この作品は、スイス国立科学財団（助成31003A-149315から1 MESおよびAZにグラントIZK0Z3-150809に）、AZハイジデメトリアデス財団に 、欧州研究会議（ &#39;Nogorise&#39;）をMESするとの補助金によって賄われていましたクリストファーとダナ·リーブ財団（CDRF）。

全ての実験は、カントンチューリッヒ、スイスの獣医局のガイドラインに従って行いました。 1.動物の取り扱いおよび馴化<ol><li>動物の取り扱い 注：5日実験開始前に、毎日のステップ1.1.1を実行します。 <ol><li>行動実験では、実験者に動物を慣らします。毎日の動物当たり10〜15分を持続セッションを処理しています。各動物のセッションの後にボックスを清掃してください。 <ol><li>最初は、動物が実験に慣れになることを探求し、臭いできるようにケージに実験者の手を置きます。 </li><li>次に、静かにさらに習熟を可能にするフロントと後足の間、ラットの体をつかんで安全な方法で実験者の手で動物を持ち上げます。 </li></ol></li><li>絶食前のベースライン体重を得るために、毎日、各動物を秤量します。 </li></オール&gt; </li><li>装置馴化·食品ファミリア<ol><li>絶食前のベースライン体重を得るために、毎日、各動物を秤量します。 </li><li>標準的な実験食の事前研修の先頭に3日前、ラットを奪う食べ物を開始します。 （食品の10グラムで開始、 例えば、200グラムの重さのラット）ラット日あたりの食品1グラムあたりの体重の0.05グラムを与えます。毎日体重を監視することにより、一日あたり10％以上減少しないために体重を確認してください。 <ol><li>いくつかの動物は1ケージに保持されている場合は、支配的なラットは少ない支配的なもの以上のものを食べることができます。動物は減少の体重場合、動物を別々の代わりにグループ給餌を養います。水を自由に与えます。 </li></ol></li><li>把持装置でラットを知らせるために、（ 図1）トレーニングボックスに動物を配置します。食物ペレットを動物に習熟するためにスリット開口部に近​​接してトレーニング箱に入れ、砂糖ペレットを持っています。このSTを実行します3日間毎日EP 10-15分。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.事前トレーニングや運動スキル学習<ol><li>事前トレーニング<ol><li>ある日習熟した後、トレーニングボックスに動物を配置し、それが動物の舌によって達することができるように、スリット開口部に近​​接したペレットを配置します。プレトレーニング中に自分の前肢でペレットを取り出し、動物を除外 注：この段階で、舌でペレットの取得が重要と選択の通常動物の方法です。運動技能の学習の最初の日が学習到達タスクの適切な監視を可能にするためにまで、ペレットは前肢で把握いかなる場合でなければなりません。プレトレーニング中に前肢を有するペレット検索は除外基準であり、ほとんどの場合に観察されません。 </li><li>ケージの後方に実行して、スリット開口に戻るか、バックステップとして、次の食品ペレットを受信するために、自身の軸を好転するか、ラットを教えます舌。動物は、ケージを探る後方に実行して、スリット開口部に戻すための時間を確保します。動物は正しくタスクを実行しない場合は、ゆっくりケージの端部背面にタップして、動物の注意をキャッチするために鉗子を使用しています。動物が背面になると、静かにスリット開口に動物を導くために、ケージの前面にタップします。 注：動物が定義された標準値に達すると（ 例えば、15分未満で舌50の成功ペレット回収の）は、動物が運動技能の学習段階の資格。 1日目と事前研修の2には、学習者がすでに非学習者と区別することができます。非学習者は、この段階での研究から除外することができます。これは、運動学習ステップ（2.2）中に非学習者の高い数を有する確率を低下させます。 </li><li>プレトレーニング中、食品は、標準的な実験用飼料でラットを奪います。水を自由に与えます。研究を通して毎日の体重を監視します。行います雌雄ラットを訓練するために同じ部屋を使用していません。動物のための穏やかで、ノイズのない環境を確保します。 </li></ol></li><li>足の好みや運動スキル学習の決意<ol><li>運動技能の学習の最初のセッション中に、ポストにウィンドウの前のスライドを交換してください。動物がその舌でペレットに達するだけに達すると動きを把握正確な前肢によってそれを取得できないように約1.5cm離れた後のウィンドウから砂糖ペレットを配置します。 <ol><li>動物が舌で消費をしようとしながら、静かにペレットを動物の口の近くにペレットを持参し、後退させるように鉗子を使用し、前肢によってペレットの取得を強制します。動物が前足を伸ばし、ペレットを把握するまで繰り返し、このタスクを実行します。 </li></ol></li><li>窓の開口部の中心ポストを配置します。足の嗜好を判断するには、慎重に訓練日の最初の10試行REACの1の70％以上を観測興試みは（ すなわち、10のうち7）は同じ前肢で実行する必要があります。これが達成されない場合、70％の閾値に達するまで、10の試験の別のラウンドを続けます。 </li><li>足の嗜好決意した後、好適な前肢に向けてポストをシフトし、窓の開口部の境界に中央揃えます。好適な足の位置合わせは、ポストが（ 図1B、C）に到達するための最適な角度を可能にするために、それぞれの足に反してシフトしていることを意味します。 </li><li>成功したように、動物に提示新しいペレットとして定義されて裁判を、分類（ペレットを取り出し、食べて、把握に達する）、（ポストからペレットをノック）ドロップ（、把握に到達し、検索時にペレットを失う）か、失敗します。あなたのシート内のすべての裁判を書き留め、実験後のデータを分析します。 </li><li>試験の定義された数（ 例えば、150）または各動物の最大時間（ 例えば、1時間）からなる1日1回のセッションを行います。 </li><li>精度と微調整を調査運動の最初の試みの分析を使用して。最初の試みは、個々の移動部品の崩壊、ためらいまたは反復することなく、単一のモノリシック運動のペレットの把握によって定義されます。慎重にラットによってそれぞれ把握を観察します。 <ol><li>ラットの躊躇やリーチ中に引っ込むか、正しくペレットを把握するために、いくつかの試験をしようとすると、成功ではなく、最初の試みとして、それぞれの裁判に注意してください。動物が正常に単一のモノリシックリーチでペレットを把握した場合、あなたのシートに別の列で成功した最初の試みとして、各試行を書き留め。 </li></ol></li><li>運動技能学習中は、食べ物は、標準的な実験用飼料でラットを奪います。水を自由に与えます。研究を通して毎日の体重を監視します。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose

。本研究で示したパラダイムは、Buitrago ら 18から適応、主に二つの側面でのパラダイム17に到達し 、古典的な単一のペレットとは異なるされています。 まず、セッション内の改善を検討することは、毎日の平均値で表さ遅い学習コンポーネントに比べて高速な学習コンポーネントの調査などの情報を異なるレベルを提供することができ、?...

移動制御は、中枢神経系（CNS）の主要機能です。 MotricityはCNS機能の主な測定可能な出力や個人が外部世界と対話するための主要な可能性です。運動機能の原理および運動課題の学習は現在、神経科学における大きな課題の一つである根底にあるメカニズムを理解します。 、形態学的生理学的および分子の変化は、新たな運動課題の取得時発見されました。例えば、形状やシナプスの数は、熟練した運動トレーニング1-5に応じて変化し、シナプスの機械の機能的変化は、運動学習の後に観察されました。シナプス応答は、同じ動物の訓練を受けていない半球に、または訓練を受けていない動物からの応答6,7と比較して、訓練を受けた運動野の前肢を表現領域の接続に高かったです。電気生理学的観察はまた、長期増強（LTP）と長期を提案しますメカニズムなど-term抑圧（LTD）は、新しい運動技能の学習中に行われ、LTPとLTD飽和の制限国境の間に形成されるシナプス動作の範囲は、8修正されていること。さらに、その活動マーカーおよび可塑性は、C-FOS、GAP-43、またはBDNFなどの分子を促進するだけでなく、可塑性は、学習に関連する神経可塑性9-16のためのNogo-ディスプレイ調節的役割のような分子を阻害することが示されています。 運動学習のメカニズムのより良い理解に向けたこれらの進歩は、新しい運動技能、 例えば、熟練した前肢は、到達の取得の正確な制御を可能にする行動パラダイムを使用して達成することができます。唯一の適切な構造の行動タスクは、学習と各タスクの実行時に発生する相関の変化を監視し、キャプチャすることができます。ここでは、視覚的に熟練した前肢の修正版を実証しますBuitrago ら 17提示パラダイムから適合ラットにおける単一のペレット到達タスクでは、いくつかのセッションを超える高速な学習コンポーネントおよび一次取得を表す（セッション内）毎日のトレーニングセッション内での移動獲得の分析だけでなく、熟練した運動学習を可能にします（セッション間の）学習したタスク18の遅い学習コンポーネントとメンテナンスを表します。まず、ラットをそれぞれ把握した後、それらの軸を中心に回転するので、次のペレット到達する前に自分の体を再編成し、更新するために訓練されている。重要なことに、この行動パラダイムが原因には2つの機能は運動技能タスクの難しさと複雑さの度合いを増加させます体の向き、同じ角度からの一定の動きの実行を防止することができます。次に、ペレットをケージの前面に配置された垂直ポストから取り出されます。によるポストの小径に、ペレットが容易に成功した検索およびpの正確な把握を必要とキックオフすることができますreventing単純な動物に向けてペレットを引っ張ります。 このような複雑な行動試験は、運動学習のメカニズムをより深く洞察することができます。マウスと比較して、ラットは、複雑な行動タスクのその性能に優れ、本研究で提示されるような複雑なパラダイムのためにこのように適しています。ラット19,20のために利用可能な増加の遺伝的可能性を考慮すると、遺伝子操作、イメージングおよび生理学的な技術と正確かつ十分に制御行動試験方法の組み合わせは、より良い運動学習および記憶の神経生物学的基礎を理解するための強力なツールボックスを表します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1</td>
			<td>Training Box</td>
			<td>Self Made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2</td>
			<td>Pedestal</td>
			<td>Self Made</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3</td>
			<td>Sugar Pellets</td>
			<td colspan="2">45-mg dustless precision pellets, TSE Systems Intl. Group</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4</td>
			<td>Animals</td>
			<td>5-6 week old Sprague Dawley Male Rats</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5</td>
			<td>Laptop</td>
			<td>Hewlett Packard</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6</td>
			<td>Stop Watch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7</td>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8</td>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td>Excel (Microsoft), GraphPad Prism (GraphPad)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9</td>
			<td>Weighing scale</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10</td>
			<td>Counter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor learning and execution is of critical importance in order to understand the principles and processes that underlie motor function. Here we present a paradigm to study movement acquisition within a daily session of training (within-session) representing the fast learning component and primary acquisition as well as skilled motor learning over several training sessions (between-session) representing the slow learning component and consolidation of the learned task. This behavioral paradigm increases the degree of difficulty and complexity of the motor skill task due to two features: First, the animal realigns its body prior to each pellet retrieval forcing renewed orientation and preventing movement execution from the same angle. Second, pellets are grasped from a vertical post that matches the diameter of the pellet and is placed in front of the cage. This requires a precise grasp for successful pellet retrieval and thus prevents simple pulling of the pellet towards the animal. In combination with novel genetics, imaging and electrophysiological technologies, this behavioral method will aid to understand the morphological, anatomical and molecular underpinnings of motor learning and memory.

成功した運動技能の獲得のみ一貫した練習によって達成されます。すべての側面を慎重に検討にもかかわらず、いくつかのラットは、タスク（ 図2）を習得することができません。これらの「非学習者は &#39;のいずれかの実験を開始してからペレット検索のいくつかまたは存在しない試みをもたらす動機を欠いているか、一般的に連続して試行の失敗につながるペレットに手を伸...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats at JoVE.com

Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

A paradigm is presented to analyze the acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats.

ラットでのタスクに到達高精度熟練前肢の取得

Movements are the main measurable output of central nervous system function. Developing behavioral paradigms that allow detailed analysis of motor ...

acquisition-of-a-high-precision-skilled-forelimb-reaching-task-in-rats

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.2K ビュー.  University of Zurich. A paradigm is presented to analyze the acquisition of a high-precision skilled forelimb reaching task in rats.

ビデオ: Acquisition of a High-precision Skilled Forelimb Reaching Task in Rats

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

ラバーハンドイリュージョンパラダイムにおける客観行動測定値を得るための手段としてクロスモーダル一致タスク

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

行動学

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

禁欲ラットで探しているヘロインに長期の食事制限の影響を研究するための手順

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

統合失調症のための家族ハイリスク児の感情オドボール課題を用いて前頭辺縁系の活性の測定

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5  - 選択肢シリアル反応時間タスク：げっ歯類のための注意のタスクや衝動調節

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

ラットにおけるパブロフ付きアルコール探索行動の状況誘発性のリニューアルを観察する手順

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

変更された穴会は - マウスとラットにおける行動、認知と社会的相互作用を測定する

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Bouncing Ball with a Uniformly Varying Velocity in a Metronome Synchronization Task

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality specific. In the canonical metronome synchronization task that requires tapping a finger along with an isochronous sequence, a well-established finding is that synchronization is much more stable to an auditory sequence consisting of auditory tones than to a visual sequence consisting of visual flashes. However, recent studies have shown that periodically moving visual stimuli can substantially improve synchronization compared with visual flashes. In particular, synchronization of a visual bouncing ball that has a uniformly varying velocity was found to be not less stable than synchronization of auditory tones. Here, the current protocol describes the application of the bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task. The usage of the bouncing ball in sequences with different inter-onset intervals (IOI) is included. The representative results illustrate synchronization performance of the bouncing ball, as compared with the performances of auditory tones and visual flashes. Given its comparable synchronization performance to that of auditory tones, the bouncing ball is of particular importance for addressing the current research topic of whether modality-specific mechanisms underlay SMS.

The purpose of this protocol is to introduce the application of a bouncing ball with a uniformly varying velocity in a metronome synchronization task.

メトロノーム同期タスクで均一にさまざまな速度でボールをバウンス

Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), a fundamental human ability to coordinate movements with external rhythms, has long been thought to be modality ...

The Knob Supination Task: A Semi-automated Method for Assessing Forelimb Function in Rats

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity largely use video analysis of reaching or food manipulation. While these tasks are easy to implement and are robust across disease models, they are subjective and laborious for the experimenter. Automating traditional tasks or creating new automated tasks can make the tasks more efficient, objective, and quantitative. Since rats are less dexterous than primates, central nervous system (CNS) injury produces more subtle deficits in dexterity, however, supination is highly affected in rodents and crucial to hand function in primates. Therefore, we designed a semi-automated task that measures forelimb supination in rats. Rats are trained to reach and grasp a knob-shaped manipulandum and turn the manipulandum in supination to receive a reward. Rats can acquire the skill within 20 &plusmn; 5 days. While the early part of training is highly supervised, much of the training is done without direct supervision. The task reliably and reproducibly captures subtle deficits after injury and shows functional recovery that accurately reflects clinical recovery curves. Analysis of data is performed by specialized software through a graphical user interface that is designed to be intuitive. We also give solutions to common problems encountered during training, and show that minor corrections to behavior early in training produce reliable acquisition of supination. Thus, the knob supination task provides efficient and quantitative evaluation of a critical movement for dexterity in rats.

This manuscript describes a semi-automated task that quantifies supination in rats. Rats reach, grasp, and supinate a spherical manipulandum. The rat is rewarded with a pellet if the turn angle exceeds a criterion set by the user. This task increases throughput, sensitivity to injury, and objectivity compared to traditional tasks.

ノブ外タスク: ラットの前肢関数を評価するための半自動メソッド

Tasks that accurately measure dexterity in animal models are critical to understand hand function. Current rat behavioral tasks that measure dexterity ...

Evaluating Skilled Prehension in Mice Using an Auto-Trainer

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that permits the mouse to reach out of its cage and retrieve food pellets. Minimal food restriction is employed to encourage the mice to perform the food retrieval from the slot. As the mice begin to associate coming to the slot for food, the pellets are manually pulled away to stimulate extension and pronation of their paw to grasp and retrieve the pellet through the frontal slot. When the mice begin to reach for the pellets as they arrive at the slot, the behavioral assay can be performed by measuring the rate at which they successfully grasp and retrieve the desired pellet. They are then introduced to an auto-trainer that automates both the process of providing food pellets for the mouse to grasp, and the recording of successful and failed reaching and grasping attempts. This allows for the collection of reaching data for multiple mice with minimal effort, to be used in experimental analysis as appropriate.

Method to assess the impact of training on motor skills is a useful tool. Unfortunately, most behavioral assessments can be labor intensive and/or expensive.We describe here a robotic method of assessing prehension (reach-to-grasp) skill in mice.

オートトレーナーを用いてマウスの熟練した予感を評価する

We describe a method to introduce na&#239;ve mice to a novel prehension (reach-to-grasp) task. Mice are housed singly in cages with a frontal slot that ...

A Task for Assessing the Impact of a Partner on the Speed and Accuracy of Motor Performance in Rats

To our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of mere presence on accuracy of performance in animals. Therefore, we developed an experimental task to measure rats&#8217; motor performance (speed and accuracy) in a social condition. Rats were trained to run on a runway and pull down a lever at the end of the runway. In testing, rats performed the task solitarily (single) or in the presence of a confederate rat beyond the lever (pair or a social condition). As indices of the performance speed, we measured the time needed to start running, run through the runway, and pull down the lever. As the index of performance accuracy, we counted the number of trials in which rats could pull down the lever during their first attempt. One-way and two-way repeated-measure analyses of variance were used to analyze the data. This run-and-pull task enabled us to examine the effect of the presence of another conspecific on both speed and accuracy of motor performance in one experiment. The results showed that rats performed the task faster but less accurately in pair sessions than in single sessions. This protocol would be a valid animal model to examine the effect of mere presence on speed and accuracy of motor performance in rats.

A procedure to measure the speed and accuracy of rats&rsquo; motor performance in a social condition is described. The protocol enables us to investigate the effect of the mere presence of others on speed and accuracy of motor performance in one experiment.

ラットにおける運動性能の速度と精度に対するパートナーの影響を評価するタスク

To our knowledge, no study has examined the effect of mere presence on accuracy of performance in animals. Therefore, we developed an experimental task to ...