An NINDS Grant NS05033 (JCC) supported this work. The University of Connecticut RAC, SURF and OUR programs provided additional support.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

我々は、マウスおよびヒトにおいて、脳の脳室系の完全性を評価するために使用できるツールおよびプロトコルを提示します。これらのツールは、しかし、また、14,21,22または老化プロセス中に損傷、疾患に起因する変化を受ける他の脳構造または器官系にも適用することができます。戦略は断面および縦MRI配列のアラインメントは、特定の領域または対象の構造の3次元体積...

上衣細胞単層系脳脊髄液（CSF）と間質液（ISF）1-3との間で双方向のバリア及び輸送機能を提供する脳の脳室系。これらの機能は、脳が毒物を含まない、生理バランス2,3で維持するのに役立ちます。ヒトでは怪我や病気を通してこのライニングの部分の損失は他の上皮ライニングに見られるような、再生、交換をもたらすように表示されません。むしろ上衣細胞カバレッジの損失は、心室表面における上衣細胞の無欠陥領域を覆う星状細胞の網目構造と脳室周囲アストログリオーシスをもたらすと思われます。重要CSF / ISF交換やクリアランス機構に深刻な影響は、この上皮層1,2,4-7の喪失に起因すると予測されます。 人間の老化の共通の特徴は、側脳室（脳室）とobservなどの関連する脳室周囲の浮腫を拡大していますMRIおよび流体弱毒化反転回復MRI（MRI / FLAIR）8-14により編。脳室と心室ライニングの細胞組織との関係を調べるために、死後の人間のMRIシーケンスは、側脳室の脳室周囲組織の組織学的調製物と一致しました。脳室拡大例では、神経膠症の実質的な領域は、側脳室の壁に沿って上衣細胞カバレッジを交換していました。心室拡張がMRIベースのボリューム分析によって検出されなかった場合には、上衣細胞のライニングは無傷であったとグリオーシスは心室ライニング6に沿って検出されませんでした。このコンビナトリアルアプローチは、部分のホールマウントの準備や全体の側脳室の壁と心室容積6の3Dモデリングを使用して、側脳室のライニングの細胞の完全性の変化を詳細に最初の包括的なドキュメントを表します。いくつかの疾患（アルツハイマー病、統合失調症）、および外傷（外傷性脳損傷）初期の神経病理学的特徴として脳室拡大を示します。上衣細胞ライニングの領域の裸出は、それによって、通常の上衣細胞機能を妨害し、CSF / ISF流体と溶質交換機との間の恒常性バランスを損なうことが予測されるであろう。したがって、脳室系への変更の、より精密検査、その細胞組成、およびその下または隣接する脳構造の結果は、最終的に心室肥大に関連した神経病理の詳細を明らかにするために開始されます。 一緒に組織学的組織サンプルを対応へのアクセスが制限されたマルチモーダルイメージングデータの不足、特に縦方向のデータ列には、人間の脳の病理の解析を困難にします。ヒトの老化や病気に見られるモデリングの表現型は、多くの場合、マウスモデルを用いて達成することができ、動物モデルは、ヒト疾患の開始および進行についての質問を探検するために最善の手段の一つになります。でいくつかの研究健康な若いマウスは、側脳室の壁の細胞構築とその下の幹細胞ニッチ4,7-15を記載しています。これらの研究は、高齢化6,15を介して3Dモデリングおよび心室壁の細胞分析を含むように拡張されています。マウスは比較的堅牢subventicularゾーン（SVZ）は、無傷の上衣細胞ライニング6,15に細胞ニッチの下にある幹表示むしろ脳室周囲グリオーシスも脳室のいずれもが、老齢マウスで観察されます。このように、印象的な種特異的な違いは、6,15の老化過程における側脳室のライニングの一般的なメンテナンスと整合性の両方に存在します。したがって、ヒトで見られる条件を調べるための最良の使用マウスに、2種間の違いは、任意のモデリングパラダイムを特徴とし、適切に考慮される必要があります。ここでは、人間とMの両方で側脳室および関連する脳室周囲組織に長手方向の変化を評価するための手順を提示しますウーズ。私たちの手順は、細胞、組織と構造の両方を特徴づけるために、3Dレンダリングとマウスおよびヒトの心室の両方の容積測定、および脳室周囲組織の全載標本の免疫組織化学的分析の使用を含みます。一緒にこれらの手順は、脳室系の変化と関連する脳室周囲の組織を特徴付けるための手段を提供します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="881">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:227px;">Name of the Materal/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:363px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21600-069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>19210</td>
			<td>Use at 4% in PBS, 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Normal Horse Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16050</td>
			<td>10% in PBS-TX (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16210</td>
			<td>10% in PBS-TX (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100 (TX)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td>0.1% in PBS (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1000S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Imager.M2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Camera</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>ORCA R2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope Stage Controller</td>
			<td>Ludl Electronic Products</td>
			<td>MAC 6000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereology software</td>
			<td>MBF Bioscience</td>
			<td colspan="2">Stereo Investigator 11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereology software</td>
			<td>ImageJ/NIH</td>
			<td>NIH freeware</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3D Reconstruction software</td>
			<td>MBF Bioscience</td>
			<td colspan="2">Neurolucida Explorer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>TCS SP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MRI Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Freesurfer</td>
			<td colspan="2">https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/DownloadAndInstall</td>
			<td>Segmentation and Volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ITK-Snap</td>
			<td>http://www.itksnap.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Segmentation and Volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Multi-image Analysis GUI (Mango)</td>
			<td>http://ric.uthscsa.edu/mango/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Longitudinal overlay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Whole Mount Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">22.5&#176; microsurgical straight stab knife</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9854830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">parafilm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">wax bottom dissecting dish&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pins</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">fine forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">aquapolymount</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>MZ95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Whole Mount Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mouse anti-b-catenin</td>
			<td>BD Bioschiences, San Jose, CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">goat anti-GFAP</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rabbit anti-AQP4 (aquaporin-4)</td>
			<td>&#160;Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Coronal Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-S100&#946; antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4&#8217;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D-1306</td>
			<td>10 &#181;g/mL in PBS</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

3d modeling of the lateral ventricles and histological characterization of periventricular tissue in humans and mouse

The ventricular system carries and circulates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates clearance of solutes and toxins from the brain. The functional units of the ventricles are ciliated epithelial cells termed ependymal cells, which line the ventricles and through ciliary action are capable of generating laminar flow of CSF at the ventricle surface. This monolayer of ependymal cells also provides barrier and filtration functions that promote exchange between brain interstitial fluids (ISF) and circulating CSF. Biochemical changes in the brain are thereby reflected in the composition of the CSF and destruction of the ependyma can disrupt the delicate balance of CSF and ISF exchange. In humans there is a strong correlation between lateral ventricle expansion and aging. Age-associated ventriculomegaly can occur even in the absence of dementia or obstruction of CSF flow. The exact cause and progression of ventriculomegaly is often unknown; however, enlarged ventricles can show regional and, often, extensive loss of ependymal cell coverage with ventricle surface astrogliosis and associated periventricular edema replacing the functional ependymal cell monolayer. Using MRI scans together with postmortem human brain tissue, we describe how to prepare, image and compile 3D renderings of lateral ventricle volumes, calculate lateral ventricle volumes, and characterize periventricular tissue through immunohistochemical analysis of en face lateral ventricle wall tissue preparations. Corresponding analyses of mouse brain tissue are also presented supporting the use of mouse models as a means to evaluate changes to the lateral ventricles and periventricular tissue found in human aging and disease. Together, these protocols allow investigations into the cause and effect of ventriculomegaly and highlight techniques to study ventricular system health and its important barrier and filtration functions within the brain.

免疫染色50μmの冠状切片と3次元再構成（ 図3）に基づいて、マウス側脳室の輪郭追跡は、ボリュームデータは、病気やけがのためのモデル系としてマウスを使用して、異なる実験パラダイムに収集することができるようになります。この手順に重要な側脳室の壁が互いに付着領域の除外です。心室の領域をsubsegmenting各領域（ 図3C）のために別の色を指定することによ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 3D Modeling of the Lateral Ventricles and Histological Characterization of Periventricular Tissue in Humans and Mouse at JoVE.com

3D Modeling of the Lateral Ventricles and Histological Characterization of Periventricular Tissue in Humans and Mouse

Using MRI scans (human), 3D imaging software, and immunohistological analysis, we document changes to the brain&#8217;s lateral ventricles. Longitudinal 3D mapping of lateral ventricle volume changes and characterization of periventricular cellular changes that occur in the human brain due to aging or disease are then modeled in mice.

ヒトとマウスにおける脳室周囲の組織の側脳室および組織学的特性の3次元モデリング

The ventricular system carries and circulates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates clearance of solutes and toxins from the brain. The functional ...

3d-modeling-lateral-ventricles-histological-characterization

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.9K ビュー.  University of Connecticut. Using MRI scans (human), 3D imaging software, and immunohistological analysis, we document changes to the brain’s lateral ventricles. Longitudinal 3D mapping of lateral ventricle volume changes and characterization of periventricular cellular changes that occur in the human brain due to aging or disease are then modeled in mice. 