The authors would like to acknowledge Latoya Wiggins and Katelyn Griffin for their assistance in sample acquisition, as well as Laura Lee Rutherford for their assistance in sampling and molecular analyses. We would also like to thank Sarah Owens from Argonne National Lab for microbiomic sample preparation and sequencing. These investigations were supported equally by the Agricultural Research Service, USDA CRIS Projects &#8220;Pathogen Reduction and Processing Parameters in Poultry Processing Systems&#8221; #6612-41420-017-00 and &#8220;Molecular Approaches for the Characterization of Foodborne Pathogens in Poultry&#8221; #6612-32000-059-00.

環境家禽生産試料の1。機械的均質化<ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>抽出前に、95℃の水浴を設定し、水浴時間がその温度に到達させる。 </li><li> 2ミリリットルライジングマトリックスEチューブに土壌や糞便材料の0.33グラムを秤量。 <ol><li>これは、チューブの容量を超えるには、次の解決策の原因となりますので、チューブ内の試料の0.33グラムを超えないようにしてください。 </li><li>計量前のRTに凍結サンプルを解凍する。 </li><li>土壌/糞便1gの合計を分析するために、各個々の環境サンプルのための3レプリケート0.33グラムのサンプルを秤量。 </li><li>抽出前に円錐形の行列チューブ内の-20℃で保存サンプルは、必要に応じて。 </li></ol></li><li>サンプルチューブに825μlのリン酸ナトリウム緩衝液およびPLS溶液を275μLを加える。 〜15秒間ボルテックスを用いて混合した後、5分間14000×gでサンプルを遠心する。 </li><li> supernaをデカントTANTおよびバッファASLの700μlを添加する。 5秒間ボルテックスを用いて混ぜる。 <ol><li>ヘッドスペースは、この時点で円錐管で利用可能（〜10％の総量）があることを確認してください。ヘッドスペースがない場合には、チューブは、交差汚染および/または試料の損失につながる可能性があり、次の均質化工程中に漏れる傾向を有する。 </li></ol></li><li>ファストプレップ24インストゥルメントにサンプルを置き、40秒間6.0メートル/秒の速度でサンプルを均質化する。 </li><li> 5分間14000×gで均質化されたサンプルを遠心。無菌の2ミリリットルの微量遠心チューブに上清を移し。 </li><li>サンプルからのDNAの回収を最大にするために、繰り返し同じ滅菌2mlのマイクロ遠心チューブに上清を組み合わせ、1.4~1.6ステップ。 </li></ol>サンプルホモジネートからの阻害剤の2酵素阻害注：このプロトコルはのQIAamp DNAスツールミニキットを使用しています。 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>インキュベート上清中に残った細胞からのDNAの回収を最大にするため5分間95℃の水浴中で上清。 <ol><li>ほとんどのグラム陰性菌を含む試料を、70℃でインキュベートする。グラム陽性生物（家禽糞便試料の場合である）が存在する場合は、95℃でインキュベートする。 </li><li>チューブがオープン「ポップ」と、潜在的に圧力などのサンプル量がこれらの密封されたマイクロチューブに構築することができ失わないことを保証するためにマイクロチューブ上のクリップをロックするプラスチックを使用してください。 </li></ol></li><li>圧力、再キャップマイクロチューブを解除し、15秒間ボルテックスを用いて混合する各マイクロ遠心チューブを開きます。 </li><li> 、1分間14000×gでサンプルを遠心上清の1.2ミリリットルを削除し、新たな無菌の2ミリリットルマイクロ遠心チューブに入れてください。 </li><li>各サンプルに1 InhibitExタブを追加し、サンプルが均一に白/オフホワイト液体になるまでボルテックスを用いて混ぜる。 <ol><li>トンを避けるサンプルを含むマイクロ遠心チューブにそれを配置しながらInhibitExタブをouching。これを実現するために、オープンなマイクロ遠心チューブの上に直接タブを含むブリスターパックを置き、静かにブリスターパックから出て、マイクロ遠心チューブにタブを押してください。 </li></ol></li><li> 5分間14000×gでRT（〜25℃）で1分間のサンプルと遠心をインキュベートします。 </li><li> 5分間14000×gでの滅菌1.5ミリリットルマイクロ遠心チューブと遠心分離機にすべての液体を転送します。 <ol><li>液体を転送する際にステップ2.5の終了時にマイクロ遠心管の底にペレット化した可能性が残っている粒子状物質を避けてください。 </li></ol></li></ol> QIAcubeロボットワークステーションを使用して3.自動DNA精製注：プラスチック消耗品の数、遠心分離機内のサンプルローター·アダプターの配置、およびバッファ/ソリューションの必要なボリュームがNUMに依存している実行されているサンプルのBER。 <ol style="margin-left: 40px;"><li>ローター·アダプター内の適切なスロットに溶出チューブとフィルタチューブを追加します。各サンプルについて、ローターアダプタの中央のスロットに400μlを添加する。精製されるサンプルの数に応じて適切な配置で、ワークステーションの遠心分離機ロータアダプタを置きます。 <ol><li>そうしないと、障害が精製プロトコルの遠心分離工程のうちの1つの間にせん断につながる可能性があるので、マイクロ遠心チューブの蓋のすべてが適切にローターアダプタ内に固定されていることを確認します。 </li></ol></li><li>ワークステーションに千μLと200μlのフィルターチップの必要数を追加し、バッファの必要量と供給バッファーボトルを埋める。 注：この精製プロトコル（AL、AW1、AW2、及びAE）に必要なバッファがすべてのQIAamp DNAスツールミニキット内に含まれています。ユーザはAW府のために必要とされる100％エタノールを供給する必要がffers及び精製工程に用いられる溶液として。 </li><li>無菌の1.5ミリリットルマイクロ遠心チューブ内に供給さプロテイナーゼK溶液の必要量を追加して、ワークステーション上のスロットAにそれを置く。また、ワークステーションのシェーカーセクションに2ミリリットル安全ロック微量サンプルチューブRBの（精製されたサンプルの数に等しい）に必要な数を加える。 <ol><li>マシンが最初に必要なすべてのプラスチックと液体が要求されたために利用可能であることを確認するためにワークステーションをスキャンするときにこれを行うには失敗がエラーになりますので、サンプル管の蓋がしっかりと、ワークステーション上の適切なスロットに配置されていることを確認してください実行。 </li></ol></li><li>ワークステーション上でタッチスクリーンを使用して、DNAスツールを選択 - 人間スツール - 病原体検出プロトコル、およびワークステーションが正しくロー​​ドされたことを確実にするために、後続の画面をお読みください。いったんすべてのチェック画面が渡され、このプロトコルを実行するために、開始を選択します。 <ol><li> 12以上のサンプルからDNAを抽出した場合は12個のサンプルの実行がワークステーション上で完了するために〜72分かかるため、サンプルの次のセットのための均質化処理（ステップ1）を開始します。 </li></ol></li><li>その後の下流の分析に必要とされるまで-20℃で、ローター·アダプターからサンプルを削除し、それらをキャップ、と場所。 <ol><li>この時点で、遠心分離/蒸発ベースのシステムを使用して個々のサンプル（合計で分析量= 1グラム）のための3の反復精製を兼ね備えています。トリスETDAバッファー100μlの最終容量に複製し、再溶出を組み合わせる。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

使用したDNA抽出法の両方糞便やごみの試料について定量的および定性的全細菌コミュニティの見積もりを行うこと、試料を支持することは、以前に1,3,6見られるDNA抽出法の依存性を分析します。糞とゴミサンプルの両方のために、DNA抽出方法の性能の順序は、定量的（機械&gt;ハイブリッド&gt;酵素）と定性的な（酵素&gt;ハイブリッド&gt;機械）全細菌コミュニティの見積もりの​​た?...

When analyzing complex clinical or environmental samples (e.g., feces, soils), there are two main methodologies used for the extraction of DNA. The first is a mechanical disruption of the matrix using an intense bead-beating step, while the second is an enzymatic disruption of the matrix to chemically release bacterial cells and inhibit PCR inhibitors from the matrix simultaneously. Given the different means by which these two types of extraction methods work, it is not surprising that previous studies demonstrated that the appropriate DNA extraction method is both highly sample and analysis dependent. Comparative DNA extraction studies previously showed that some methods are more appropriate for improved DNA quality and quantity from environmental samples1-3, while others demonstrated improvements for community-level analyses such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)4-6, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP)7, automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA)8, and phylogenetic microarrays9. Therefore, appropriate DNA extraction methods need to be used, or developed, according to the types of environmental samples and the types of analyses being performed on those samples, especially given the recent advancements in bacterial community analyses. 
Next generation sequencing, in conjunction with more quantitative community assessments (e.g., quantitative PCR (qPCR)), is becoming more prevalent in the environmental and clinical sciences, however, very little research has been performed to determine the effect of DNA extraction methods on these data sets. Most DNA extraction comparison studies dealt with microbiomic community estimates from human or human model samples10,11, not agricultural animal samples. The few poultry-focused next generation sequencing studies dealt with specific metagenomic12,13 or microbiomic14 questions; they did not discuss the effect of DNA extraction method on the resulting microbiomic analyses. Considering the complex nature of environmental samples related to poultry production (e.g., feces, litter/bedding, pasture soil), DNA extraction methods need to be carefully selected. Poultry-related environmental samples are known to contain large numbers of PCR inhibitors and up to 500-fold DNA extract dilutions have been required for PCR and subsequent downstream analysis15-17. Therefore it is essential that DNA extraction methods be optimized for these types of samples in order to not only physically disrupt the matrix, but also to be able to reduce/eliminate the large number of inhibitors that are present. 
The QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit, an enzymatic extraction method, has been considered the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; when extracting DNA from difficult gut/fecal samples1,18,19 and has been applied successfully to poultry environmental samples8,14. The enzymatic removal of PCR inhibitors through the use of a proprietary matrix is one of the greatest advantages of using this method for these types of environmental samples, as is the ability to significantly improve throughput (and reduce sample processing error) using automated workstations. One major disadvantage is the lack of a mechanical homogenization step to physically disassociate bacterial cells from the environmental matrix. When testing gut and fecal samples of non-poultry origin, the addition of a bead-beating or mechanical disruption step within a DNA extraction protocol significantly increased extraction efficiency9, DNA yield/quality1,4,5 and significantly improved downstream community analyses in terms of richness, diversity, and coverage5,6,11. These studies compared not only mechanical bead-beating methods to the &#8220;gold standard&#8221; enzymatic method, but some also added the mechanical bead-beating step to the enzymatic protocol to improve results6,9,11. 
According to the results from the above studies, bacterial community analyses (both qualitative and quantitative) could be improved from poultry-related environmental samples through the addition of a mechanical homogenization step to the enzymatic method. Therefore, the goal of this study was twofold: (1) to develop a novel DNA extraction technique that utilizes the most desirable aspects of both the mechanical (powerful homogenization step) and enzymatic (PCR inhibitor removal and automation) extraction methods and (2) compare the quantitative (via qPCR) and qualitative (via microbiomics) bacterial community assessments of this novel method to representative mechanical and enzymatic methods.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lysing Matrix E tube</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">MPBio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6914-050</td>
			<td>Different sizes available and the last 3 numbers of the cat. No. indicate size (-050 = 50 tubes, -200 = 200 tubes, -1000 = 1000 tubes)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Phosphate Solution</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">MPBio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6570-205</td>
			<td>Can be purchased individually, or also contained within the FastDNA Spin Kit for Feces (Cat. No. 116570200)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">PLS Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">MPBio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6570-201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Buffer ASL (560 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">19082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FastPrep 24 homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">MPBio</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">116004500</td>
			<td>48 x 2 ml HiPrep adapter (Cat. No. 116002527) available to double throughput of mechanical homogenization step</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">51504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">QIAcube24 (110V)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">9001292</td>
			<td>Preliminary results show that QIAcube HT (Cat. No. 9001793) can be used to improve throughput, but different consumables are required of this machine and more comparative work needs to be done.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Filter-Tips, 1000 ml (1024)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">990352</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Filter-Tips, 200 ml (1024)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">990332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">QIAcube Rotor Adapters (10 x 24)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">990394</td>
			<td>For 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes included with in the rotor adapter kit there is an alternative.&#160; It is Sarstedt Micro tube 1.5 ml Safety Cap, Cat. No. 72.690</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sample Tubes RB (2 ml)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">990381</td>
			<td>Alternative: Eppendorf Safe-Lok micro test tube, Cat. No. 022363352</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a hybrid dna extraction method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of bacterial communities from poultry production samples

DNA抽出プロトコールの有効性が検討されて試料の種類とを行う下流の分析の両方のタイプに大きく依存することができる。新しい細菌群集解析技術（ 例えば、microbiomics、メタゲノミクス）の使用は、農業と環境科学に普及してきており、これらの分野内の多くの環境試料は、物理化学的に及び微生物学的に一意であることができることを考えると（ 例えば、糞便およびリットル/寝具サンプルから家禽生産スペクトル）、適切かつ効果的なDNA抽出法を慎重に選択する必要がある。したがって、新規な半自動ハイブリッドDNAの抽出方法は、環境家禽生産サンプルで使用するために開発された。機械的および酵素：この方法は、DNA抽出の2つの主要なタイプの組み合わせである。特に環境に関する用に製剤化ビーズビーティングを用いた2段階の強い機械的均質化工程（タルサンプル）、「ゴールドスタンダード」糞便サンプルは、サンプルマトリックスからの細菌およびDNAの除去を促進し、グラム陽性細菌のコミュニティのメンバーの回収率を向上させるための酵素DNA抽出方法の初めに添加した。ハイブリッド方式の酵素抽出部が開始された後、残りの精製プロセスは、サンプルのスループットを増大させ、試料処理エラーを減少させるために、ロボットワークステーションを使用して自動化した。定量的な（16S rRNAを定量PCRを用いて）および定性的を考慮した場合、厳格な機械的および酵素的DNA抽出法と比較して、この新規なハイブリッド方法は、（microbiomicsを使用して）最高の全体的な組み合わせの性能を提供し、総細菌群集の推定家禽の糞及びリターサンプルを処理する際に。

この研究では、新鮮な糞便糞とゴミサンプルは、米国南東部の商業ブロイラーハウス（〜25000羽）から回収した。ブロイラーは（ セキショクヤケイ ）コブ-500が交差した、と彼らはサンプリング時に59日齢であった。新鮮糞便及びリターサンプルは（冷却パッドの近くに、給水器/給電線の近くに、給水器/給電線との間に、排気ファンの近く）ハウス内の4つの領域から回収し、そしてこ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Hybrid DNA Extraction Method for the Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Bacterial Communities from Poultry Production Samples at JoVE.com

A Hybrid DNA Extraction Method for the Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Bacterial Communities from Poultry Production Samples

A novel semi-automated hybrid DNA extraction method for use with environmental poultry production samples was developed and demonstrated improvements over a common mechanical and enzymatic extraction method in terms of the quantitative and qualitative estimates of the total bacterial communities.

家禽生産のサンプルからの細菌群集の定性的および定量的評価のためのハイブリッドDNA抽出法

The efficacy of DNA extraction protocols can be highly dependent upon both the type of sample being investigated and the types of downstream analyses ...

a-hybrid-dna-extraction-method-for-qualitative-quantitative

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.4K ビュー.  USDA-Agricultural Research Service. A novel semi-automated hybrid DNA extraction method for use with environmental poultry production samples was developed and demonstrated improvements over a common mechanical and enzymatic extraction method in terms of the quantitative and qualitative estimates of the total bacterial communities. 

ビデオ: A Hybrid DNA Extraction Method for the Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Bacterial Communities from Poultry Production Samples

Purifying Plasmid DNA from Bacterial Colonies Using the Qiagen Miniprep Kit

Plasmid DNA purification from E. coli is a core technique for molecular cloning. Small scale purification (miniprep) from less than 5 ml of bacterial culture is a quick way for clone verification or DNA isolation, followed by further enzymatic reactions (polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme digestion). Here, we video-recorded the general procedures of miniprep through the QIAGEN's QIAprep 8 Miniprep Kit, aiming to introducing this highly efficient technique to the general beginners for molecular biology techniques. The whole procedure is based on alkaline lysis of E. coli cells followed by adsorption of DNA onto silica in the presence of high salt. It consists of three steps: 1) preparation and clearing of a bacterial lysate, 2) adsorption of DNA onto the QIAprep membrane, 3) washing and elution of plasmid DNA. All steps are performed without the use of phenol, chloroform, CsCl, ethidium bromide, and without alcohol precipitation. It usually takes less than 2 hours to finish the entire procedure.

キアゲンミニプレップキットを用いて細菌のコロニーからプラスミドDNAを精製

Plasmid DNA purification from E. coli is a core technique for molecular cloning. Small scale purification (miniprep) from less than 5 ml of bacterial ...

生物学

Use of Rotorod as a Method for the Qualitative Analysis of Walking in Rat

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a rotorod, animals remain in approximately the same place making repetitive movements of stepping. Thus the task provides a rich source of information on the details of foot stepping movements. Subjects were hemi-Parkinson analogue rats, produced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the right nigrostriatal bundle to deplete nigrostriatal dopamine (DA). The present report provides a video analysis illustration of animals previously were filmed from frontal, lateral, and posterior views as they walked (15). Rating scales and frame-by-frame replay of the video records of stepping behavior indicated that the hemi-Parkinson rats were chronically impaired in posture and limb use contralateral to the DA-depletion. The contralateral limbs participated less in initiating and sustaining propulsion than the ipsilateral limbs. These deficits secondary to unilateral DA-depletion show that the rotorod provides a use task for the analysis of stepping movements.

The rotorod test is used to assess motor status in the walking movement of hemi-Parkinson analogue rats.

ラットの歩行の質的分析のための方法としてRotorodの使用

High speed videoanalysis of the details of movement can provide a source of information about qualitative aspects of walking movements. When walking on a ...

DNA Extraction from 0.22 &mu;M Sterivex Filters and Cesium Chloride Density Gradient Centrifugation

This method is used to extract high molecular weight genomic DNA from planktonic biomass concentrated on 0.22 &mu;M Sterivex filters that have been treated with storage/lysis buffer and archived at -80&deg;C, and to purify this DNA using a cesium chloride density gradient.  The protocol begins with two one-hour incubation steps to liberate DNA from cells and remove RNA.  Next, a series of Phenol:Chloroform and Chloroform extractions are performed followed by centrifugation to remove proteins and cell membrane components, collection of the aqueous DNA extract, and several buffer exchange steps to wash and concentrate the extract.  Part Five describes the optional purification via cesium chloride density gradient.  It is recommended to work with less than 15 samples at one time to avoid confusion and cut down protocol time. The total time required for this protocol depends on the number of samples to be extracted. For 10-15 samples and assuming the proper centrifugation equipment is available, this entire protocol should take 3 days. Make sure you have the hybridization ovens set to temperature at the outset of the process.

DNA Extraction from 0.22 &amp;mu;M Sterivex Filters and Cesium Chloride Density Gradient Centrifugation

We describe a method for extraction of high molecular weight genomic DNA from planktonic biomass concentrated on 0.22 &mu;m Sterivex filters, followed by cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation for purification.

0.22μmのSterivexフィルタおよび塩化セシウム密度勾配遠心分離からのDNA抽出

This method is used to extract high molecular weight genomic DNA from planktonic biomass concentrated on 0.22 &mu;M Sterivex filters that have been ...

Extraction of High Molecular Weight Genomic DNA from Soils and Sediments

The soil microbiome is a vast and relatively unexplored reservoir of genomic diversity and metabolic innovation that is intimately associated with nutrient and energy flow within terrestrial ecosystems. Cultivation-independent environmental genomic, also known as metagenomic, approaches promise unprecedented access to this genetic information with respect to pathway reconstruction and functional screening for high value therapeutic and biomass conversion processes. However, the soil microbiome still remains a challenge largely due to the difficulty in obtaining high molecular weight DNA of sufficient quality for large insert library production. Here we introduce a protocol for extracting high molecular weight, microbial community genomic DNA from soils and sediments. The quality of isolated genomic DNA is ideal for constructing large insert environmental genomic libraries for downstream sequencing and screening applications. 
The procedure starts with cell lysis. Cell walls and membranes of microbes are lysed by both mechanical (grinding) and chemical forces (&beta;-mercaptoethanol). Genomic DNA is then isolated using extraction buffer, chloroform-isoamyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. The buffers employed for the lysis and extraction steps include guanidine isothiocyanate and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to preserve the integrity of the high molecular weight genomic DNA. Depending on your downstream application, the isolated genomic DNA can be further purified using cesium chloride (CsCl) gradient ultracentrifugation, which reduces impurities including humic acids. The first procedure, extraction, takes approximately 8 hours, excluding DNA quantification step. The CsCl gradient ultracentrifugation, is a two days process. During the entire procedure, genomic DNA should be treated gently to prevent shearing, avoid severe vortexing, and repetitive harsh pipetting.

A methodology to isolate high molecular weight and high quality genomic DNA from soil microbial community is described.

土壌と堆積物から高分子量のゲノムDNAの抽出

The soil microbiome is a vast and relatively unexplored reservoir of genomic diversity and metabolic innovation that is intimately associated with ...

DNA Extraction from Paraffin Embedded Material for Genetic and Epigenetic Analyses

Disease development and progression are characterized by frequent genetic and epigenetic aberrations including chromosomal rearrangements, copy number gains and losses and DNA methylation. Advances in high-throughput, genome-wide profiling technologies, such as microarrays, have significantly improved our ability to identify and detect these specific alterations. However as technology continues to improve, a limiting factor remains sample quality and availability. Furthermore, follow-up clinical information and disease outcome are often collected years after the initial specimen collection. Specimens, typically formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE), are stored in hospital archives for years to decades. DNA can be efficiently and effectively recovered from paraffin-embedded specimens if the appropriate method of extraction is applied. High quality DNA extracted from properly preserved and stored specimens can support quantitative assays for comparisons of normal and diseased tissues and generation of genetic and epigenetic signatures 1. To extract DNA from paraffin-embedded samples, tissue cores or microdissected tissue are subjected to xylene treatment, which dissolves the paraffin from the tissue, and then rehydrated using a series of ethanol washes. Proteins and harmful enzymes such as nucleases are subsequently digested by proteinase K. The addition of lysis buffer, which contains denaturing agents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), facilitates digestion 2. Nucleic acids are purified from the tissue lysate using buffer-saturated phenol and high speed centrifugation which generates a biphasic solution. DNA and RNA remain in the upper aqueous phase, while proteins, lipids and polysaccharides are sequestered in the inter- and organic-phases respectively. Retention of the aqueous phase and repeated phenol extractions generates a clean sample. Following phenol extractions, RNase A is added to eliminate contaminating RNA. Additional phenol extractions following incubation with RNase A are used to remove any remaining enzyme. The addition of sodium acetate and isopropanol precipitates DNA, and high speed centrifugation is used to pellet the DNA and facilitate isopropanol removal. Excess salts carried over from precipitation can interfere with subsequent enzymatic assays, but can be removed from the DNA by washing with 70% ethanol, followed by centrifugation to re-pellet the DNA 3. DNA is re-suspended in distilled water or the buffer of choice, quantified and stored at -20&deg;C. Purified DNA can subsequently be used in downstream applications which include, but are not limited to, PCR, array comparative genomic hybridization 4 (array CGH), methylated DNA Immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) and sequencing, allowing for an integrative analysis of tissue/tumor samples.

This video demonstrates the protocol for DNA extraction from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material. This is a multi-day procedure in which tissue sections are deparaffinized with xylene, rehydrated with ethanol and treated with proteinase K to purify and isolate DNA for subsequent gene-specific or genome-wide analysis.

遺伝学的およびエピジェネティクス解析のためのパラフィン包埋材料からのDNA抽出

Disease development and progression are characterized by frequent genetic and epigenetic aberrations including chromosomal rearrangements, copy number ...

Efficient Nucleic Acid Extraction and 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Bacterial Community Characterization

There is a growing appreciation for the role of microbial communities as critical modulators of human health and disease. High throughput sequencing technologies have allowed for the rapid and efficient characterization of bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene sequencing from a variety of sources. Although readily available tools for 16S rRNA sequence analysis have standardized computational workflows, sample processing for DNA extraction remains a continued source of variability across studies. Here we describe an efficient, robust, and cost effective method for extracting nucleic acid from swabs. We also delineate downstream methods for 16S rRNA gene sequencing, including generation of sequencing libraries, data quality control, and sequence analysis. The workflow can accommodate multiple samples types, including stool and swabs collected from a variety of anatomical locations and host species. Additionally, recovered DNA and RNA can be separated and used for other applications, including whole genome sequencing or RNA-seq. The method described allows for a common processing approach for multiple sample types and accommodates downstream analysis of genomic, metagenomic and transcriptional information.

We describe an efficient, robust, and cost effective method for extracting nucleic acid from swabs for characterization of bacterial communities using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The method allows for a common processing approach for multiple sample types and accommodates a number of downstream analytic processes.

細菌群集の特徴付けのための効率的な核酸抽出および16S rRNAの遺伝子配列決定

There is a growing appreciation for the role of microbial communities as critical modulators of human health and disease. High throughput sequencing ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

核酸の濾過単離：簡易迅速DNA抽出方法

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...

Hybrid-Cut: An Improved Sectioning Method for Recalcitrant Plant Tissue Samples

Maintaining plant section integrity is essential for studying detailed anatomical structures at the cellular, tissue, or even organ level. However, some plant cells have rigid cell walls, tough fibers and crystals (calcium oxalate, silica, etc.), and high water content that often disrupt tissue integrity during plant tissue sectioning.
This study establishes a simple Hybrid-Cut tissue sectioning method. This protocol modifies a paraffin-based sectioning technique and improves the integrity of tissue sections from different plants. Plant tissues were embedded in paraffin before sectioning in a cryostat at -16 &#176;C. Sectioning under low temperature hardened the paraffin blocks, reduced tearing and scratching, and improved tissue integrity significantly. This protocol was successfully applied to calcium oxalate-rich Phalaenopsis orchid tissues as well as recalcitrant tissues such as reproductive organs and leaves of rice, maize, and wheat. In addition, the high quality of tissue sections from Hybrid-Cut could be used in combination with in situ hybridization (ISH) to provide spatial expression patterns of genes of interest. In conclusion, this protocol is particularly useful for recalcitrant plant tissue containing high crystal or silica content. Good quality tissue sections enable morphological and other biological studies.

This protocol describes a simple Hybrid-Cut tissue sectioning method that is useful for recalcitrant plant tissues. Good quality tissue sections enable anatomical studies and other biological studies including in situ hybridization (ISH).

ハイブリッドカット：手に負えない植物組織試料のための改善されたセクショニング方法

Maintaining plant section integrity is essential for studying detailed anatomical structures at the cellular, tissue, or even organ level. However, some ...

Quasi-metagenomic Analysis of Salmonella from Food and Environmental Samples

Quasi-metagenomics sequencing refers to the sequencing-based analysis of modified microbiomes of food and environmental samples. In this protocol, microbiome modification is designed to concentrate genomic DNA of a target foodborne pathogen contaminant to facilitate the detection and subtyping of the pathogen in a single workflow. Here, we explain and demonstrate the sample preparation steps for the quasi-metagenomics analysis of Salmonella enterica from representative food and environmental samples including alfalfa sprouts, ground black pepper, ground beef, chicken breast and environmental swabs. Samples are first subjected to the culture enrichment of Salmonella for a shortened and adjustable duration (4&#8211;24 h). Salmonella cells are then selectively captured from the enrichment culture by immunomagnetic separation (IMS). Finally, multiple displacement amplification (MDA) is performed to amplify DNA from IMS-captured cells. The DNA output of this protocol can be sequenced by high throughput sequencing platforms. An optional quantitative PCR analysis can be performed to replace sequencing for Salmonella detection or assess the concentration of Salmonella DNA before sequencing.

Quasi-metagenomic Analysis of Salmonella from Food and Environmental Samples

Here, we present a protocol to prepare DNA samples from food and environmental microbiomes for concerted detection and subtyping of Salmonella through quasimetagenomic sequencing. The combined use of culture enrichment, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), and multiple displacement amplification (MDA) allows effective concentration of Salmonella genomic DNA from food and environmental samples.&#160;

食品および環境試料からのサルモネラの準メタゲノム解析

Quasi-metagenomics sequencing refers to the sequencing-based analysis of modified microbiomes of food and environmental samples. In this protocol, ...

緑膿菌分離株からのシデロフォア産生の評価

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Siderophore Production from Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is known for its production of a diverse range of virulence factors to establish infections in the host. One such mechanism is the scavenging of iron through siderophore production. P. aeruginosa produces two different siderophores: pyochelin, which has lower iron-chelating affinity, and pyoverdine, which has higher iron-chelating affinity. This report demonstrates that pyoverdine can be directly quantified from bacterial supernatants, while pyochelin needs to be extracted from supernatants before quantification.
The primary method for qualitatively analyzing siderophore production is the Chrome Azurol Sulfonate (CAS) agar plate assay. In this assay, the release of CAS dye from the Fe3+-Dye complex leads to a color change from blue to orange, indicating siderophore production. For the quantification of total siderophores, bacterial supernatants were mixed in equal proportions with CAS dye in a microtiter plate, followed by spectrophotometric analysis at 630 nm. Pyoverdine was directly quantified from the bacterial supernatant by mixing it in equal proportions with 50 mM Tris-HCl, followed by spectrophotometric analysis. A peak at 380 nm confirmed the presence of pyoverdine. As for Pyochelin, direct quantification from the bacterial supernatant was not possible, so it had to be extracted first. Subsequent spectrophotometric analysis revealed the presence of pyochelin, with a peak at 313 nm.

著者スポットライト:感染制御のためのシデロフォアとピオケリンの定量化 

This protocol provides both qualitative and quantitative analyses of total siderophores, pyoverdine, and pyochelin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

緑膿菌からのシデロフォア産生の定性的および定量的分析

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is known for its production of a diverse range of virulence factors to establish infections in the host. One such ...