An NINDS Grant NS05033 (JCC) supported this work. The University of Connecticut RAC, SURF and OUR programs provided additional support.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Presentiamo strumenti e protocolli che possono essere utilizzati per valutare l&#39;integrità del sistema ventricolare del cervello in topi e negli esseri umani. Questi strumenti, tuttavia, possono essere applicati anche ad altre strutture cerebrali o sistemi di organi che subiscono variazioni dovute a lesioni, malattie, o durante il processo di invecchiamento 14,21,22. Le strategie presentate approfittare di software che permette l&#39;allineamento di sequenze MRI trasversali e longitudinali per generare ra...

Un ependimali linee monostrato cellulare il sistema ventricolare del cervello fornire funzioni bidirezionali di barriera e di trasporto tra il fluido cerebrale spinale (CSF) e liquido interstiziale (ISF) 1-3. Queste funzioni aiutano a mantenere in equilibrio fisiologico 2,3 libero da agenti tossici nel cervello. Negli esseri umani la perdita di porzioni di questo rivestimento per infortunio o malattia non sembra tradursi in sostituzione rigenerativa come si trova in altri rivestimenti epiteliali; piuttosto la perdita di copertura cellulare ependimale sembra comportare astrogliosis periventricolare con un reticolo di astrociti che coprono regioni spoglie di cellule ependimali in superficie ventricolo. Gravi ripercussioni ai meccanismi importanti CSF / cambio ISF e di liquidazione sarebbero previsti come conseguenza la perdita di questo strato epiteliale 1,2,4-7. Una caratteristica comune di invecchiamento umano è allargata ventricoli laterali (ventricolomegalia) ed edema periventricolare associati come observcato da MRI e fluido attenuato inversion recovery MRI (risonanza magnetica / FLAIR) 8-14. Per indagare il rapporto tra ventricolomegalia e l&#39;organizzazione cellulare del rivestimento ventricolo, post-mortem sequenze MRI umani sono stati abbinati con preparati istologici di ventricolo laterale del tessuto periventricolare. Nei casi di ventricolomegalia, aree consistenti di gliosi avevano sostituito copertura cellulare ependimale lungo la parete del ventricolo laterale. Quando l&#39;espansione ventricolo non è stato rilevato da analisi del volume basato su risonanza magnetica, il rivestimento delle cellule ependimale era intatto e gliosi non è stato rilevato lungo il rivestimento ventricolo 6. Questo approccio combinatorio rappresenta la prima documentazione dettaglio cambiamenti globali in integrità cellulare del rivestimento ventricolo laterale utilizzando preparazioni wholemount di porzioni o l&#39;intera parete del ventricolo laterale e modellazione 3D di volumi ventricolo 6. Molte malattie (malattia di Alzheimer, la schizofrenia) e le lesioni (lesioni cerebrali traumatiche)mostrano ventricolomegalia come funzionalità neuropathological presto. Denudation delle aree del rivestimento delle cellule ependimale quindi sarebbe previsto per interferire con la normale funzione delle cellule ependimali e compromettere l&#39;equilibrio omeostatico tra CSF / fluido ISF e scambio soluto. Così, un esame più approfondito delle modifiche apportate al sistema ventricolare, la sua composizione cellulare, e la conseguenza di strutture cerebrali sottostanti o vicine alla fine inizierà a rivelare di più sulla neuropatologia associata con l&#39;allargamento del ventricolo. La mancanza di dati di imaging multimodali, in particolare sequenze di dati longitudinali, con accesso limitato ai corrispondenti campioni istologici rende l&#39;analisi di patologie cerebrali umane difficile. Fenotipi modellazione trovano in invecchiamento umano o malattia può spesso essere realizzato con modelli di topo e modelli animali diventano uno dei nostri migliori mezzi per esplorare le domande circa l&#39;inizio e la progressione delle malattie umane. Diversi studi insani giovani topi hanno descritto la citoarchitettura delle pareti ventricolo laterale e la nicchia di cellule staminali sottostante 4,7-15. Questi studi sono stati estesi per includere la modellazione 3D e analisi cellulare delle pareti del ventricolo attraverso invecchiamento 6,15. Né gliosi periventricolare né ventricolomegalia sono osservati in topi anziani, piuttosto topi mostrano una zona subventicular relativamente robusta (SVZ) staminali nicchia di cellule soggiacente ad una cella ependimale intatto fodera 6,15. Così, esistono notevoli differenze specie-specifiche sia nella manutenzione e l&#39;integrità del rivestimento ventricolo laterale generale durante il processo di invecchiamento 6,15. Pertanto, per migliori topi uso di interrogare le condizioni presenti negli esseri umani, le differenze tra le due specie hanno bisogno di essere caratterizzato e adeguatamente considerati in qualsiasi paradigma di modellazione. Qui vi presentiamo le procedure per valutare le variazioni longitudinali ai ventricoli laterali e tessuto periventricolare associati in esseri umani e mouse. Le nostre procedure comprendono Rendering 3D e volumetria del mouse e ventricoli umani, e l&#39;uso di analisi immunoistochimica di interi preparati montaggio di tessuto periventricolare per caratterizzare sia di organizzazione e struttura cellulare. Insieme, questi procedimenti forniscono un mezzo per caratterizzare cambiamenti nel sistema ventricolare e tessuto periventricular associato.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="881">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="44">
			<td height="44" style="height:44px;width:227px;">Name of the Materal/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:363px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21600-069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>19210</td>
			<td>Use at 4% in PBS, 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Normal Horse Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16050</td>
			<td>10% in PBS-TX (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16210</td>
			<td>10% in PBS-TX (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triton X-100 (TX)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td>0.1% in PBS (v/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1000S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Imager.M2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Camera</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu</td>
			<td>ORCA R2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope Stage Controller</td>
			<td>Ludl Electronic Products</td>
			<td>MAC 6000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereology software</td>
			<td>MBF Bioscience</td>
			<td colspan="2">Stereo Investigator 11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereology software</td>
			<td>ImageJ/NIH</td>
			<td>NIH freeware</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3D Reconstruction software</td>
			<td>MBF Bioscience</td>
			<td colspan="2">Neurolucida Explorer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>TCS SP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MRI Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Freesurfer</td>
			<td colspan="2">https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki/DownloadAndInstall</td>
			<td>Segmentation and Volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ITK-Snap</td>
			<td>http://www.itksnap.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Segmentation and Volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Multi-image Analysis GUI (Mango)</td>
			<td>http://ric.uthscsa.edu/mango/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Longitudinal overlay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Whole Mount Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">22.5&#176; microsurgical straight stab knife</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9854830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">parafilm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">wax bottom dissecting dish&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pins</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">fine forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">aquapolymount</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>MZ95</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Whole Mount Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mouse anti-b-catenin</td>
			<td>BD Bioschiences, San Jose, CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">goat anti-GFAP</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">rabbit anti-AQP4 (aquaporin-4)</td>
			<td>&#160;Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Coronal Antibodies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti-S100&#946; antibody</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4&#8217;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>D-1306</td>
			<td>10 &#181;g/mL in PBS</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

3d modeling of the lateral ventricles and histological characterization of periventricular tissue in humans and mouse

The ventricular system carries and circulates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates clearance of solutes and toxins from the brain. The functional units of the ventricles are ciliated epithelial cells termed ependymal cells, which line the ventricles and through ciliary action are capable of generating laminar flow of CSF at the ventricle surface. This monolayer of ependymal cells also provides barrier and filtration functions that promote exchange between brain interstitial fluids (ISF) and circulating CSF. Biochemical changes in the brain are thereby reflected in the composition of the CSF and destruction of the ependyma can disrupt the delicate balance of CSF and ISF exchange. In humans there is a strong correlation between lateral ventricle expansion and aging. Age-associated ventriculomegaly can occur even in the absence of dementia or obstruction of CSF flow. The exact cause and progression of ventriculomegaly is often unknown; however, enlarged ventricles can show regional and, often, extensive loss of ependymal cell coverage with ventricle surface astrogliosis and associated periventricular edema replacing the functional ependymal cell monolayer. Using MRI scans together with postmortem human brain tissue, we describe how to prepare, image and compile 3D renderings of lateral ventricle volumes, calculate lateral ventricle volumes, and characterize periventricular tissue through immunohistochemical analysis of en face lateral ventricle wall tissue preparations. Corresponding analyses of mouse brain tissue are also presented supporting the use of mouse models as a means to evaluate changes to the lateral ventricles and periventricular tissue found in human aging and disease. Together, these protocols allow investigations into the cause and effect of ventriculomegaly and highlight techniques to study ventricular system health and its important barrier and filtration functions within the brain.

Contour tracciamento dei ventricoli laterali del mouse sulla base immunostained 50 micron sezioni coronali e ricostruzioni 3D (Figura 3) consente ai dati del volume per essere raccolti in diversi paradigmi sperimentali utilizzando il mouse come sistema modello per la malattia o infortunio. Fondamentale per questa procedura è l&#39;esclusione delle regioni in cui le pareti laterali ventricolo aderiscono l&#39;uno all&#39;altro. Con subsegmenting regioni dei ventricoli e la designazione di un colore dive...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 3D Modeling of the Lateral Ventricles and Histological Characterization of Periventricular Tissue in Humans and Mouse at JoVE.com

3D Modeling of the Lateral Ventricles and Histological Characterization of Periventricular Tissue in Humans and Mouse

Using MRI scans (human), 3D imaging software, and immunohistological analysis, we document changes to the brain&#8217;s lateral ventricles. Longitudinal 3D mapping of lateral ventricle volume changes and characterization of periventricular cellular changes that occur in the human brain due to aging or disease are then modeled in mice.

Modellazione 3D del laterale ventricoli e istologica Caratterizzazione del Tissue periventricolare di esseri umani e il mouse

The ventricular system carries and circulates cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and facilitates clearance of solutes and toxins from the brain. The functional ...

3d-modeling-lateral-ventricles-histological-characterization

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.9K Views.  University of Connecticut. Using MRI scans (human), 3D imaging software, and immunohistological analysis, we document changes to the brain’s lateral ventricles. Longitudinal 3D mapping of lateral ventricle volume changes and characterization of periventricular cellular changes that occur in the human brain due to aging or disease are then modeled in mice. 