This work was partially supported by B.G. Negev technology and Linda Powers's contribution.

動物実験は、ベングリオン大学（IL-39-08-2010）における動物実験のための倫理委員会によって承認された。 1マウス脳タンパク質抽出<ol><li>各氷上で5ミリリットルリンゲル液と場所のチューブを含む15ミリリットルの3つのチューブを準備します。 </li><li>頸椎脱臼即時断頭続い10-20秒間 - （化学フードを使う注意）イソフルラン麻酔を使用して、マウスを生け贄に捧げる。 </li><li>頭蓋骨から脳を取り出し、脳組織への損傷を防ぐために、氷冷リンゲル液で数秒間すすぐ。 </li><li>外科用メスを使用して、前頭皮質から小脳（CR）と脳幹（BS）を分離。次に、脳幹から小脳を分離および前頭皮質から前頭葉（FL）をカット。前頭葉から嗅球を削除します。指定された15ミリリットルのチューブに3脳領域を配置します。 </li><li>各チューブ内の組織を均質化する。 FRを追加ESHの氷冷リンゲル液、各チューブは、800×gで7分間、同じボリュームや遠心分離機が含まれています。 </li><li>上清を除去し、各チューブにCHAPS溶解バッファー100μlを加える。 21 Gの針を1mlシリンジに溶液を数回（〜10）を渡すことで、よく混ぜ、そして30分間、氷上でインキュベートする。 </li><li> 13000×gで30分間、新しいマイクロ遠心チューブと遠心分離機に各チューブの内容を転送します。新しいマイクロ遠心チューブに上清を移し、以前に確立された方法を用いてタンパク質濃度を決定。 -80℃で10μlの一定分量におけるタンパク質抽出物を保管してください。 </li></ol> 2楽器のTRAPアッセイの準備、反応溶液、およびタンパク質希釈の計算<ol><li>タンパク質抽出物希釈液とテロメラーゼ反応バッファー用のラベル微量遠心管の適切な数を用意してください。汚染を防ぐためにフィルターチップを使用して、プロトコルのすべてのピペット操作を実行します。 </li&gt; <li> TRAP反応ミックス10倍、TSプライマー、のdNTP、UPWとタンパク質抽出物（試薬および試薬濃度のための材料の表を参照してください）​​：氷上で以下の手段を解凍する。 </li><li>超純水（UPW）を使用して、を1μg/μlの最終濃度までタンパク質抽出物の溶液を希釈する。 </li></ol> 3テロメラーゼ反応<ol><li> 2μlのTRAPミックス（10倍）、1μlのTSプライマー（0.1μg）を、1μlのdNTPを（10 mM）をし、15μlの超純水：マイクロ遠心チューブに以下を追加することによって、テロメラーゼ反応ミックスを調製する。複数のサンプルについては、サンプル数、1を加えたことによって、前述のボリュームを掛けます。 </li><li>各反応管に反応ミックス19μLを加え、20μlの最終容量のために各チューブに希釈したタンパク質抽出物を1μl（1μgのタンパク質）を追加します。 </li><li> 45分間30℃に予熱した水浴中で反応チューブを配置します。 </li></ol> 4 PCR反応<ol><li>フィフティーンマイルACXプライマー、チタンのTaqバッファー、UPW：nのテロメラーゼ反応の終了前に、次の解決策を解凍。 </li><li> 2.5μlのチタンのTaqバッファー（10倍）、1μlのACXプライマー（0.1μg）を、2μlの（ICが使用されている1μl）を超純水と0.5μlのチタンTaqポリメラーゼ：マイクロ遠心チューブに以下を追加することで、PCR反応ミックスを調製する（50X）。複数のサンプルのために、試料を加えた2の数によって、上記のボリュームを掛けます。 </li><li>各PCRチューブにPCRミックス6μlのを追加し、26μlの最終容量のために各チューブにテロメラーゼ反応（20μL）のボリューム全体を追加します。 </li><li>のPCRサーモサイクラーにPCRチューブを挿入し、次のプログラムを実行します。 - 90°C - 2分。 - 94℃ - 30秒*。 - 60℃ - 30秒*。 - 72℃ - 45秒​​。 - 72℃ - 2分。 -20℃で保存PCR産物。 * = 34サイクル</li></ol> 5。アガロースミニGELの準備、実行サンプル、およびゲル染色<ol><li> 25ミリリットルチルド電気泳動バッファー（TBE）と緩衝液の2〜4倍のボリュームであり、ゆっくりと高解像度（HR）アガロースの粉末1.125グラムで溶液が急速に撹拌している間に振りかけるビーカーに攪拌棒を追加します。 。攪拌棒を取り外し、換気のための小さな穴にプラスチック製のラップやピアスを入れたビーカーをカバーしています。 3分間の「低」の電源をマイクロ波中、ビーカーを加熱した後、「ハイ」の電源に切り替え、こぼれる原因にさせないように注意しながら短パルス内の溶液を加熱する。加熱により作成されたフォームが数秒後に大きな気泡となって消滅する際、アガロースの準備ができていることに注意してください。 </li><li>ゲルは室温で固化した後、ゲルは、使用前に4℃で20分間冷やしできるように、水平ミニゲル装置にゲルをキャスト。 </li><li> TRAPサンプル25μlを（20μlのTRAPのPCR産物と5μlの6×ゲルローディング色素）を各レーンにロードし、11で実行4℃の低温室での3時間0 V。 </li><li> 15μlの10,000倍の核酸染色、0.1MのNaCl（0.29グラム）で50mlの再蒸留水（DDW）の原液を添加することにより、ソリューションの作業核酸染色の3倍を準備します。穏やかに振盪しながら20分間ゲルを染色。 </li><li> TRAPラダーDNAバンドを表示するには、302 nmの波長のUVトランスイルミネーターを使用してください。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Urquidi, V., Tarin, D., Goodison, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+telomerase+in+cell+senescence+and+oncogenesis.">Role of telomerase in cell senescence and oncogenesis.</a> Annu Rev Med. 51, 65-79 (2000).</li><li>Cong, Y., Shay, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actions+of+human+telomerase+beyond+telomeres.">Actions of human telomerase beyond telomeres.</a> Cell Res. 18, 725-732 (2008).</li><li>Tichon, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+stress+protection+by+novel+telomerase+activators+in+mesenchymal+stem+cells+derived+from+healthy+and+diseased+individuals.">Oxidative stress protection by novel telomerase activators in mesenchymal stem cells derived from healthy and diseased individuals.</a> Curr.Mol. Med. 13, 1010-1022 (2013).</li><li>Lannilli, F., Zalfa, F., Gartner, A., Bagni, C., Dotti, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoplasmic+TERT+associates+to+RNA+granules+in+fully+mature+neurons:+Role+in+the+translational+control+of+the+cell+cycle+inhibitor+p15INK4B.">Cytoplasmic TERT associates to RNA granules in fully mature neurons: Role in the translational control of the cell cycle inhibitor p15INK4B.</a> PloS one. 8, e66602 (2013).</li><li>De Jesus, B. B., Blasco, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+of+telomerase+activation+in+extending+health+span+and+logevity.">Potential of telomerase activation in extending health span and logevity.</a> Curr opinion in Cell Biology. 24, 1-5 (2012).</li><li>Blackburn, E., Collins, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomerase:+An+RNP+enzyme+synthesizes+DNA.">Telomerase: An RNP enzyme synthesizes DNA.</a> Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 3, 1-9 (2011).</li><li>Klapper, W., Shin, T., Mattson, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+regulation+of+telomerase+activity+and+TERT+expression+during+brain+development+in+mice.">Differential regulation of telomerase activity and TERT expression during brain development in mice.</a> J. Neurosci. Res. 64, 252-260 (2001).</li><li>Caporaso, G. L., Lim, D. A., Alvarez-Buylla, A., Chao, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telomerase+activity+in+the+subventricular+zone+of+adult+mice.">Telomerase activity in the subventricular zone of adult mice.</a> Mol. Cell Neurosci. 23, 693-702 (2003).</li><li>Eitan, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+Telomerase-increasing+compound+in+mouse+brain+delays+the+onset+of+amyotrophic+lateral+sclerosis.">Novel Telomerase-increasing compound in mouse brain delays the onset of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.</a> EMBO Mol. Med. 4, 313-329 (2012).</li><li>Kim, N. W., Wu, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+quantification+and+characterization+of+telomerase+activity+by+the+telomeric+repat+amplification+protocol+(TRAP).">Advances in quantification and characterization of telomerase activity by the telomeric repat amplification protocol (TRAP).</a> Nuc. Acid Res. 25, 2595-2597 (1997).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

TRAPアッセイを介したマウスの脳内のテロメラーゼ活性の分析4の手順で構成されます。脳組織2の特定の領域からの1）タンパク質抽出）テロメラーゼによるTSプライマー伸長 - PCR法4によるテロメラーゼ反応生成物のテロメラーゼ反応3）増幅高分解能アガロースゲルを用いてPCR産物を）分離する。 敏感なPCR産物の検出とDNAラダーのPAGE分離のためのdCTP年代放射性の使用：?...

テロメラーゼは、テロメラーゼからなるリボ核タンパク質逆転写酵素（TERT）、テロメラーゼの触媒サブユニット、およびRNA成分（TERC）である。テロメラーゼの標準的な役割は、ゲノムの完全性を促進するため、テロメア末端に反復配列（TTAGGG）を添加することによりテロメアの適切な長さを維持することであり、細胞増殖1。それはさまざまな損傷剤2により誘導されるアポトーシスに対する耐性を付与する、つまり追加の役割は、細胞内でTERTに起因した、酸化的ストレス3からのヒト間葉系幹細胞を保護し、肯定的なRNAをTIA1するその協会が完全に分化したニューロンにおける生存促進の役割を果たしている顆粒4。 酵素発現および活性レベルは緊密に非分裂細胞5,6で規制されている間TERTは、分裂細胞および癌のほとんどの種類の中で、主に体細胞で発現され、アクティブにされている。研究は、rの中でそれを示しているTERT mRNAが成人期7に低いレベルに維持しながらodent脳は、テロメラーゼ活性は、生後10日目では検出不可能になる。他の研究では、成人のサブ脳室帯、嗅球、海馬内のテロメラーゼ活性を示し、そして大人の小脳および皮質8。 、注射したマウスSOD1トランスジェニックにおける筋萎縮性側索硬化症の発症および進行を遅延 - 私たちは、最近、脳および脊髄におけるテロメラーゼ発現および活性を増加させる新規化合物は、N-メチル-D-アスパラギン酸（NMDA）における神経保護効果を発揮することを実証マウスおよびこれらのマウス9の脊髄における運動ニューロンの生存を増加させた。完全ニューロンおよび脳におけるテロメラーゼの生存促進の役割を理解するためには、脳のさまざまな領域におけるテロメラーゼ活性の検出のための単純かつ比較的敏感な高速アッセイを開発することが不可欠である。 テロメアREPEAT増幅プロトコール（TRAP）は、テロメラーゼの標準的な活性とポリメラーゼ連鎖反応（PCR）を組み合わせるよく知られた高感度のアッセイである。このアッセイでは、テロメラーゼはTTAGGGがテロメラーゼ基質へのTSリバースプライマー用いて6塩基対（bp）のDNAラダー生成するPCR増幅に続いて（TSプライマー）、オリゴヌクレオチド、繰り返さ付加する。 - ACXを32 P標識dCTPを者が検出するために使用されるPCR産物の量が少ない。 DNAラダーは、ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動（PAGE）を配列決定することにより解決される。どちらのDNAバンドの強度とDNAラダーの長さは、活性酵素分子の量とその処理能力はそれぞれ10を反 ​​映している。 この伝統的なアッセイは、いくつかの主要な難しさを保持します（一晩どちらの場合も）シーケンシングPAGEおよびゲル走行時の消費量と放射性製品のフィルム露光を処理するために大規模なハード放射性物質への暴露の危険性。 </p&gt; このプロトコルは、改良された非放射性アガロースミニゲルに基づくアッセイを提供しています。 DNA 6 bpラダーは4.5％高分解能アガロースゲルを用いて解決され、検出は高感度の核酸染色を用いて達成される。高分解能アガロースミニゲルを用いて、敏感な核酸染色アッセイを扱うことは容易提供の組み合わせは、放射能への暴露の危険性を排除し、大幅に数時間から3日全体のアッセイ時間を短縮する。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1102">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="49">
			<td height="49" style="height:49px;width:251px;">TRAP Mix (X10)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Made manually, mix the following in UPW: 630mM KCl, 200mM Tris-HCl pH8.2, 10mM EDTA, 15mM MgCl2, 1mg/ml BSA, 0.5% TWEEN (purchased from sigma). Aliquots are freezed&#160; in -20 C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:251px;">Ringer&#39;s solution</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Made manually, mix the following in DDW: 124mM NaCl, 3mM KCl, 1.25mM NaH2PO4*H2O, 2mM MgSO4, 26mM NaHCO3, 1.802 g/L D-(+)-glucose anhydrous.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Minrad INC.</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">NDC 60307-110-10</td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Handle with care in a chemical hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">dNTP&#39;s 10 mM</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">D7295</td>
			<td style="width:628px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">TS primer (5&#39;-AATCCGTCGAGCAGAGTT-3&#39;)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">DNA oligos orderd in DRY format and UPW added according to requierd concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:251px;">ACX primer (5&#39;-GCGCGGCTTACCCTTACCCTTACCCTAACC-3&#39;)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">DNA oligos orderd in DRY format and UPW added according to requierd concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Titanium Taq Polymerase/Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">S1792/S1793</td>
			<td style="width:628px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">High Resolution agarose</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">A4718</td>
			<td style="width:628px;">Any high quality high-resolution agarose may be sutible</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Mini-gel apparatus&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">170-4466</td>
			<td style="width:628px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Nucleic-acid Stain (GEL-RED)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Biotium</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">41003</td>
			<td style="width:628px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">IC primer (5&#39;-ATCGCTTCTCGGCCTTTT-3&#39;)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:628px;">DNA oligos orderd in DRY format and UPW added according to requierd concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:251px;">CHAPS lysis buffer</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Cell Signaling Technology</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">9852S</td>
			<td>Add PMSF (protease inhibitor) to a final concentration of 1mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">Ultra Pure Water (UPW)</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Biological Industries</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">01-866-1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:62px;width:251px;">CD-1 mice</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">HARLAN Laboratories INC.</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

telomerase activity in the various regions of mouse brain: non-radioactive telomerase repeat amplification protocol (trap) assay

テロメラーゼ、リボ核タンパク質は、テロメアの長さを維持し、したがって、ゲノムの完全性、増殖および寿命を促進するための責任があります。さらに、テロメラーゼは、酸化ストレスからミトコンドリアを保護し、そのようなニューロンのような非有糸分裂活性の高い細胞の生存のために重要である可能性を示唆し、アポトーシスに対する耐性を付与する。私たちは、以前にさまざまなマウスの脳領域におけるテロメラーゼ活性および発現を増加させ、酸化ストレスからの運動ニューロンの細胞を保護する新規なテロメラーゼ活性剤の能力を実証した。これらの結果は、テロメラーゼは、さまざまな病変からのニューロンの保護に関与しているという考えを強化する。脳内のテロメラーゼの役割を強調するために、ここでは男性と女性のマウス脳におけるテロメラーゼの活性、年齢への依存を比較します。 TRAPアッセイは、さまざまな組織または細胞株においてテロメラーゼ活性を検出するための標準的な方法である。ここでは、ANALYを実証標準的なTRAPアッセイの改変が続くCHAPS溶解緩衝液を用いてタンパク質抽出を非変性によるマウス脳の三つの領域におけるテロメラーゼ活性のSIS。 この2工程アッセイでは、内因性テロメラーゼはTTAGGG 6 bpの反復（テロメラーゼ反応）を添加することにより、特定のテロメラーゼ基質（TSプライマー）を伸長する。テロメラーゼ反応生成物は、6 bpの増分のDNAラダーを作成するPCR反応により増幅される。 DNAラダーの分析は、高感度の核酸染色で染色し、続いて4.5％高分解能アガロースゲル電気泳動によって行われる。 32 Pは、DNAの検出およびDNAラダーを解決するためのポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動のために放射性のdCTPのラベル付け活用する従来のTRAPアッセイと比較すると、このプロトコルは、マウス脳におけるテロメラーゼ活性を評価する能力を実証するためのTRAPアッセイを節約非毒性時間を提供telomerasの相違を検出さまざまな雌雄マウスの脳領域での電子の活動。

全細胞タンパク質抽出物の場合は1、3ヶ月の年齢で3 CD-1メスと3 CD-1雄マウスに由来し、前頭葉（フロリダ州）、脳幹（BS）と小脳（CR）から調製した改変されたTRAPアッセイおよび放射性TRAPアッセイの古い2ヶ月歳の時に3 CD-1雄マウス。テロメラーゼ活性は、改変されたTRAPアッセイを用いて抽出物1μgのタンパク質において検出され、2μgのタンパク質は、放射性TRAPアッセイのために抽出した。放...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay at JoVE.com

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

マウス脳のさまざまな領域におけるテロメラーゼ活性：非放射性テロメラーゼリピート増幅プロトコル（TRAP）アッセイ

Telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, is responsible for maintaining the telomere length and therefore promoting genomic integrity, proliferation, and ...

telomerase-activity-various-regions-mouse-brain-non-radioactive

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (TRAP) Assay

14.5K ビュー.  Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Telomerase is expressed in the neonatal brain and also in distinct regions of the adult brain. We present a non-toxic time saving TRAP assay for the analysis of telomerase activity in various regions of the mouse brain and detection of differences in telomerase activity between male and female mouse brains.

ビデオ: Telomerase Activity in the Various Regions of Mouse Brain: Non-Radioactive Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol TRAP Assay

Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain

Recent work demonstrates that central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and tumorigenesis involves populations of stem cells (SCs) resident within the adult brain. However, the mechanisms these normally quiescent cells employ to ensure proper functioning of neural networks, as well as their role in recovery from injury and mitigation of neurodegenerative processes are little understood. These cells reside in regions referred to as &#34;niches&#34; that provide a sustaining environment involving modulatory signals from both the vascular and immune systems. The isolation, maintenance, and differentiation of CNS SCs under defined culture conditions which exclude unknown factors, makes them accessible to treatment by pharmacological or genetic means, thus providing insight into their in vivo behavior. Here we offer detailed information on the methods for generating cultures of CNS SCs from distinct regions of the adult brain and approaches to assess their differentiation potential into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes in vitro. This technique yields a homogeneous cell population as a monolayer culture that can be visualized to study individual SCs and their progeny. Furthermore, it can be applied across different animal model systems and clinical samples, being used previously to predict regenerative responses in the damaged adult nervous system.

Neural stem cells harvested from the adult brain are increasing utilized in applications ranging from the basic research of nervous system development to exploring potential clinical applications in regenerative medicine. This makes rigorous control in the isolation and culturing conditions used to grow these cells critical to sound experimental outcomes.

大人の齧歯類の脳の従来の従来にない地域から神経幹細胞を増殖させる

Recent work demonstrates that central nervous system (CNS) regeneration and tumorigenesis involves populations of stem cells (SCs) resident within the ...

神経科学

Purification of Mouse Brain Vessels

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and immune cells between the brain and the blood. Moreover, the huge neuronal metabolic demand requires a moment-to-moment regulation of blood flow. Notably, abnormalities of these regulations are etiological hallmarks of most brain pathologies; including glioblastoma, stroke, edema, epilepsy, degenerative diseases (ex: Parkinson&#8217;s disease, Alzheimer&#8217;s disease), brain tumors, as well as inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, meningitis and sepsis-induced brain dysfunctions. Thus, understanding the signaling events modulating the cerebrovascular physiology is a major challenge. Much insight into the cellular and molecular properties of the various cell types that compose the cerebrovascular system can be gained from primary culture or cell sorting from freshly dissociated brain tissue. However, properties such as cell polarity, morphology and intercellular relationships are not maintained in such preparations. The protocol that we describe here is designed to purify brain vessel fragments, whilst maintaining structural integrity. We show that isolated vessels consist of endothelial cells sealed by tight junctions that are surrounded by a continuous basal lamina. Pericytes, smooth muscle cells as well as the perivascular astrocyte endfeet membranes remain attached to the endothelial layer. Finally, we describe how to perform immunostaining experiments on purified brain vessels.

We describe a protocol allowing the purification of the mouse brain's vascular compartment. Isolated brain vessels include endothelial cells linked by tight junctions and surrounded by a continuous basal lamina, pericytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as perivascular astroglial membranes.

マウス脳血管の精製

In the brain, most of the vascular system consists of a selective barrier, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that regulates the exchange of molecules and ...

High Resolution Quantitative Synaptic Proteome Profiling of Mouse Brain Regions After Auditory Discrimination Learning

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory discrimination learning in mice is described. In this learning paradigm, mice are trained in a shuttle box Go/NoGo-task to discriminate between rising and falling frequency-modulated tones in order to avoid a mild electric foot-shock. The protocol involves the enrichment of synaptosomes from four brain areas, namely the auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, at different stages of training. Synaptic protein expression patterns obtained from trained mice are compared to na&#239;ve controls using a proteomic approach. To achieve sufficient analytical depth, samples are fractionated in three different ways prior to mass spectrometry, namely 1D SDS-PAGE/in-gel digestion, in-solution digestion and phospho-peptide enrichment. 
High-resolution proteomic analysis on a mass spectrometer and label-free quantification are used to examine synaptic protein profiles in phospho-peptide-depleted and phospho-peptide-enriched fractions of synaptosomal protein samples. A commercial software package is utilized to reveal proteins and phospho-peptides with significantly regulated relative synaptic abundance levels (trained/na&#239;ve controls). Common and differential regulation modes for the synaptic proteome in the investigated brain regions of mice after training were observed. Subsequently, meta-analyses utilizing several databases are employed to identify underlying cellular functions and biological pathways.

The identification of molecules and pathways controlling synaptic plasticity and memory is still a major challenge in neuroscience. Here, a workflow is described addressing the relative quantification of synaptic proteins supposedly involved in the molecular reorganization of synapses during learning and memory consolidation in an auditory learning paradigm.

聴覚弁別学習した後、マウス脳領域の高分解能定量的シナプスプロテオームプロファイリング

The molecular synaptic mechanisms underlying auditory learning and memory remain largely unknown. Here, the workflow of a proteomic study on auditory ...

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other neurological diseases at an increasing speed. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie these disorders. The genetic, molecular, and behavioral toolbox of Drosophila melanogaster makes this model organism particularly useful to characterize new disease genes and mechanisms in a high-throughput manner. Nevertheless, high-throughput screens require efficient and reliable assays that, ideally, are cost-effective and allow for the automatized quantification of traits relevant to these disorders. The island assay is a cost-effective and easily set-up method to evaluate Drosophila locomotor behavior. In this assay, flies are thrown onto a platform from a fixed height. This induces an innate motor response that enables the flies to escape from the platform within seconds. At present, quantitative analyses of filmed island assays are done manually, which is a laborious undertaking, particularly when performing large screens.
This manuscript describes the &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; and &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; algorithms for&#160;high-throughput, automated data processing and quantification of island assay data. In the setup, a simple webcam connected to a laptop collects an image series of the platform while the assay is performed. The &#34;Drosophila Island Assay&#34; algorithm developed for the open-source software Fiji processes these image series and quantifies, for each experimental condition, the number of flies on the platform over time. The &#34;Island Assay Analysis&#34; script, compatible with the free software R, was developed to automatically process the obtained data and to calculate whether treatments/genotypes are statistically different. This greatly improves the efficiency of the island assay and makes it a powerful readout for basic locomotion and flight behavior. It can thus be applied to large screens investigating fly locomotor ability, Drosophila models of movement disorders, and drug efficacy.

High-throughput Analysis of Locomotor Behavior in the Drosophila Island Assay

The island assay is a relatively new, cost-effective assay that can be used to evaluate the basic locomotor behavior of Drosophila melanogaster. This manuscript describes algorithms for automatic data processing and objective quantification of island assay data, making this assay a sensitive, high-throughput readout for large genetic or pharmacological screens.

ショウジョウバエ島アッセイにおける歩行行動の高スループット解析

Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies contribute to the identification of (candidate) disease genes for movement disorders and other ...

Use of Synaptic Zinc Histochemistry to Reveal Different Regions and Laminae in the Developing and Adult Brain

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions in the immature and adult brain. Here we describe a zinc histochemical staining procedure that reveals differences in staining patterns among different layers and brain regions. Others have utilized this procedure not only to reveal the distribution of zinc-containing neurons and circuits in the brain, but also to successfully delineate areal and laminar boundaries in the developing and adult brain in several species. Here we illustrate this staining procedure with images from developing and adult ferret brains. We reveal a zinc-staining pattern that serves as an anatomical marker of areas and layers, and can be reliably used to distinguish visual cortical areas in the developing and adult visual cortex. The main goal of this protocol is to present a histochemical method that allows the accurate identification of layers and regions in the developing and adult brain where other methods fail to do so. Secondarily, in conjunction with densitometric image analysis, this method allows one to assess the distribution of synaptic zinc to reveal potential changes throughout development. This protocol describes in detail the reagents, tools, and steps necessary to successively stain frozen brain sections. Although this protocol is described using ferret brain tissue, it can easily be adapted for use in rodents, cats, or monkeys as well as in other brain regions.

We describe a histochemical procedure that reveals characteristic laminar and areal zinc staining patterns in different brain regions. The zinc-staining pattern may be used in conjunction with other anatomical markers to reliably distinguish layers and regions in the developing and adult brain.

さまざまな地域と発展途上と大人の脳のラミナを明らかにするシナプス亜鉛化学の使用

Characterization of anatomical and functional brain organization and development requires accurate identification of distinct neural circuits and regions ...

Localization of the Locus Coeruleus in the Mouse Brain

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a major hub of norepinephrine producing neurons that modulate a number of physiological functions. Structural or functional abnormalities of LC impact several brain regions including cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum and may contribute to depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, as well as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. These disorders are often associated with metal misbalance, but the role of metals in LC is only partially understood. Morphologic and functional studies of LC are needed to better understand the human pathologies and contribution of metals. Mice are a widely used experimental model, but the mouse LC is small (~0.3 mm diameter) and hard to identify for a non-expert. Here, we describe a step-by-step immunohistochemistry-based protocol to localize the LC in the mouse brain. Dopamine-&#946;-hydroxylase (DBH), and alternatively, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), both enzymes highly expressed in the LC, are used as immunohistochemical markers in brain slices. Sections adjacent to LC-containing sections can be used for further analysis, including histology for morphological studies, metabolic testing, as well as metal imaging by X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM).

The locus coeruleus is a small cluster of neurons involved in a variety of physiological processes. Here, we describe a protocol to prepare mouse brain sections for studies of proteins and metals in this nucleus.

マウスの脳、青斑核の局在

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a major hub of norepinephrine producing neurons that modulate a number of physiological functions. Structural or functional ...

Quantifying Subcellular Ubiquitin-proteasome Activity in the Rodent Brain

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a key regulator of protein degradation and a variety of other cellular processes in eukaryotes. In the brain, increases in ubiquitin-proteasome activity are critical for synaptic plasticity and memory formation and aberrant changes in this system are associated with a variety of neurological, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. One of the issues in studying ubiquitin-proteasome functioning in the brain is that it is present in all cellular compartments, in which the protein targets, functional role and mechanisms of regulation can vary widely. As a result, the ability to directly compare brain ubiquitin protein targeting and proteasome catalytic activity in different subcellular compartments within the same animal is critical for fully understanding how the UPS contributes to synaptic plasticity, memory and disease. The method described here allows collection of nuclear, cytoplasmic and crude synaptic fractions from the same rodent (rat) brain, followed by simultaneous quantification of proteasome catalytic activity (indirectly, providing activity of the proteasome core only) and linkage-specific ubiquitin protein tagging. Thus, the method can be used to directly compare subcellular changes in ubiquitin-proteasome activity in different brain regions in the same animal during synaptic plasticity, memory formation and different disease states. This method can also be used to assess the subcellular distribution and function of other proteins within the same animal.

This protocol is designed to efficiently quantify ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) activity in different cellular compartments of the rodent brain. Users are able to examine UPS functioning in nuclear, cytoplasmic and synaptic fractions in the same animal, reducing the amount of time and number of animals needed to perform these complex analyses.

げっ歯類脳における細胞内ユビキチンプロテアソーム活性の定量化

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a key regulator of protein degradation and a variety of other cellular processes in eukaryotes. In the brain, increases ...

Collection of Frozen Rodent Brain Regions for Downstream Analyses

As our understanding of neurobiology has progressed, molecular analyses are often performed on small brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or nucleus accumbens. The challenge in this work is to dissect the correct area while preserving the microenvironment to be examined. In this paper, we describe a simple, low-cost method using resources readily available in most labs. This method preserves nucleic acid and proteins by keeping the tissue frozen throughout the process. Brains are cut into 0.5&#8211;1.0 mm sections using a brain matrix and arranged on a frozen glass plate. Landmarks within each section are compared to a reference, such as the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas, and regions are dissected using a cold scalpel or biopsy punch. Tissue is then stored at -80 &#176;C until use. Through this process rat and mouse mPFC, nucleus accumbens, dorsal and ventral hippocampus and other regions have been successfully analyzed using qRT-PCR and Western assays. This method is limited to brain regions that can be identified by clear landmarks.

This procedure describes the collection of discrete frozen brain regions to obtain high-quality protein and RNA using inexpensive and commonly available tools.

下流解析のための凍結げっ歯類の脳領域の収集

As our understanding of neurobiology has progressed, molecular analyses are often performed on small brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex ...

Dissection and Isolation of Murine Glia from Multiple Central Nervous System Regions

The methods presented here demonstrate laboratory procedures for the dissection of four different regions of the central nervous system (CNS) from murine neonates for the isolation of glial subpopulations. The purpose of the procedure is to dissociate microglia, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), and astrocytes from cortical, cerebellar, brainstem, and spinal cord tissue to facilitate further in vitro analysis. The CNS region isolation procedures allow for the determination of regional heterogeneity among glia in multiple cell culture systems. Rapid CNS region isolation is performed, followed by the mechanical removal of meninges to prevent meningeal cell contamination of glia. This protocol combines gentle tissue dissociation and plating on a specified matrix designed to preserve cell integrity and adherence. Isolating mixed glia from multiple CNS regions provides a comprehensive analysis of potentially heterogenous glia while maximizing the use of individual experimental animals. Additionally, following dissociation of regional tissue, mixed glia are further divided into multiple cell types including microglia, OPCs, and astrocytes for use in either single cell type, cell culture plate inserts, or co-culture systems. Overall, the demonstrated techniques provide a comprehensive protocol of broad applicability for careful dissection of four individual CNS regions from murine neonates and includes methods for the isolation of three individual glia cell types to examine regional heterogeneity in any number of in vitro cell culture systems or assays.

Here we present a protocol for in vitro isolation of multiple glial cell populations from a mouse CNS. This method allows for the segregation of regional microglia, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, and astrocytes to study the phenotypes of each in a variety of culture systems.

複数の中枢神経系領域からのマウスグリアの解剖と分離

The methods presented here demonstrate laboratory procedures for the dissection of four different regions of the central nervous system (CNS) from murine ...

Acute Mouse Brain Slicing to Investigate Spontaneous Hippocampal Network Activity

Acute rodent brain slicing offers a tractable experimental approach to gain insight into the organization and function of neural circuits with single-cell resolution using electrophysiology, microscopy, and pharmacology. However, a major consideration in the design of in vitro experiments is the extent to which different slice preparations recapitulate naturalistic patterns of neural activity as observed in vivo. In the intact brain, the hippocampal network generates highly synchronized population activity reflective of the behavioral state of the animal, as exemplified by the sharp-wave ripple complexes (SWRs) that occur during waking consummatory states or non-REM sleep. SWRs and other forms of network activity can emerge spontaneously in isolated hippocampal slices under appropriate conditions. In order to apply the powerful brain slice toolkit to the investigation of hippocampal network activity, it is necessary to utilize an approach that optimizes tissue health and the preservation of functional connectivity within the hippocampal network. Mice are transcardially perfused with cold sucrose-based artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Horizontal slices containing the hippocampus are cut at a thickness of 450 &#956;m to preserve synaptic connectivity. Slices recover in an interface-style chamber and are transferred to a submerged chamber for recordings. The recording chamber is designed for dual surface superfusion of artificial cerebrospinal fluid at a high flow rate to improve oxygenation of the slice. This protocol yields healthy tissue suitable for the investigation of complex and spontaneous network activity in vitro.

This protocol describes the preparation of horizontal hippocampal-entorhinal cortex (HEC) slices from mice exhibiting spontaneous sharp-wave ripple activity. Slices are incubated in a simplified interface holding chamber and recordings are performed under submerged conditions with fast-flowing artificial cerebrospinal fluid to promote tissue oxygenation and the spontaneous emergence of network-level activity.

急性マウス脳スライスによる、海馬ネットワーク活動の調査

Acute rodent brain slicing offers a tractable experimental approach to gain insight into the organization and function of neural circuits with single-cell ...