この研究は、以下の資金源によって部分的にサポートされていました：JSPS費補助金基盤研究（C）25350642（AT）のため、中山隼雄科学技術文化財財団（SS＆YO）、およびAからの研究助成金を健康ゲーム研究はロバート·ウッド·ジョンソン財団（助成＃66729）（SB＆JAN）から付与します。

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この記事の公開手数料をS himadzuが主催されています。

fNIRSは、自然活動の神経相関の調査を可能にすることを約束してい脳機能イメージング技術です。これらの技術の開発が活発な研究方向です。ここではダンスビデオゲームへの参加に関連した関心のある単一の領域で機能的脳活動を記録するために有効であった方法論の概要を説明します。 fNIRSと運動学習のパラダイムを調査、多くの刊行物は、同時に、脳の複数の領域20,21に機能活性を記録することができる日立、島津（他のものと同様）からマルチチャンネルfNIRS単位の導入により、近年急速に増加しています。我々は、fNIRS信号の解剖学的な特異性を決定すること、ならびに信号のタイミングおよび振幅の変化は運動課題の行動の性能に貢献する方法を決定するために信号を使用することが可能であることが以前に示されています<suP&gt; 11。ジャーナル脳画像の最近の特別な問題はNIRS技術の現在のアプリケーションに焦点を当てたと運動学習22に固有の多くの研究が含まれています。でもNIRS技術におけるこの雪だるま式に関心を持って、いくつかの研究は、fMRIので検証自然行動の神経機構に焦点を当てています。この特集号と多数の他の出版物23〜26は、明らかに、モータの動作を研究する上でfNIRSの将来の役割を概説しているが、ここで説明するプロトコルは、自然な行動からのfMRIとfNIRSデータを比較するための均一な方法論を検証するために開発されました。 結果は、側頭葉の積分領域におけるfNIRSとfMRIの信号のためのグループの間に高い相関関係を示し、信号間の相関は、インラインでの同時のfMRI / fNIRS研究3で前に示したものとなる。 図9は、でそのfNIRS活性を示し、側頭葉は、自然のウィットだけでなく皮質であります時間差は、オキシとdeoxyHb吸光度をchromoforeだけでなく、側頭葉でその活動は前頭葉に見られるものとは全く異なるのは、側頭葉でのfMRIの活性と相関しません。我々は、データが2つの技術の間で比較することを可能にする研究のいくつかの重要な側面を強調しています。まず、オプトード位置のキャリブレーションは、皮質の解剖学的構造と結果の解釈を確認するのに重要な戦略として概説しました。我々は、ソフトウェアとハ​​ードウェアに加えられた変更は、私たちは、両方の手順に強い皮質応答を得るために最適化されたブロック設計プロトコルで私たちのパラダイムを同期することができました。また、信号対雑音比（オプトード面から脱毛）および運動と顔刺激（対象者が具体的に自分の頭や顔に触れないように指示された）を含む成果物の削減に高信号を確保するために重要な戦略の概要を説明します。 これらの結果と以前の研究の結果は、/ FM同時fNIRSを調査します理論的には1-3の予測としてRIイメージング手順は、信号間の高い相関関係を確認します。ここに提示されたデータの解釈の一つの制限は、我々はそれが高密度記録を使用して、個々のチャネルのデータの解像度を向上させることが可能であることを示すNIRS記録の最適化における新しい技術を利用することができなかったということです。この高密度化技術はまた、皮質NIRS信号から血圧、心拍数および他の全身変数6,7,28からアーチファクトを除去する他の技術に加えて、27浅成分を分離するために使用されています。また、プローブの配置が示されており、クロマ選択は、高い信号対雑音比の場合に効果的に使用することができる偽陽性29とNIRS信号の適応フィルタリングを制御するために使用することができます。我々はブロックデザイン10,11に提示パラダイムと商業NIRSシステムを使用して、ここで、以前に採用しているタスク大きな信号でデータを生産しているし、信号間の類似性を示すために、さらなる分析技術やハードウェアを必要としていません。しかし、ここに提示したデータは、NIRS信号処理におけるこれらおよび他の技術の使用によって、さらに向上させることができることが可能です。 機能NIRSの現在の方法論は、fMRIのスキャンの必要性を置き換えることはありません。ここで示唆されるようではなく、（EEGなどに加えて）2つの撮像手順は、お互いを補完するために使用することができます。 fMRIのスキャンのために禁忌である個人のグループの場合は、fNIRSは、パーキンソン病を持つ個人のための転倒リスクの予防プログラムなどの研修プログラムの利点を確認する唯一の実行可能な技術を証明することができます。また、fNIRSはまた、MRスキャンを介して提供解剖学的詳細に情報を追加するために使用することができ、将来の方向の数を持っています。高密度オプトードの配置と増加オプトードが高く得られます接続および主成分分析のために使用されるだけでなく、BOLD信号モデリングの精度を向上させることができる時間分解能。

ここに記載された方法の目的は、同様のマルチモーダルタスクでのfMRI（機能的磁気共鳴画像法）とfNIRS（機能的近赤外分光法）の信号を比較するための作業手順を開発することでした。具体的には、我々が原因振戦、ジスキネジア、または複数のデバイスに移植され、従来のfMRIのスキャンには禁忌個人で使用するための機能イメージングの手順を開発することを目的としました。多くの効果的なトレーニングとリハビリテーションプログラムは落下の危険性が個人のために存在するが、これらのプログラムの有効性の基礎となる神経機構のない確認はありません。多くの場合、これらの研修プログラムに参加する個人は禁忌で引用された理由のためです。この研究のための我々の理論的根拠は、全身の動きを伴う自然運動タスクに関連付けられた脳活動のパターンを決定するために、機能的な近赤外分光法（fNIRS）の有効性を決定することでした。長期的な目標は、スタッドに、ツールの開発します、Y運動学習パラダイムのみならず、伝統的な方法を用いて、自然な方法で行うことが可能でないタスクの多種多様のためのfNIRSの妥当性を確認するのに役立ちます。 fNIRS活性は以前に古典的な心理的、簡単な指タップパラダイムを使用して同時fNIRSとfMRIの機能活性を測定した限られた研究でfMRIのBOLD（血中酸素レベル依存）信号の録音との相同領域のために非常に（R = 0.77から0.94）相関することが示されています1-3。これらの研究の結果は、fNIRSを確認のfMRIとの互換性が低下し、環境タスクに関連皮質活動を決定するために有効であり、信頼性があります。しかし、fNIRSは、神経画像法としてfMRIの上の多くの利点を有します。 fNIRSは、重要なのは、fMRIのよりモーションアーチファクトに非常に敏感ではない、彼らは自然環境の中でモーターparadigを制限するのfMRI研究とは対照と同じようにように被験者が動作することができますミリ秒4。 fNIRSに関連した時間精度は、増加したサンプリング周波数に増加した粒度で神経応答関数の変化を決意することができます。最後に、fNIRSのコストは、fMRIのスキャンより低く、低コストで実施することが研究のために可能にします。しかし、侵入の制限された深さ、限られた空間分解能、及びより最近含むfMRIのに比べfNIRSの欠点があることは、血圧、心拍数、及び頭皮の血流への影響などの特定の生理学的現象がに偽陽性を導入することができることが示されています皮質血行動態信号5-9。方法および信号処理、高密度オプトード勾配を提供するハードウェアを含むNIRSに特定のハードウェア開発の数は、現在開発されているが、それはのfMRIとfNIRS手順が互いに補完することを可能にする混合方法を開発することが重要です。 本研究では、テストするのに役立ちます自然ダンスビデオゲームタスクの実行中に従事神経機構を決定するためのfNIRSの方法。研究の目的は、個人のグループの間に、脳の統合センター（スーペリア、中側頭回）で活性を比較することであったfNIRSを用いて画像化タスクの自然のバージョンを使用して、被験体の別のグループに機能的MRIを用いて画像化しました。当社グループは、これまで同様のインタラクティブなゲームのパラダイムを使用して、この地域を調査しており、側頭葉に活性を示している皮質のアクティベーション10に記載のオキシデオキシヘモグロビン発色団の両方に応答します。私たちも以前にこの地域での応答を示すことによって、以前に全身のアーティファクトをコントロールしようとしましたが、アクティビティ自体11に関連するタスクと全身のない応答の皮質負荷に対して振幅変調されます。スーペリア、中側頭回は、マルチモーダル感覚刺激の統合に関連した活動を知っていたし、我々が以前に持っています私たちのfNIRSの出版物10〜12に加えて、パイロットのfMRI研究でダンスダンスレボリューション（DDR）ゲームプレイ中にアクティブになるように、この領域を示します。現在の研究のための私たちの仮説は、fNIRSを用いて記録としてこの領域の機能的活性が有意に機能的活性と相関させるというものであった似ていますが、限られたダンスゲームプロトコルでのfMRIを用いて記録しました。 ここで説明するプロトコルは、fNIRSとfMRIのプロトコルの両方に神経画像パラダイムとして使用するダンスビデオゲームを変更する方法を含んでいます。しかし、全体的な手順は、ビデオゲームプレイのパラダイムに固有ではなく、言語や運動タスクなどのfMRIプロトコルの制約で実行することは不可能なタスク、任意の数のために適切であろう。このプロトコルは、さらにさらにfNIRSを用いて実、実世界の作業時に検討することができ、関心領域（ROI）の特定の領域を開発するためのfMRIの解剖学的特異性を利用する手順の概要を示します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="800">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col span="2" />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:208px;">Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:49px;"></td>
			<td style="width:49px;"></td>
			<td style="width:495px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Shimadzu OMM-3000</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.shimadzu.com/an/lifescience/imaging/nirs/nirs_top.html; The OMM-3000 used in this study has been replaced by the LABNIRS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Polhemus Patriot 3D Digitizer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://polhemus.com/motion-tracking/all-trackers/patriot/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GE Twin-Speed 1.5T MRI scanner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www3.gehealthcare.com/en/Products/Categories/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging; The Twin-Speed 1.5T scanner has been retired.&#160; A number of new scanners are available to replicate this procedure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Stepmania</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.stepmania.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">Matlab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.mathworks.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">NIRS-SPM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://bisp.kaist.ac.kr/NIRS-SPM.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;">WFU Pick Atlas</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://fmri.wfubmc.edu/software/PickAtlas</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fmri validation of fnirs measurements during a naturalistic task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

実験の結果は、機能的磁気共鳴画像法（fMRI）を用いて、優れたミドル時間的脳回に統合センターから得られた活性官能近赤外分光法と高い相関を有することを示す（fNIRS）信号は、タスクの自然のバージョンで同じ領域を形成します。 図8は、fMRIのスキャン手順（青のトレース）とfNIRSプロトコル（赤線）から26科目から16科目からの正規化し、平均生データを示しています。データは、時間0での固定された、ゲームの相互作用の活性相は、グラフ（標識されたタスク）の最初の30秒で開催されました。垂直の破線は、タスク、残りフェーズの開始で赤色の背景に緑の推移を示している（残りとして示される）の両方のデータセットは、に見られる増加変動と休息相で活動期と衰退における応答の増加を示しますfMRIの信号。比較は、最初のREGによってトレースの間で行われました2つのトレースの間の二乗差平均平方根を最小限に抑えるためのfMRI信号をressing。二つの信号の間に得られた相関係数は0.78であり、相関のためのp値は0.03でした。 図9は、一人の被験者からの重畳されたチャネルの場所でレンダリング脳を表します。チャンネル1と22からの平均トレースはオキシヘモグロビンの信号を表す実線で示され、デオキシヘモグロビン信号を表す破線されています。赤と青のトレースはそれぞれ、ゲームプレイ、音楽、音楽以外の2つのバリエーションを表します。チャネル1からの信号は、関心領域と比較する制御例として機能します。これら二つの領域の信号は、タスク応答に関して異なります。 <img alt="図8" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig8.jpg" /> 図8：中側頭回からfNIRSとfMRIの信号間の相関fNIRS。（赤）とのfMRIは（青）信号は、斜線のエッジによって表される各基±SEMのために示されています。両者間の回帰係数は0.78です。 P = 0.03。インサートは、クラスタサイズ= 571、ピークT = 5.73で（0、-24、-66）を座標MNIにピーク活性とfMRIの中の活動から求めたROIのレンダリングを示している。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig8highres.jpg" target="_blank">の拡大版を表示するには、こちらをクリックしてくださいこの図。</a> <img alt="図9" src="/files/ftp_upload/52116/52116fig9.jpg" /> 図9：時間的および前頭葉の信号の違い ΔoxyHb（実線）とΔdeoxyHb（点線）音楽の二つの条件」を示すダンスゲームの二つの一試験から一人の被験者の応答（赤）の時間経過。 「と」は音楽（青）」の条件。この図は、小野らから変更されています。 </eM&gt; 10。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task at JoVE.com

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

自然主義タスク中fNIRS計測のfMRIの検証

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

fmri-validation-of-fnirs-measurements-during-a-naturalistic-task

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

20.6K ビュー.  Yale School of Medicine. We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI. 

ビデオ: fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

Method for Simultaneous fMRI/EEG Data Collection during a Focused Attention Suggestion for Differential Thermal Sensation

In the present work, we demonstrate a method for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data. In our setup, EEG data are collected using a high-density 256-channel sensor net. The EEG amplifier itself is contained in a field isolation containment system (FICS), and MRI clock signals are synchronized with EEG data collection for subsequent MR artifact characterization and removal. We demonstrate this method first for resting state data collection. Thereafter, we demonstrate a protocol for EEG/fMRI data recording, while subjects listen to a tape asking them to visualize that their left hand is immersed in a cold-water bath and referred to, here, as the cold glove paradigm. Thermal differentials between each hand are measured throughout EEG/fMRI data collection using an MR compatible temperature sensor that we developed for this purpose. We collect cold glove EEG/fMRI data along with simultaneous differential hand temperature measurements both before and after hypnotic induction. Between pre and post sessions, single modality EEG data are collected during the hypnotic induction and depth assessment process. Our representative results demonstrate that significant changes in the EEG power spectrum can be measured during hypnotic induction, and that hand temperature changes during the cold glove paradigm can be detected rapidly using our MR compatible differential thermometry device.

We present a protocol for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data, and synchronized MR clock signal recording. We demonstrate this method using a unique paradigm whereby subjects receive &#x2018;cold glove&#x2019; instructions during scanning, and EEG/fMRI data are recorded along with hand temperature measurements both before and after hypnotic induction.

差動熱感覚に対する注目の注意提案時における同時fMRI/EEGデータ収集の方法

In the present work, we demonstrate a method for concurrent collection of EEG/fMRI data. In our setup, EEG data are collected using a high-density ...

行動学

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

Simultaneous EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data from these two modalities can be combined in a number of ways, but all rely on the acquisition of high quality EEG and fMRI data. EEG data acquired during simultaneous fMRI are affected by several artifacts, including the gradient artefact (due to the changing magnetic field gradients required for fMRI), the pulse artefact (linked to the cardiac cycle) and movement artifacts (resulting from movements in the strong magnetic field of the scanner, and muscle activity). Post-processing methods for successfully correcting the gradient and pulse artifacts require a number of criteria to be satisfied during data acquisition. Minimizing head motion during EEG-fMRI is also imperative for limiting the generation of artifacts.
Interactions between the radio frequency (RF) pulses required for MRI and the EEG hardware may occur and can cause heating. This is only a significant risk if safety guidelines are not satisfied. Hardware design and set-up, as well as careful selection of which MR sequences are run with the EEG hardware present must therefore be considered.
The above issues highlight the importance of the choice of the experimental protocol employed when performing a simultaneous EEG-fMRI experiment. Based on previous research we describe an optimal experimental set-up. This provides high quality EEG data during simultaneous fMRI when using commercial EEG and fMRI systems, with safety risks to the subject minimized. We demonstrate this set-up in an EEG-fMRI experiment using a simple visual stimulus. However, much more complex stimuli can be used. Here we show the EEG-fMRI set-up using a Brain Products GmbH (Gilching, Germany) MRplus, 32 channel EEG system in conjunction with a Philips Achieva (Best, Netherlands) 3T MR scanner, although many of the techniques are transferable to other systems.

Simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) is a powerful neuroimaging tool. However, the inside of an MRI scanner forms a difficult environment for EEG data recording and safety must be considered whenever operating EEG equipment inside a scanner. Here, we present an optimised EEG-fMRI data acquisition protocol.

同時fMRIの中の高品質脳波データの取得のための最も良い現在の習慣

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5  - 選択肢シリアル反応時間タスク：げっ歯類のための注意のタスクや衝動調節

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

脳イメージングモダリティ間で転送認知タスク：fMRIの研究の作業の設計と結果の解釈のための含意

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

Topographical Estimation of Visual Population Receptive Fields by fMRI

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic resonance imaging allows us to estimate voxel-based population receptive fields (pRF), i.e., the part of the visual field that activates the cells within each voxel. Prior, direct, pRF estimation methods1 suffer from certain limitations: 1) the pRF model is chosen a-priori and may not fully capture the actual pRF shape, and 2) pRF centers are prone to mislocalization near the border of the stimulus space. Here a new topographical pRF estimation method2 is proposed that largely circumvents these limitations. A linear model is used to predict the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal by convolving the linear response of the pRF to the visual stimulus with the canonical hemodynamic response function. PRF topography is represented as a weight vector whose components represent the strength of the aggregate response of voxel neurons to stimuli presented at different visual field locations. The resulting linear equations can be solved for the pRF weight vector using ridge regression3, yielding the pRF topography. A pRF model that is matched to the estimated topography can then be chosen post-hoc, thereby improving the estimates of pRF parameters such as pRF-center location, pRF orientation, size, etc. Having the pRF topography available also allows the visual verification of pRF parameter estimates allowing the extraction of various pRF properties without having to make a-priori assumptions about the pRF structure. This approach promises to be particularly useful for investigating the pRF organization of patients with disorders of the visual system.

It is important to obtain unbiased estimates of visual population receptive fields (pRFs) by functional magnetic resonance imaging. We use mild regularization constraints to estimate pRF topography without a-priori assumptions about pRF shape, allowing us to choose specific pRF models post-hoc. This is particularly advantageous in subjects with visual-pathway lesions.

fMRIのことで視覚人口受容野の地形の推定

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic ...

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical components. Both anxiety and fear can be studied in the laboratory by measuring the potentiation of the startle reflex. The startle reflex is a defensive reflex that is potentiated when an organism is threatened and the need for defense is high. The startle reflex is assessed via electromyography (EMG) in the orbicularis oculi muscle elicited by brief, intense, bursts of acoustic white noise (i.e., &#8220;startle probes&#8221;). Startle potentiation is calculated as the increase in startle response magnitude during presentation of sets of visual threat cues that signal delivery of mild electric shock relative to sets of matched cues that signal the absence of shock (no-threat cues). In the Threat Probability Task, fear is measured via startle potentiation to high probability (100% cue-contingent shock; certain) threat cues whereas anxiety is measured via startle potentiation to low probability (20% cue-contingent shock; uncertain) threat cues. Measurement of startle potentiation during the Threat Probability Task provides an objective and easily implemented alternative to assessment of negative affect via self-report or other methods (e.g., neuroimaging) that may be inappropriate or impractical for some researchers. Startle potentiation has been studied rigorously in both animals (e.g., rodents, non-human primates) and humans which facilitates animal-to-human translational research. Startle potentiation during certain and uncertain threat provides an objective measure of negative affective and distinct emotional states (fear, anxiety) to use in research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse and broadly in affective science. As such, it has been used extensively by clinical scientists interested in psychopathology etiology and by affective scientists interested in individual differences in emotion.

Potentiation of the startle reflex is measured via electromyography of the orbicularis oculi muscle during low (uncertain) and high (certain) probability electric shock threat in the Threat Probability Task. This provides an objective measure of distinct negative emotional states (fear/anxiety) for research on psychopathology, substance use/abuse, and broad affective science.

脅威の確率タスクを使用すると、不確実かつ特定の脅威の間に不安と恐怖を評価するために

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning process. Here a method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process. This discovery-learning task uses an infant activated mobile that rotates and plays music based on specified leg action of infants. Supine infants activate the mobile by moving their feet vertically across a virtual threshold. This paradigm is unique in that as infants independently discover that their leg actions activate the mobile, the infants&#8217; leg movements are tracked using a motion capture system allowing for the quantification of the learning process. Specifically, learning is quantified in terms of the duration of mobile activation, the position variance of the end effectors (feet) that activate the mobile, changes in hip-knee coordination patterns, and changes in hip and knee muscle torque. This information describes infant exploration and exploitation at the interplay of person and environmental constraints that support task-specific action. Subsequent research using this method can investigate how specific impairments of different populations of infants at risk for movement disorders influence the discovery-learning process for task-specific action.

A method is described in which 3-4 month old infants learn a task by discovery and their leg movements are captured to quantify the learning process.

乳児で学習を定量化：追跡脚アクションを発見学習タスクの実行中に

Task-specific actions emerge from spontaneous movement during infancy. It has been proposed that task-specific actions emerge through a discovery-learning ...

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor learning and execution is of critical importance in order to understand the principles and processes that underlie motor function. Here we present a paradigm to study movement acquisition within a daily session of training (within-session) representing the fast learning component and primary acquisition as well as skilled motor learning over several training sessions (between-session) representing the slow learning component and consolidation of the learned task. This behavioral paradigm increases the degree of difficulty and complexity of the motor skill task due to two features: First, the animal realigns its body prior to each pellet retrieval forcing renewed orientation and preventing movement execution from the same angle. Second, pellets are grasped from a vertical post that matches the diameter of the pellet and is placed in front of the cage. This requires a precise grasp for successful pellet retrieval and thus prevents simple pulling of the pellet towards the animal. In combination with novel genetics, imaging and electrophysiological technologies, this behavioral method will aid to understand the morphological, anatomical and molecular underpinnings of motor learning and memory.

A paradigm is presented to analyze the acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats.

ラットでのタスクに到達高精度熟練前肢の取得

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor ...

Utilizing Electroencephalography Measurements for Comparison of Task-Specific Neural Efficiencies: Spatial Intelligence Tasks

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables comparative calculation of individuals&#39; neural efficiency as they perform successive tasks requiring spatial ability to derive solutions. Neural efficiency here is defined as having less beta activation, and therefore expending fewer neural resources, to perform a task in comparison to other groups or other tasks. For inter-task comparisons of tasks with similar durations, these measurements may enable a comparison of task type difficulty. For intra-participant and inter-participant comparisons, these measurements provide potential insight into the participant&#39;s level of spatial ability and different engineering problem solving tasks. Performance on the selected tasks can be analyzed and correlated with beta activities. This work presents a detailed research protocol studying the neural efficiency of students engaged in the solving of typical spatial ability and Statics problems. Students completed problems specific to the Mental Cutting Test (MCT), Purdue Spatial Visualization test of Rotations (PSVT:R), and Statics. While engaged in solving these problems, participants&#39; brain waves were measured with EEG allowing data to be collected regarding alpha and beta brain wave activation and use. The work looks to correlate functional performance on pure spatial tasks with spatially intensive engineering tasks to identify the pathways to successful performance in engineering and the resulting improvements in engineering education that may follow.

This manuscript describes an approach to measure neural activity of humans while solving spatially focused engineering problems. The electroencephalogram methodology helps interpret beta brain wave measurements in terms of neural efficiency, with the aim of ultimately enabling comparisons of task performance both between problem types and between participants.

空間知能タスク：タスク固有ニューラル効率の比較のための脳波測定を活用

Spatial intelligence is often linked to success in engineering education and engineering professions. The use of electroencephalography enables ...

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in mice: the Feeding Experimentation Device (FED). FED is an open-source system that was designed to facilitate flexibility in food intake studies. Due to its compact and battery powered design, FED can be placed within standard home cages or other experimental equipment. Food intake measurements can also be synchronized with other equipment in real-time via FED's transistor-transistor logic (TTL) digital output, or in post-acquisition processing as FED timestamps every event with a real-time clock. When in use, a food pellet sits within FED's food well where it is monitored via an infrared beam. When the pellet is removed by the mouse, FED logs the timestamp onto its internal secure digital (SD) card and dispenses another pellet. FED can run for up to 5 days before it is necessary to charge the battery and refill the pellet hopper, minimizing human interference in data collection. Assembly of FED requires minimal engineering background, and off-the-shelf materials and electronics were prioritized in its construction. We also provide scripts for analysis of food intake and meal patterns. Finally, FED is open-source and all design and construction files are online, to facilitate modifications and improvements by other researchers.

Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

げっ歯類において食物摂取を測定するためのオープンソースデバイスの構築と検証：実験装置（FED）を給餌

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in ...