used to produce micron-sized monosodium titanate (MST), with several key modifications, including altering reagent concentrations, omitting a particle seed step, and introducing a non-ionic surfactant to facilitate control of particle formation and growth. The resultant nMST material exhibits spherical-shaped particle morphology with a monodisperse distribution of particle diameters in the range from 100 to 150&#160;nm. The nMST material was found to have a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 285 m2g-1, which is more than an order of magnitude higher than the micron-sized MST. The isoelectric point of the nMST measured 3.34 pH units, which is a pH unit lower than that measured for the micron-size MST. The nMST material was found to serve as an effective ion exchanger under weakly acidic conditions for the preparation of an Au(III)-exchange nanotitanate. In addition, the formation of the corresponding peroxotitanate was demonstrated by reaction of the nMST with hydrogen peroxide.

The surfactant mediated sol-gel synthesis of nanosized monosodium titanate is described, along with preparation of the corresponding peroxide modified material. An ion-exchange reaction with Au(III) is also presented.

ナノサイズ一ナトリウムチタン酸の合成と反応化学

This paper describes the synthesis and peroxide-modification of nanosize monosodium titanate (nMST), along with an ion-exchange reaction to load the ...

HKUST-1 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Vanillin

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately 200 different odorant compounds in addition to vanillin. The natural extraction of vanillin (from the orchid Vanilla planifolia, Vanilla tahitiensis and Vanilla pompon) represents only 1% of the worldwide production and since this process is expensive and very long, the rest of the production of vanillin is synthesized. Many biotechnological approaches can be used for the synthesis of vanillin from lignin, phenolic stilbenes, isoeugenol, eugenol, guaicol, etc., with the disadvantage of harming the environment since these processes use strong oxidizing agents and toxic solvents. Thus, eco-friendly alternatives on the production of vanillin are very desirable and thus, under current investigation. Porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are a new class of highly crystalline materials that recently have been used for catalysis. HKUST-1 (Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)3, BTC = 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylate) is a very well known PCP which has been extensively studied as a heterogeneous catalyst. Here, we report a synthetic strategy for the production of vanillin by the oxidation of trans-ferulic acid using HKUST-1 as a catalyst.

The conversion of trans-ferulic acid to vanillin was achieved by heterogeneous catalysis. HKUST-1 was employed in this synthesis and the essential step in the catalytic process was the generation of unsaturated metal sites. Thus, when the catalyst was activated under vacuum, full vanillin conversion (yield of 95%) was obtained.

HKUST-1バニリンの合成のための不均一触媒として、

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanomedicine, fluorescent microscopy and systems chemistry. For many of these applications, specificity of the bioconjugation method used is of prime concern. The Michael addition of maleimides with cysteine(s) on the target proteins is highly selective and proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, making it one of the most popular methods for protein bioconjugation.
We demonstrate here the modification of the only surface-accessible cysteine residue on yeast cytochrome c with a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine maleimide. The protein bioconjugation is verified by gel electrophoresis and purified by aqueous-based fast protein liquid chromatography in 27% yield of isolated protein material. Structural characterization with MALDI-TOF MS and UV-Vis is then used to verify that the bioconjugation is successful. The protocol shown here is easily applicable to other cysteine - maleimide coupling of proteins to other proteins, dyes, drugs or polymers.

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

This protocol details the important steps required for the bioconjugation of a cysteine containing protein to a maleimide, including reagent purification, reaction conditions, bioconjugate purification and bioconjugate characterization.

タンパク質のバイオコンジュゲートの合成<em&gt;経由で</em&gt;システイン - マレイミドケミストリー

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of cyclic polymers and a protocol for characterizing their diffusive motion in a melt state at the single molecule level. An electrostatic self-assembly and covalent fixation (ESA-CF) process is used for the synthesis of the cyclic poly(tetrahydrofuran) (poly(THF)). The diffusive motion of individual cyclic polymer chains in a melt state is visualized using single molecule fluorescence imaging by incorporating a fluorophore unit in the cyclic chains. The diffusive motion of the chains is quantitatively characterized by means of a combination of mean-squared displacement (MSD) analysis and a cumulative distribution function (CDF) analysis. The cyclic polymer exhibits multiple-mode diffusion which is distinct from its linear counterpart. The results demonstrate that the diffusional heterogeneity of polymers that is often hidden behind ensemble averaging can be revealed by the efficient synthesis of the cyclic polymers using the ESA-CF process and the quantitative analysis of the diffusive motion at the single molecule level using the MSD and CDF analyses.

A protocol for the synthesis and characterization of diffusive motion of cyclic polymers at the single molecule level is presented.

単一分子レベルでの環状ポリマーの合成と溶融状態におけるそれらの拡散運動のキャラクタリゼーション

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of cyclic polymers and a protocol for characterizing their diffusive motion in a melt state at the single ...

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Paramagnetic complexes of gadolinium(III) with acyclic or macrocyclic chelates are the most commonly used contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Their purpose is to enhance the relaxation rate of water protons in tissue, thus increasing the MR image contrast and the specificity of the MRI measurements. Current clinically approved contrast agents are low molecular weight molecules that are rapidly cleared from the body. The use of dendrimers as carriers of paramagnetic chelators can play an important role in the future development of more efficient MRI contrast agents. Specifically, the increase in local concentration of the paramagnetic species results in a higher signal contrast. Furthermore, this CA provides a longer tissue retention time due to its high molecular weight and size. Here, we demonstrate a convenient procedure for the preparation of macromolecular MRI contrast agents based on poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with monomacrocyclic DOTA-type chelators (DOTA &#8211; 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate). The chelating unit was appended by exploiting the reactivity of the isothiocyanate (NCS) group towards the amine surface groups of the PAMAM dendrimer to form thiourea bridges. Dendrimeric products were purified and analyzed by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Finally, high resolution MR images were recorded and the signal contrasts obtained from the prepared dendrimeric and the commercially available monomeric agents were compared.

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

This protocol describes the preparation and characterization of a dendrimeric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent that carries cyclen-based macrocyclic chelates coordinating paramagnetic gadolinium ions. In a series of MRI experiments in vitro, this agent produced an amplified MRI signal when compared to the commercially available monomeric analogue.

調製と<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;磁気共鳴イメージングのためのデンドリマーベースの造影剤のキャラクタリゼーション

Paramagnetic complexes of gadolinium(III) with acyclic or macrocyclic chelates are the most commonly used contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance ...

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction. Spontaneous galvanic displacement was used to deposit Pt layers onto Ni nanowire substrates. The synthesis approach produced catalysts with high specific activities and high Pt surface areas. Hydrogen annealing improved Pt and Ni mixing and specific activity. Acid leaching was used to preferentially remove Ni near the nanowire surface, and oxygen annealing was used to stabilize near-surface Ni, improving durability and minimizing Ni dissolution. These protocols detail the optimization of each post-synthesis processing step, including hydrogen annealing to 250 &#176;C, exposure to 0.1 M nitric acid, and oxygen annealing to 175 &#176;C. Through these steps, Pt-Ni nanowires produced increased activities more than an order of magnitude than Pt nanoparticles, while offering significant durability improvements. The presented protocols are based on Pt-Ni systems in the development of fuel cell catalysts. These techniques have also been used for a variety of metal combinations, and can be applied to develop catalysts for a number of electrochemical processes.

&#160; The protocol describes the synthesis and electrochemical testing of platinum-nickel nanowires. Nanowires were synthesized by the galvanic displacement of a nickel nanowire template. Post-synthesis processing, including hydrogen annealing, acid leaching, and oxygen annealing were used to optimize nanowire performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction.

ナノワイヤーの合成プラチナ ニッケルと酸素還元性能の最適化

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen ...

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Bicyclic aziridinium ions were generated by the removal of an appropriate leaving group through internal nucleophilic attack by nitrogen atom in the aziridine ring. The utility of bicyclic aziridinium ions, specifically 1-azoniabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and 1-azoniabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate highlighted in the aziridine ring openings by the nucleophile with the release of the ring strain to yield the corresponding ring-expanded azaheterocycles such as pyrrolidine, piperidine and azepane with diverse substituents on the ring in regio- and stereospecific manner. Herein, we report a simple and convenient method for the preparation of the stable 1-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate followed by selective ring opening via a nucleophilic attack either at the bridge or at the bridgehead carbon to yield piperidine and azepane rings, respectively. This synthetic strategy allowed us to prepare biologically active natural products containing piperidine and azepane motif including sedamine, allosedamine, fagomine and balanol in highly efficient manner.

Bicyclic aziridinium ions such as 1-azoniabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate were generated from 2-[4-tolenesulfonyloxybutyl]aziridine, which was utilized for the preparation of substituted piperidines and azepanes via regio- and stereospecific ring-expansion with various nucleophiles. This highly efficient protocol allowed us to prepare diverse azaheterocycles including natural products such as fagomine, febrifugine analogue and balanol.

安定した二環性 Aziridinium イオンと開環の Azaheterocycles の合成のための準備

Bicyclic aziridinium ions were generated by the removal of an appropriate leaving group through internal nucleophilic attack by nitrogen atom in the ...