This work was funded by the Whitehall Foundation and the NIH. We thank Clifford Dax (University of Oregon Technical Support Administration) for his help and expertise in designing a circuit for light delivery.

注：オレゴン大学の動物実験委員会によって承認され、次のプロトコルが健康ガイドラインの国立研究所によるものである。 1.急性手術<ol><li>腹腔内（ip）注射した（ 表1）を介して、ケタミン-メデトミジンカクテルで動物を麻酔。 注：これらの実験で使用したマウスは、ドライバ·ライン（; SST-iCre12、SOMの+; CrをiCre12、CR + Pvalb-iCre11、PV +）を介在するCRE依存ChR2を-のeYFPトランスジェニックline10を交配することによって生成されます。 ChR2をまたは関連オプシンのウイルス送達は、同様の発現レベルが得られると仮定して、同様にうまく動作するはずです。 </li><li>手術を開始する前に、確実に、動物の展示穏やかつま先のピンチに応答がないという。麻酔のこの深さを維持するために必要に応じて、実験を通して麻酔薬を再投与する。注射用麻酔薬を使用する場合は、必要に応じてメンテナンス注射用のIPカテーテルを埋め込む。 </li><li>メンテナンス注射（ 表1）のために適切に希釈した麻酔薬のカクテルを使用することにより、たとえば、（約3ミリリットル/ kg /時間）、実験を通して生理食塩水または乳酸加リンゲル液で水和動物を保管してください。 </li><li>定位や他のヘッド保持装置における動物を置きます。頭蓋骨はよく固定されていることを確認してください。これにより、安定した単一細胞記録を維持するために不可欠である。 </li><li>乾燥を防ぐために、目にopthalamic軟膏を適用します。 36.5から37℃の体温を維持する。 </li><li>追記安定性のための脳槽ドレーンを実行します。手術用メスの刃を使用して、大槽マグナを露出するために頭蓋骨の後部面から組織を除去する。脳脊髄液を排出する硬膜に小さなニックを作る。刃のごく先端を使用し、小脳や脳幹に接触することは避けてください。 </li><li>メスを使用して、聴覚のために（対象の皮質領域の上に小さな開頭術（1~2 mm 2で） を行うブレグマの皮質、おおよそ-2.3 mmの後方、正中線の横4.5ミリメートル）。 </li><li>硬膜を取り出し、暖かいアガロースの層で0.5さらさ皮質をカバー - 1mm厚を（1.5％アガロース生理食塩水に、0.9％のNaCl;〜37℃で適用されます）。定期的に生理食塩水を数滴を適用することにより、実験を通して湿ったアガロースを保管してください。 </li></ol> 2.録画セットアップ<ol><li>タングステン電極（7〜14MΩ、127ミクロンの直径、12°テーパーチップ、エポキシコーティングされた）を準備します。ガラス毛細管に電極を瞬間接着剤と、グリップ（ 図1）のための熱収縮チューブを追加する。 </li><li>皮質表面に直交する移動するように設定電動（または油圧）マイクロマニピュレーター上に電極を、マウントします。頭蓋骨に対して、皮膚の下にワイヤー地面をスライドさせます。彼らは筋電図の成果物を生成することができますように頭部の側面と首の後ろに筋肉との接触を避ける。 </li><li>細胞外のアンプを用いて電気信号を増幅シングルユニット記録に適したLi FiのERが、好ましくは、インピーダンスチェックモードを装備。 2オシロスコープやパワードスピーカーのセット - 進行中のスパイク活動（5000 Hzのバンドパス300）を監視します。ここで、記録されたデータは、10kHzのサンプリングレートで連続的にデジタル化される。スパイクは、オフラインで抽出される。 </li><li>先端が皮質の表面に到達するまで、アガロースを介して電極を進める。顕微鏡でこの手順を守ってください。マイクロマニピュレータ上の &quot;ゼロ&quot;はこの位置。 </li><li>最高の記録の深さに近づけるために、視覚的に浸透の終わりに電極を引き出す際に電極先端がゼロの深さで皮質表面を出ることを確認します。 注：マニピュレータの読み取りと観測された電極位置の間に不一致は、それが組織に比べてドリフトしたことを示しています。これは、脳または動物、またはマニピュレータドリフトの不安定性によって引き起こされ得る。 <ol><li>ことを確実にするための追加のチェックとしてこのゼロ設定点は皮質の表面に対応する、組織の最初の数百メートルを進行しながら、刺激誘発電場電位を監視します。電場電位を監視する場合、10 Hzに細胞外アンプの低い帯域通過フィルタのカットオフを下げます。局所電場電位の極性は層I / IIの国境付近で13、〜100μmの深さを中心に反転させることを確認します。これは聴覚皮質のための信頼性の基準点であるが、それは他の皮質領域のために異なる場合があります。 </li></ol></li><li>手動マイクロマニピュレーター上に青色光源（ 図2）に結合された光ファイバをマウントします。顕微鏡を用いて、可能な限り、アガロースの表面に近いファイバの先端を位置決めする。電極が組織に入るビームをセンター。 </li><li>指定された幅とduratioのTTL（トランジスタ - トランジスタ論理）パルス列を送達することができる制御ユニットと、光源の出力を調整するn型、例えば、アルドゥイーノ（ 図3）、コンピュータI / Oカード（図示のように）、または市販のパルス発生器。 <ol><li>両方のオシロスコープ上の信号を監視します。 </li></ol></li><li>パワーメータを用いた光ファイバの先端に全光パワー出力（mW）を測定する。ファイバコアの断面積で割ることによって放射照度（ミリワット/ mm 2で） を計算するためにこの値を使用します。 10の範囲内の強度値で始まる- 15ミリワット/ mm 2であり、必要に応じて、アーチファクトが除去されるまで、下方向に調整する。 </li><li>組織に入るために態勢を整えて、アガロース内の電極、光のアーティファクトを確認してください。検索パルス列を起動します（ 例えば、30ミリ秒光パルス、500ミリ秒刺激間間隔（ISI））。 <ol><li>入射光の角度を変更するために、電極に対する光ファイバを再配置することにより、過渡光アーチファクト（ 図4）を除去する。アーティファクトが解決しない場合は、光パワーを減らしてみてください。目の中アーチファクトは、完全に排除することができない電子稀なケース（のみ最小化）、探索パルスの持続時間を延長する。これが本当のニューロンのスパイクを識別するのを助けることができる。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.ストレートPINPイン」 <ol><li>約1μm/秒の速度で脳をゆっくり電極を進める。継続的な活動を監視するために、1つのオシロスコープを使用してください。他方では、レーザパルスをオフトリガー。 </li><li>電極は、ChR2を+細胞に近づいていることが多い電気信号がオシロスコープ上明らかであるだけでなく前に知覚できることを示しオーディオモニター上に光誘発スパイクのかすかな「ハッシュ」、音を聞きます。前進速度を遅くする。 注：セルは、電極の経路内に直接にある場合、光誘発活動は大きな（そして大声で）成長します。電極は、単一の介在ニューロンに近づくと、ハッシュは、均一なサイズおよび形状の小さいが明確に定義されたスパイクに解決される。 </li><li>とすぐにLiなどGHT誘発スパイクは、そうすることを開始、オシロスコープ上で個別のオフを引き起こすのに十分な大きさである。スパイク波形の正確な形状を観察するために横軸にスケーリングを調整します。 </li><li>停止し、組織が安定するのを待つ。近いセルに電極を移動する誘惑に抵抗する。このステップでは、安定した記録のために重要である。数分後に、信号対雑音比が改善されない場合 - それは、組織が定着しているが、それは任意に近い電極の先端に細胞を持っていない - 事前さらに5ミクロンおよび再び待つ。 <ol><li>ピークまたは活動電位の谷のいずれかが確実に良くノイズフロア（ 例えば、+/- 300μV以上）の上に設定された電圧閾値と捉えることができるまで、このプロセスを繰り返します。 注：抑制性介在ニューロンをPINPingとき偽陽性または曖昧さの少ないリスクがあります。ほとんどの細胞は、容易に30ミリ秒の持続時間と間PULとのパルス列に従うことができます2-5ミリ秒（ 図5）の信頼性のある最初のスパイクレイテンシを持つSE間隔500ミリ秒、またはより速く、。 PV +細胞の大部分は、特に、完全な1秒（ 図6）のための焼成に耐えることができます。これらは抑制性ニューロンであるため、disynaptic（間接）活性化は主要な関心事ではありません。 </li></ol></li><li>記録しながら、最初のオシロスコープで継続的な活動を監視する。第二オシロスコープを使用したスパイクの大きさや形状に近い目を離さない。スピーカー上の彼らのサウンドの品質に注意してください。 <ol><li>セルは（それが刺しや損傷危険性がある）は、電極に接近しすぎて描画されるか、または離れて漂流していることを示す急激な変化のために聞き入る。スパイクが大きく歪む場合は、バックアウト。彼らは小さく成長する場合には、電極を進める。 2μmのステップでゆっくりと移動します。 </li><li>ピークまたは谷に揃え、すべてのスパイク波形を、重ね合わせることにより記録事後の品質を確認してください。電圧THRESを変えるホールド。しきい値の幅広い、しか均一な高さ（ 図5a）のいずれかの一貫性のあるスパイク形状があるはずです。 </li></ol></li><li>いずれかの時点で信号が隣接ニューロンからのスパイクで汚れた場合は、上に移動します。電極は、隣接セルの範囲外に渡すが、標的ニューロンの範囲内に残ることをオフのチャンスに、ゆっくりと進める。 （これは通常、成功しません。） </li><li>各浸透皮質の深さ全体（900 +μm）を介して電極を移動します。何光応答性ニューロンは逆に、記録は日常の隣接ChR2-細胞からのスパイクで汚染されている多くの侵入や、後に遭遇されていない場合は、新しい電極を試してみてください。 注：でも、単一のバッチ内で、個別電極のインピーダンスと先端形状がかなり変化することができます。両方の要因は、WH-光誘発スパイクを検出するのに十分な大きさでなければならない電極の有効」を聞い半径」に貢献Ileの検索は、まだ単独での単一ニューロン記録を可能にするために十分な制限された。 </li><li>必要に応じて、電極のインピーダンスをテストします。組織の損傷を避けるため、よく脳の外側に、アガロース層の上部に電極の先端でこれを行う。 7-14MΩの範囲内で、正確なインピーダンスは、このアプリケーションの性能、歩留まりの予測を確認し、ない。とは言う、それは半径を聴くための合理的なプロキシです：低インピーダンス電極は、より多くのユニットを拾う。高インピーダンス、少ない。 </li><li>実験の最後に、そのような麻酔薬の過剰投与、または麻酔の深い面下に頸椎脱臼などの制度的認定の手段により動物を安楽死させる。 </li></ol>

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The authors have no competing financial interests.

PINPは、概念的には簡単であるが、それは実際に挑戦することができます。成功の主要な決定は、電極の選択である。電気リスニング半径は重要なパラメータである。それは1つがそれに応じて前進速度を調整できるように、先端が、少し離れChR2を+細胞からまだあるときに光誘発スパイクを検出するのに十分な大きさでなければならない。同時に、それは優れた単体分離を可能にするために?...

Characterizing the myriad cell types that comprise the mammalian brain has been a central, but long-elusive goal of neurophysiology. For instance, the properties and function of different inhibitory cell types in the cerebral cortex are topics of great interest but are still relatively unknown. This is in part because conventional blind in vivo recording techniques are limited in their ability to distinguish between different cell types. Extracellular spike width can be used to separate putative parvalbumin-positive inhibitory neurons from excitatory pyramidal cells, but this method is subject to both type I and type II errors2,3. Alternatively, recorded neurons can be filled, recovered, and stained to later confirm their morphological and molecular identity, but this is a pain-staking and time-consuming process. Recently, genetically identified populations of inhibitory interneurons have become accessible by means of calcium imaging or visually guided patch recordings. In these approaches, viral or transgenic expression of a calcium reporter (such as GCaMP) or fluorescent protein (such as GFP) allows identification and characterization of cell types defined by promoter expression. These approaches use 2-photon microscopy, which requires expensive equipment, and are also limited to superficial cortical layers due to the light scattering properties of brain tissue. 
Recently, Lima and colleagues1 developed a novel application of optogenetics to target electrophysiological recordings to genetically identified neuronal types in vivo, termed &#8220;PINP&#8221; &#8211; or Photostimulation-assisted Identification of Neuronal Populations. Recordings are performed in mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in specific neuronal subpopulations. Members of the population are identified by their response to a brief flash of blue light. Unlike many other optogenetic applications, the goal is not to manipulate circuit function but simply to identify neurons belonging to a genetically-defined class, which can then be characterized during normal brain function. The technique can be implemented with standard extracellular recording equipment and can therefore serve as an accessible and inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching. Here we describe an approach to PINPing specific cell types in the anesthetized auditory cortex, with the expectation that the more general points can be usefully applied in other preparations and brain regions.
In cortex, PINP holds particular promise for investigating the in vivo response properties of inhibitory interneurons. GABAergic interneurons comprise a small, heterogeneous subset of cortical neurons4. Different subtypes, marked by the expression of particular molecular markers, have recently been shown to perform different computational roles in cortical circuits5-9. As genetic tools improve it may eventually be possible to distinguish morphologically- and physiologically-separable types that fall within these broad classes. We here share our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. This strategy was developed specifically for targeting parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, but we have found that it works for other interneuron types as well, such as somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) and calretinin-expressing (CR+) interneurons. Although PINPing is conceptually straightforward, it can be surprisingly unyielding in practice. We learned a number of tips and tricks through trial-and-error that may be useful to others attempting the method.

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a guide to in vivo single-unit recording from optogenetically identified cortical inhibitory interneurons

神経生理学における主要な課題は、大脳皮質に多数の阻害性の細胞型の応答特性および機能を特徴づけることであった。 ここで私たちは、リマと同僚1によって開発された方法を使用して麻酔をかけたマウスの大脳皮質内で識別抑制性介在ニューロンから安定し、十分に単離され、単一ユニット記録を取得するための戦略を共有しています。記録は、特定のニューロンの亜集団にチャネルロドプシン-2（ChR2を）を発現するマウスで行われる。集団のメンバーは、青色光の短いフラッシュに対する反応により同定される。 「PINP」と呼ば、またはニューロン集団の光刺激アシスト識別 - - この技術は、標準的な細胞外記録装置で実現することができる。これは、遺伝的に同定された細胞に細胞外記録を標的とする目的のために、カルシウムイメージングまたは視覚誘導パッチに安価でアクセス可能な代替物として機能することができる。 HERE私たちは毎日の練習方法を最適化するための一連のガイドラインを提供する。我々は、具体的にはパルブアルブミン陽性（PV +）細胞を標的化するための戦略を洗練が、それはそのようなソマトスタチン発現（SOM +）とカルレチニン発現（CR +）介在ニューロンとして、同様に他の介在ニューロンタイプのために働くことを見出した。

ここでは、「リマら 1。 表1の詳細を示唆麻酔カクテル、ケタミン-メデトミジン-アセプロマジンを（によって開発された光遺伝学的方法を使用して、麻酔したマウス皮質で遺伝的に分類された抑制性介在からシングルユニット記録を取得するための我々の戦略を共有するKMA」）。 図1は、4図3は、Arduinoのマイクロコントローラと光出力をゲーティング?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons at JoVE.com

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching.

へのガイド<em&gt;インビボ</emOptogenetically同定された皮質抑制性介在から&gt;シングル単位記録

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral ...

a-guide-to-vivo-single-unit-recording-from-optogenetically-identified

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

19.1K ビュー.  University of Oregon. Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching. 

ビデオ: A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic nerve. In vivo recordings of ganglion cell spike trains in several animal models have revealed much of what is known about how the early visual system processes and encodes visual information. However, such recordings have been rare in one of the most common animal models, the rat, possibly owing to difficulty in detecting spikes fired by small diameter axons. The many retinal disease models involving rats motivate a need for characterizing the functional properties of ganglion cells without disturbing the eye, as with intraocular or in vitro recordings. Here, we demonstrate a method for recording ganglion cell spike trains from the optic chiasm of the anesthetized rat. We first show how to fabricate tungsten-in-glass electrodes that can pick up electrical activity from single ganglion cell axons in rat. The electrodes outperform all commercial ones that we have tried. We then illustrate our custom-designed stereotaxic system for in vivo visual neurophysiology experiments and our procedures for animal preparation and reliable and stable electrode placement in the optic chiasm.

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Retinal ganglion cells transmit visual information from the eye to the brain with sequences of action potentials. Here, we demonstrate how to record the action potentials of single ganglion cells in vivo from anesthetized rats.

シングルユニット in vivoで</emラットの視交叉から>録音

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic ...

神経科学

Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation

Inhibitory neurons are crucial to cortical function. They comprise about 20% of the entire cortical neuronal population and can be further subdivided into diverse subtypes based on their immunochemical, morphological, and physiological properties1-4. Although previous research has revealed much about intrinsic properties of individual types of inhibitory neurons, knowledge about their local circuit connections is still relatively limited3,5,6. Given that each individual neuron's function is shaped by its excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input within cortical circuits, we have been using laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) to map local circuit connections to specific inhibitory cell types. Compared to conventional electrical stimulation or glutamate puff stimulation, LSPS has unique advantages allowing for extensive mapping and quantitative analysis of local functional inputs to individually recorded neurons3,7-9. Laser photostimulation via glutamate uncaging selectively activates neurons perisomatically, without activating axons of passage or distal dendrites, which ensures a sub-laminar mapping resolution. The sensitivity and efficiency of LSPS for mapping inputs from many stimulation sites over a large region are well suited for cortical circuit analysis.
Here we introduce the technique of LSPS combined with whole-cell patch clamping for local inhibitory circuit mapping. Targeted recordings of specific inhibitory cell types are facilitated by use of transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent proteins (GFP) in limited inhibitory neuron populations in the cortex3,10, which enables consistent sampling of the targeted cell types and unambiguous identification of the cell types recorded. As for LSPS mapping, we outline the system instrumentation, describe the experimental procedure and data acquisition, and present examples of circuit mapping in mouse primary somatosensory cortex. As illustrated in our experiments, caged glutamate is activated in a spatially restricted region of the brain slice by UV laser photolysis; simultaneous voltage-clamp recordings allow detection of photostimulation-evoked synaptic responses. Maps of either excitatory or inhibitory synaptic input to the targeted neuron are generated by scanning the laser beam to stimulate hundreds of potential presynaptic sites. Thus, LSPS enables the construction of detailed maps of synaptic inputs impinging onto specific types of inhibitory neurons through repeated experiments. Taken together, the photostimulation-based technique offers neuroscientists a powerful tool for determining the functional organization of local cortical circuits.

This paper introduces an approach of combining laser scanning photostimulation with whole cell recordings in transgenic mice expressing GFP in limited inhibitory neuron populations. The technique allows for extensive mapping and quantitative analysis of local synaptic circuits of specific inhibitory cortical neurons.

レーザースキャニングの光刺激によって抑制神経回路のマッピング

Inhibitory neurons are crucial to cortical function. They comprise about 20% of the entire cortical neuronal population and can be further subdivided into ...

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

Optogenetic methods have emerged as a powerful tool for elucidating neural circuit activity underlying a diverse set of behaviors across a broad range of species. Optogenetic tools of microbial origin consist of light-sensitive membrane proteins that are able to activate (e.g., channelrhodopsin-2, ChR2) or silence (e.g., halorhodopsin, NpHR) neural activity ingenetically-defined cell types over behaviorally-relevant timescales. We first demonstrate a simple approach for adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of ChR2 and NpHR transgenes to the dorsal subiculum and prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex in rat. Because ChR2 and NpHR are genetically targetable, we describe the use of this technology to control the electrical activity of specific populations of neurons (i.e., pyramidal neurons) embedded in heterogeneous tissue with high temporal precision. We describe herein the hardware, custom software user interface, and procedures that allow for simultaneous light delivery and electrical recording from transduced pyramidal neurons in an anesthetized in vivo preparation. These light-responsive tools provide the opportunity for identifying the causal contributions of different cell types to information processing and behavior.

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

The recent development of neuroscience tools that combine genetics and optics, termed "optogenetics", enables control over neural circuit activity with an unprecedented level of spatial and temporal resolution. Here we provide a protocol for integrating in vivo recording with optogenetic manipulation of genetically-defined subsets of prefrontal cortical and subicular pyramidal neurons.

個々の錐体細胞のハイフィデリティOptogenetic制御法<em&gt;インビボ</em

Optogenetic methods  have emerged as a powerful tool for elucidating neural circuit activity  underlying a diverse set of behaviors across a broad range ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

Morphologically-と神経化学的に特定し海馬介在ニューロンからホールセルパッチクランプ記録

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Simultaneous Electrophysiological Recording and Micro-injections of Inhibitory Agents in the Rodent Brain

Here we describe a method for the construction of a single-use &#8220;injectrode&#8221; using commercially accessible and affordable parts. A probing system was developed that allows for the injection of a drug while recording electrophysiological signals from the affected neuronal population. This method provides a simple and economical alternative to commercial solutions. A glass pipette was modified by combining it with a hypodermic needle and a silver filament. The injectrode is attached to commercial microsyringe pump for drug delivery. This results in a technique that provides real-time pharmacodynamics feedback through multi-unit extracellular signals originating from the site of drug delivery. As a proof of concept, we recorded neuronal activity from the superior colliculus elicited by flashes of light in rats, concomitantly with delivery of drugs through the injectrode. The injectrode recording capacity permits the functional characterization of the injection site favoring precise control over the localization of drug delivery. Application of this method also extends far beyond what is demonstrated here, as the choice of chemical substance loaded into the injectrode is vast, including tracing markers for anatomic experiments.

Here, we craft a glass pipette with dual functions: inhibition of deep brain structures by microinjections of drugs and real-time monitoring of their effects through simultaneous electrophysiological recordings.

同時電気生理学的記録およびげっ歯類の脳における阻害剤のマイクロ注射

Here we describe a method for the construction of a single-use &#8220;injectrode&#8221; using commercially accessible and affordable parts. A probing ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated proteins and subsequent manipulation of neural activity by light. Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated cation-channels and when fused to a fluorescent protein their expression allows for visualization and concurrent activation of specific cell types and their axonal projections in defined areas of the brain. Via stereotactic injection of viral vectors, ChR fusion proteins can be constitutively or conditionally expressed in specific cells of a defined brain region, and their axonal projections can subsequently be studied anatomically and functionally via ex vivo optogenetic activation in brain slices. This is of particular importance when aiming to understand synaptic properties of connections that could not be addressed with conventional electrical stimulation approaches, or in identifying novel afferent and efferent connectivity that was previously poorly understood. Here, a few examples illustrate how this technique can be applied to investigate these questions to elucidating fear-related circuits in the amygdala. The amygdala is a key region for acquisition and expression of fear, and storage of fear and emotional memories. Many lines of evidence suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) participates in different aspects of fear acquisition and extinction, but its precise connectivity with the amygdala is just starting to be understood. First, it is shown how ex vivo optogenetic activation can be used to study aspects of synaptic communication between mPFC afferents and target cells in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, it is illustrated how this ex vivo optogenetic approach can be applied to assess novel connectivity patterns using a group of GABAergic neurons in the amygdala, the paracapsular intercalated cell cluster (mpITC), as an example.

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are widely used to manipulate neural activity and assess the consequences for brain function. Here, a technique is outlined that&#160;upon in vivo expression of the optical activator Channelrhodopsin, allows for ex vivo analysis of synaptic properties of specific long range and local neural connections in fear-related circuits.

脳スライスにおける恐怖回路のex vivo光遺伝学解剖

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional investigation of long-range connections requires targeted recordings of single neurons combined with the specific stimulation of identified distant inputs. This is often difficult to achieve with conventional and electrical stimulation techniques, because axons from converging upstream brain areas may intermingle in the target region. The stereotaxic targeting of a specific brain region for virus-mediated expression of light-sensitive ion channels allows selective stimulation of axons originating from that region with light. Intracerebral stereotaxic injections can be used in well-delimited structures, such as the anterior thalamic nuclei, in addition to other subcortical or cortical areas throughout the brain.
Described here is a set of techniques for precise stereotaxic injection of viral vectors expressing channelrhodopsin in the mouse brain, followed by photostimulation of axon terminals in the brain slice preparation. These protocols are simple and widely applicable. In combination with whole-cell patch clamp recording from a postsynaptically connected neuron, photostimulation of axons allows the detection of functional synaptic connections, pharmacological characterization, and evaluation of their strength. In addition, biocytin filling of the recorded neuron can be used for post-hoc morphological identification of the postsynaptic neuron.

This protocol describes a set of methods to identify the cell-type specific functional connectivity of long-range inputs from distant brain regions using optogenetic stimulations in ex vivo brain slices.

マウス脳スライスにおける長距離入力の光遺伝学的刺激のための生体内脳内立体注射

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional ...

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Anesthetics influence consciousness in part via their actions on thalamocortical circuits. However, the extent to which volatile anesthetics affect distinct cellular and network components of these circuits remains unclear. Ex vivo brain slices provide a means by which investigators may probe discrete components of complex networks and disentangle potential mechanisms underlying the effects of volatile anesthetics on evoked responses. To isolate potential cell type- and pathway-specific drug effects in brain slices, investigators must be able to independently activate afferent fiber pathways, identify non-overlapping populations of cells, and apply volatile anesthetics to the tissue in aqueous solution. In this protocol, methods to measure optogenetically-evoked responses to two independent afferent pathways to neocortex in ex vivo brain slices are described. Extracellular responses are recorded to assay network activity and targeted whole-cell patch clamp recordings are conducted in somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Delivery of physiologically relevant concentrations of isoflurane via artificial cerebral spinal fluid to modulate cellular and network responses is described.

Ex vivo brain slices can be used to study the effects of volatile anesthetics on evoked responses to afferent inputs. Optogenetics are employed to independently activate thalamocortical and corticocortical afferents to non-primary neocortex, and synaptic and network responses are modulated with isoflurane.

脳スライスにおける求心性経路の光遺伝学的活性化と揮発性麻酔薬による応答の調節

Anesthetics influence consciousness in part via their actions on thalamocortical circuits. However, the extent to which volatile anesthetics affect ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Studying the physiological properties of specific synapses in the brain, and how they undergo plastic changes, is a key challenge in modern neuroscience. Traditional in vitro electrophysiological techniques use electrical stimulation to evoke synaptic transmission. A major drawback of this method is its nonspecific nature; all axons in the region of the stimulating electrode will be activated, making it difficult to attribute an effect to a particular afferent connection. This issue can be overcome by replacing electrical stimulation with optogenetic-based stimulation. We describe a method for combining optogenetics with in vitro patch-clamp recordings. This is a powerful tool for the study of both basal synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity of precise anatomically defined synaptic connections and is applicable to almost any pathway in the brain. Here, we describe the preparation and handling of a viral vector encoding channelrhodopsin protein for surgical injection into a pre-synaptic region of interest (medial prefrontal cortex) in the rodent brain and making of acute slices of downstream target regions (lateral entorhinal cortex). A detailed procedure for combining patch-clamp recordings with synaptic activation by light stimulation to study short- and long-term synaptic plasticity is also presented. We discuss examples of experiments that achieve pathway- and cell-specificity by combining optogenetics and Cre-dependent cell labeling. Finally, histological confirmation of the pre-synaptic region of interest is described along with biocytin labeling of the post-synaptic cell, to allow further identification of the precise location and cell type.

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Here we present a protocol describing viral transduction of discrete brain regions with optogenetic constructs to permit synapse-specific electrophysiological characterization in acute rodent brain slices.

エクスビボ 内側前頭前野から外側嗅内皮質への長距離シナプス伝達と可塑性の光遺伝学的調べ

Studying the physiological properties of specific synapses in the brain, and how they undergo plastic changes, is a key challenge in modern neuroscience. ...

In Vivo Recording of Intracellular Signals from a Single Neuron

Source: Altwegg-Boussac, T., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/53576">Induction of an Isoelectric Brain State to Investigate the Impact of Endogenous Synaptic Activity on Neuronal Excitability In Vivo.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2016).
This video demonstrates the recording of electrical signals from single brain neurons using a fine-tipped glass micropipette and a specialized setup. The micropipette is carefully inserted into the rat&#39;s brain and is buzzed to penetrate the neuron to record internal neuronal electrical signals.

単一ニューロンからの細胞内シグナルのin vivo記録

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. ...

へのガイド

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

シングルユニット in vivoで録音

レーザースキャニングの光刺激によって抑制神経回路のマッピング

個々の錐体細胞のハイフィデリティOptogenetic制御法

Morphologically-と神経化学的に特定し海馬介在ニューロンからホールセルパッチクランプ記録

同時電気生理学的記録およびげっ歯類の脳における阻害剤のマイクロ注射

脳スライスにおける恐怖回路のex vivo光遺伝学解剖

マウス脳スライスにおける長距離入力の光遺伝学的刺激のための生体内脳内立体注射

脳スライスにおける求心性経路の光遺伝学的活性化と揮発性麻酔薬による応答の調節

エクスビボ内側前頭前野から外側嗅内皮質への長距離シナプス伝達と可塑性の光遺伝学的調べ

単一ニューロンからの細胞内シグナルのin vivo記録

へのガイド

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

シングルユニット in vivoで録音

レーザースキャニングの光刺激によって抑制神経回路のマッピング

個々の錐体細胞のハイフィデリティOptogenetic制御法

Morphologically-と神経化学的に特定し海馬介在ニューロンからホールセルパッチクランプ記録

同時電気生理学的記録およびげっ歯類の脳における阻害剤のマイクロ注射

脳スライスにおける恐怖回路のex vivo光遺伝学解剖

マウス脳スライスにおける長距離入力の光遺伝学的刺激のための生体内脳内立体注射

脳スライスにおける求心性経路の光遺伝学的活性化と揮発性麻酔薬による応答の調節

エクスビボ 内側前頭前野から外側嗅内皮質への長距離シナプス伝達と可塑性の光遺伝学的調べ

単一ニューロンからの細胞内シグナルのin vivo記録

エクスビボ内側前頭前野から外側嗅内皮質への長距離シナプス伝達と可塑性の光遺伝学的調べ