An NINDS Grant NS05033 (JCC) supported this work. The University of Connecticut RAC, SURF and OUR programs provided additional support.

<ol>
	<li>Del Bigio, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ependymal+cells:+biology+and+pathology.">Ependymal cells: biology and pathology.</a> Acta Neuropathol. 119, 55-73 (2010).</li><li>Johanson, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+distributional+nexus+of+choroid+plexus+to+cerebrospinal+fluid,+ependyma+and+brain:+toxicologic/pathologic+phenomena,+periventricular+destabilization,+and+lesion+spread.">The distributional nexus of choroid plexus to cerebrospinal fluid, ependyma and brain: toxicologic/pathologic phenomena, periventricular destabilization, and lesion spread.</a> Toxicol Pathol. 39, 186-212 (2011).</li><li>Roales-Bujan, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Astrocytes+acquire+morphological+and+functional+characteristics+of+ependymal+cells+following+disruption+of+ependyma+in+hydrocephalus.">Astrocytes acquire morphological and functional characteristics of ependymal cells following disruption of ependyma in hydrocephalus.</a> Acta Neuropathologica. 124, 531-546 (2012).</li><li>Cserr, H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiology+of+the+choroid+plexus.">Physiology of the choroid plexus.</a> Physiol Rev. 51, 273-311 (1971).</li><li>Iliff, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+paravascular+pathway+facilitates+CSF+flow+through+the+brain+parenchyma+and+the+clearance+of+interstitial+solutes,+including+amyloid+beta.">A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid beta.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 4, 147ra111 (2012).</li><li>Shook, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventriculomegaly+associated+with+ependymal+gliosis+and+declines+in+barrier+integrity+in+the+aging+human+and+mouse+brain.">Ventriculomegaly associated with ependymal gliosis and declines in barrier integrity in the aging human and mouse brain.</a> Aging Cell. , (2013).</li><li>Xie, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sleep+drives+metabolite+clearance+from+the+adult+brain.">Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain.</a> Science. 342, 373-377 (2013).</li><li>Fazekas, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathologic+correlates+of+incidental+MRI+white+matter+signal+hyperintensities.">Pathologic correlates of incidental MRI white matter signal hyperintensities.</a> Neurology. 43, 1683-1689 (1993).</li><li>Meier-Ruge, W., Ulrich, J., Bruhlmann, M., Meier, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+white+matter+atrophy+in+the+human+brain.">Age-related white matter atrophy in the human brain.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 673, 260-269 (1992).</li><li>Resnick, S. M., Pham, D. L., Kraut, M. A., Zonderman, A. B., Davatzikos, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+magnetic+resonance+imaging+studies+of+older+adults:+a+shrinking+brain.">Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of older adults: a shrinking brain.</a> The Journal Of Neuroscience : The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience. 23, 3295-3301 (2003).</li><li>Sener, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Callosal+changes+in+obstructive+hydrocephalus:+observations+with+FLAIR+imaging,+and+diffusion+MRI.">Callosal changes in obstructive hydrocephalus: observations with FLAIR imaging, and diffusion MRI.</a> Comput Med Imaging Graph. 26, 333-337 (2002).</li><li>Sze, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Foci+of+MRI+signal+(pseudo+lesions)+anterior+to+the+frontal+horns:+histologic+correlations+of+a+normal+finding.">Foci of MRI signal (pseudo lesions) anterior to the frontal horns: histologic correlations of a normal finding.</a> AJR Am J Roentgenol. 147, 331-337 (1986).</li><li>Tisell, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shunt+surgery+in+patients+with+hydrocephalus+and+white+matter+changes.">Shunt surgery in patients with hydrocephalus and white matter changes.</a> Journal of Neurosurgery. 114, 1432-1438 (2011).</li><li>Valdes Hernandez Mdel, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automatic+segmentation+of+brain+white+matter+and+white+matter+lesions+in+normal+aging:+comparison+of+five+multispectral+techniques.">Automatic segmentation of brain white matter and white matter lesions in normal aging: comparison of five multispectral techniques.</a> Magn Reson Imaging. 30, 222-229 (2012).</li><li>Shook, B. A., Manz, D. H., Peters, J. J., Kang, S., Conover, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+changes+to+the+subventricular+zone+stem+cell+pool+through+aging.">Spatiotemporal changes to the subventricular zone stem cell pool through aging.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal Of The Society For Neuroscience. 32, 6947-6956 (2012).</li><li>Mirzadeh, Z., Merkle, F. T., Soriano-Navarro, M., Garcia-Verdugo, J. M., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+stem+cells+confer+unique+pinwheel+architecture+to+the+ventricular+surface+in+neurogenic+regions+of+the+adult+brain.">Neural stem cells confer unique pinwheel architecture to the ventricular surface in neurogenic regions of the adult brain.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 3, 265-278 (2008).</li><li>Mirzadeh, Z., Doetsch, F., Sawamoto, K., Wichterle, H., Alvarez-Buylla, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+subventricular+zone+en-face:+wholemount+staining+and+ependymal+flow.">The subventricular zone en-face: wholemount staining and ependymal flow.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2010).</li><li>Luo, J., Daniels, S. B., Lennington, J. B., Notti, R. Q., Conover, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+aging+neurogenic+subventricular+zone.">The aging neurogenic subventricular zone.</a> Aging Cell. 5, 139-152 (2006).</li><li>Luo, J., Shook, B. A., Daniels, S. B., Conover, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subventricular+zone-mediated+ependyma+repair+in+the+adult+mammalian+brain.">Subventricular zone-mediated ependyma repair in the adult mammalian brain.</a> J Neurosci. 28, 3804-3813 (2008).</li><li>Marcus, D. S., Fotenos, A. F., Csernansky, J. G., Morris, J. C., Buckner, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open+access+series+of+imaging+studies:+longitudinal+MRI+data+in+nondemented+and+demented+older+adults.">Open access series of imaging studies: longitudinal MRI data in nondemented and demented older adults.</a> J Cogn Neurosci. 22, 2677-2684 (2010).</li><li>Giorgio, A., De Stefano, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+use+of+brain+volumetry.">Clinical use of brain volumetry.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 37, 1-14 (2013).</li><li>Caspers, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+variability+in+human+brain+aging+in+a+population-based+German+cohort-rationale+and+design+of+1000BRAINS.">Studying variability in human brain aging in a population-based German cohort-rationale and design of 1000BRAINS.</a> Front Aging Neurosci. 6, 149 (2014).</li><li>Keuken, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-high+7T+MRI+of+structural+age-related+changes+of+the+subthalamic+nucleus.">Ultra-high 7T MRI of structural age-related changes of the subthalamic nucleus.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 33, 4896-4900 (2013).</li><li>Marti-Bonmati, L., Sopena, R., Bartumeus, P., Sopena, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multimodality+imaging+techniques.">Multimodality imaging techniques.</a> Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 5, 180-189 (2010).</li><li>Bergmann, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+age+of+olfactory+bulb+neurons+in+humans.">The age of olfactory bulb neurons in humans.</a> Neuron. 74, 634-639 (2012).</li><li>Sanai, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Corridors+of+migrating+neurons+in+the+human+brain+and+their+decline+during+infancy.">Corridors of migrating neurons in the human brain and their decline during infancy.</a> Nature. 478, 382-386 (2011).</li><li>Wang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+characterization+of+neuroblasts+in+the+subventricular+zone+and+rostral+migratory+stream+of+the+adult+human+brain.">Identification and characterization of neuroblasts in the subventricular zone and rostral migratory stream of the adult human brain.</a> Cell Res. 21, 1534-1550 (2011).</li><li>Carmen Gomez-Roldan, D. e. l., M, , et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroblast+proliferation+on+the+surface+of+the+adult+rat+striatal+wall+after+focal+ependymal+loss+by+intracerebroventricular+injection+of+neuraminidase.">Neuroblast proliferation on the surface of the adult rat striatal wall after focal ependymal loss by intracerebroventricular injection of neuraminidase.</a> The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 507, 1571-1587 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

We present tools and protocols that can be used to evaluate the integrity of the brain&#8217;s ventricular system in mice and in humans. These tools, however, can also be applied to other brain structures or organ systems that undergo changes due to injury, disease, or during the process of aging 14,21,22. The strategies presented take advantage of software that allows the alignment of cross-sectional and longitudinal MRI sequences to generate 3D volume representations of specific regions or structures of inte...

An ependymal cell monolayer lines the ventricular system of the brain providing bi-directional barrier and transport functions between the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) 1-3. These functions help to keep the brain toxicant-free and in physiological balance 2,3. In humans loss of portions of this lining through injury or disease does not appear to result in regenerative replacement as found in other epithelial linings; rather loss of ependymal cell coverage appears to result in periventricular astrogliosis with a meshwork of astrocytes covering regions denuded of ependymal cells at the ventricle surface. Serious repercussions to important CSF/ISF exchange and clearance mechanisms would be predicted to result from loss of this epithelial layer 1,2,4-7.
A common feature of human aging is enlarged lateral ventricles (ventriculomegaly) and associated periventricular edema as observed by MRI and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI (MRI/FLAIR) 8-14. To investigate the relationship between ventriculomegaly and the cellular organization of the ventricle lining, postmortem human MRI sequences were matched with histological preparations of lateral ventricle periventricular tissue. In cases of ventriculomegaly, substantial areas of gliosis had replaced ependymal cell coverage along the lateral ventricle wall. When ventricle expansion was not detected by MRI-based volume analysis, the ependymal cell lining was intact and gliosis was not detected along the ventricle lining 6. This combinatorial approach represents the first comprehensive documentation detailing changes in cellular integrity of the lateral ventricle lining using wholemount preparations of portions or the entire lateral ventricle wall and 3D modeling of ventricle volumes 6. Several diseases (Alzheimer&#8217;s disease, schizophrenia) and injuries (traumatic brain injury) show ventriculomegaly as an early neuropathological feature. Denudation of areas of the ependymal cell lining thereby would be predicted to interfere with normal ependymal cell function and compromise the homeostatic balance between CSF/ISF fluid and solute exchange. Thus, a more thorough examination of changes to the ventricular system, its cellular composition, and the consequence to underlying or neighboring brain structures will ultimately begin to reveal more about the neuropathology associated with ventricle enlargement.
The lack of multimodal imaging data, and in particular longitudinal data sequences, together with limited access to corresponding histological tissue samples makes analysis of human brain pathologies difficult. Modeling phenotypes found in human aging or disease can often be achieved with mouse models and animal models become one of our best means to explore questions about human disease initiation and progression. Several studies in healthy young mice have described the cytoarchitecture of the lateral ventricle walls and the underlying stem cell niche 4,7-15. These studies have been extended to include 3D modeling and cellular analysis of the ventricle walls through aging 6,15. Neither periventricular gliosis nor ventriculomegaly are observed in aged mice, rather mice display a relatively robust subventicular zone (SVZ) stem cell niche subjacent to an intact ependymal cell lining 6,15. Thus, striking species-specific differences exist in both the general maintenance and integrity of the lateral ventricle lining during the process of aging 6,15. Therefore, to best use mice to interrogate conditions found in humans, differences between the two species need to be characterized and appropriately considered in any modeling paradigm. Here, we present procedures to evaluate longitudinal changes to the lateral ventricles and associated periventricular tissue in both humans and mouse. Our procedures include 3D rendering and volumetry of both mouse and human ventricles, and use of immunohistochemical analysis of whole mount preparations of periventricular tissue to characterize both cellular organization and structure. Together these procedures provide a means to characterize changes in the ventricular system and associated periventricular tissue.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="881">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:227px;">Name of the Materal/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:363px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21600-069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>19210</td>
			<td>Use at 4% in PBS, 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Normal Horse Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16050</td>
			<td>10% in PBS-TX (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16210</td>
			<td>10% in PBS-TX (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100 (TX)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td>0.1% in PBS (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1000S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Imager.M2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Camera</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>ORCA R2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope Stage Controller</td>
			<td>Ludl Electronic Products</td>
			<td>MAC 6000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereology software</td>
			<td>MBF Bioscience</td>
			<td colspan="2">Stereo Investigator 11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereology software</td>
			<td>ImageJ/NIH</td>
			<td>NIH freeware</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3D Reconstruction software</td>
			<td>MBF Bioscience</td>
			<td colspan="2">Neurolucida Explorer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>TCS SP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MRI Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Freesurfer</td>
			<td colspan="2">https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/DownloadAndInstall</td>
			<td>Segmentation and Volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ITK-Snap</td>
			<td>http://www.itksnap.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Segmentation and Volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Multi-image Analysis GUI (Mango)</td>
			<td>http://ric.uthscsa.edu/mango/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Longitudinal overlay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Whole Mount Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">22.5&#176; microsurgical straight stab knife</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9854830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">parafilm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">wax bottom dissecting dish&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pins</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">fine forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">aquapolymount</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>MZ95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Whole Mount Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mouse anti-b-catenin</td>
			<td>BD Bioschiences, San Jose, CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">goat anti-GFAP</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rabbit anti-AQP4 (aquaporin-4)</td>
			<td>&#160;Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Coronal Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-S100&#946; antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4&#8217;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D-1306</td>
			<td>10 &#181;g/mL in PBS</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

3d modeling of the lateral ventricles and histological characterization of periventricular tissue in humans and mouse

The ventricular system carries and circulates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates clearance of solutes and toxins from the brain. The functional units of the ventricles are ciliated epithelial cells termed ependymal cells, which line the ventricles and through ciliary action are capable of generating laminar flow of CSF at the ventricle surface. This monolayer of ependymal cells also provides barrier and filtration functions that promote exchange between brain interstitial fluids (ISF) and circulating CSF. Biochemical changes in the brain are thereby reflected in the composition of the CSF and destruction of the ependyma can disrupt the delicate balance of CSF and ISF exchange. In humans there is a strong correlation between lateral ventricle expansion and aging. Age-associated ventriculomegaly can occur even in the absence of dementia or obstruction of CSF flow. The exact cause and progression of ventriculomegaly is often unknown; however, enlarged ventricles can show regional and, often, extensive loss of ependymal cell coverage with ventricle surface astrogliosis and associated periventricular edema replacing the functional ependymal cell monolayer. Using MRI scans together with postmortem human brain tissue, we describe how to prepare, image and compile 3D renderings of lateral ventricle volumes, calculate lateral ventricle volumes, and characterize periventricular tissue through immunohistochemical analysis of en face lateral ventricle wall tissue preparations. Corresponding analyses of mouse brain tissue are also presented supporting the use of mouse models as a means to evaluate changes to the lateral ventricles and periventricular tissue found in human aging and disease. Together, these protocols allow investigations into the cause and effect of ventriculomegaly and highlight techniques to study ventricular system health and its important barrier and filtration functions within the brain.

Contour tracing of the mouse lateral ventricles based on immunostained 50 &#181;m coronal sections and 3D reconstructions (Figure 3) allows volume data to be collected in different experimental paradigms using mouse as a model system for disease or injury. Critical to this procedure is the exclusion of regions where the lateral ventricle walls adhere to each other. By subsegmenting regions of the ventricles and designating a different color for each region (Figure 3C), contiguous section...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 3D Modeling of the Lateral Ventricles and Histological Characterization of Periventricular Tissue in Humans and Mouse at JoVE.com

3D Modeling of the Lateral Ventricles and Histological Characterization of Periventricular Tissue in Humans and Mouse

Using MRI scans (human), 3D imaging software, and immunohistological analysis, we document changes to the brain&#8217;s lateral ventricles. Longitudinal 3D mapping of lateral ventricle volume changes and characterization of periventricular cellular changes that occur in the human brain due to aging or disease are then modeled in mice.

The ventricular system carries and circulates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates clearance of solutes and toxins from the brain. The functional ...

3d-modeling-lateral-ventricles-histological-characterization

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.9K Views.  University of Connecticut. Using MRI scans (human), 3D imaging software, and immunohistological analysis, we document changes to the brain’s lateral ventricles. Longitudinal 3D mapping of lateral ventricle volume changes and characterization of periventricular cellular changes that occur in the human brain due to aging or disease are then modeled in mice. 