The authors acknowledge National Science Foundation grant CHE- 1214068 for supporting this research project.

GMSの調製<ol><li>受け取った次のプロセスですべての化学物質を使用してください。 </li><li>塩酸（HCl）溶液を2 Mの75ミリリットルを準備します。ポリ（エチレングリコール）を2.0gを秤量 - ブロック - ポリ（プロピレングリコール） - ブロック - ポリ（エチレングリコール）（P123、MW = 5,800）および2MのHCl溶液の調製75ミリリットルに移します。 P123が完全に溶解するまで室温で、350 R /分の速度で溶液を磁気攪拌を適用します。溶液は透明になります。 </li><li>小瓶転送ビスの180μlのテトラエトキシシランの4グラム（TEOS、MW = 208.33）を計量[3-（トリエトキシシリル）プロピル] - テトラスルフィド（TESPTS、MW = 538.94）をバイアルに。ゆっくりと2種類の化学物質を混合するために、バイアルを振ります。別のバイアルでは、塩化金酸38mgの（のHAuCl 4、99.90パーセント）を計量し、脱イオン水1mlに溶解します。 </li><li>熱電対によって制御された温度で油浴中で35℃にP123液の温度を上昇させます。 </li><li> TEOSの混合物のすべてを追加し、TESPTSはP123溶​​液にステップ1.3で調製し、700 R /分の激しい磁気撹拌で溶液を維持します。 2分間攪拌し、溶液を維持し、その後、30秒以内にステップ1.3を滴下で製造したのHAuCl 4溶液のすべてを追加します。 </li><li> 35℃で24時間、700 /分（rpm）で撹拌し、溶液を保管してください。 </li><li> 24時間後、72時間、100℃に設定したオーブンで密封されたボトルとストアにソリューションを転送します。これは、熱水処理と呼ばれています。 </li><li>熱水処理の後、残ったHClを除去するために二度、エタノールを水で3回洗浄し、その後、漏斗の下＃1濾紙負圧で溶液を濾過します。各洗浄工程の間、固体の上に水またはエタノール1cmに追加して、材料が乾燥するのを待ちます。 </li><li> 4時間550℃でセラミック坩堝や焼物に濾過からの沈殿を転送します。 25°Cを550℃に2時間、4、550℃で保つ次のようランププログラムを設定します時間は、その後、温度が40℃を下回るまで、ドアを閉じた状態で試料を炉内に残ることができます。 </li><li>焼成後、プラスチックスパチュラでガラスバイアルに製品を移します。合成された物質は、赤色を有します。 </li></ol> 2.触媒反応、ベンジルアルコールの酸化<ol><li>ベンジルアルコールの酸化は、別々の無溶媒液相反応でベンジルアルコールの尺度5ミリリットル（99.8％）、25 mlの三つ口フラスコにそれを転送するので、次にGMS触媒10mgを秤量し、それがベンジルに追加アルコール。 </li><li>反応温度の正確かつ均一な制御を確実にするために、磁気撹拌しながら、温度制御された油浴を設定します。 </li><li>油浴中にベンジルアルコール及び触媒をフラスコに入れ、次いで100℃に温度を設定し、150 R /分で撹拌。 </li><li>マスフローコントローラにより制御2ml /分でフラスコに99.9％の純度を有する酸素ガスフロー。 </li><li>いつ油浴の温度が100℃に達し、安定化、三口フラスコ内に酸素ガスを導入します。 </li><li>酸素流量と温度を一定に維持し、反応を6時間進行させます。 </li><li>反応後、＃1の濾過紙で製品をフィルタリングします。液相を収集し、ガスクロマトグラフィー（GC）バイアルにアリコートを移します。 GCバイアル中で、一人一人の部分のサンプルについて四つの部分のHPLCグレードの酢酸を混合（例えば、36μlのサンプルと144μlの酢酸を使用しています。）分析のためのガスクロマトグラフのオートサンプラーにバイアルを置きます。 DI水とエタノールでろ紙上に固体沈殿物を洗い流した後、空気中で乾燥させます。リサイクル触媒としてスパチュラで乾燥した固体を収集します。 </li><li>リサイクル触媒と2.7を介してステップ2.3から3回同じ実験手順を繰り返します。各繰り返しにおいて、ステップ2.2に記載の比率と一致するように、ベンジルアルコールの量を調整します。 </li></ol> 3. THER熱安定性の試験のためのGMSの発作治療<ol><li>合成されたGMSの3つの別々の300mgの部分を計量し、ガラスバイアルに保存します。これらは、対照群として、バッチ1、バッチ2及びバッチ3キープバッチ1としてマークされ、熱処理炉にバッチ2及びバッチ3を入れています。 </li><li>プログラム400℃での処理のために次のように炉：、0.5時間で400℃まで25℃から上昇4時間400℃で維持し、ドアが温度低下するまで閉じた状態の試料を炉内に残ることを可能40℃以下。るつぼにバッチ2を入れて、プログラムを起動します。 </li><li> 650℃での処理のために次のように炉プログラム：ドアを閉じた状態で温度を下回るまで、650°Cまで25°Cからランプを0.75時間では、4時間650℃で維持するには、試料を炉中に残存することを可能にします40°C。るつぼにバッチ3を入れ、プログラムを起動します。 </li></ol> 4.特性GMS材料21,22の<ol><li> 60分間の90℃、480分間、次いで350°C：物理吸着装置で、ドガは、以下のプログラムを有する材料をGMS。物理吸着データを取得するために脱気した材料でフル等温線分析を実行します。 </li><li> 200メッシュ穴あき炭素TEMグリッド上にGMS試料を分散し、透過型電子顕微鏡でサンプルを観察します。材料を保護するために44,000X下倍率を制限します。 </li><li> CuKα線（λ= 1.5418オングストローム）を使用して実行XRD。セット45 kVの管電圧、および40ミリアンペアの管電流。 0.008°のステップサイズと各ステップで5秒の測定時間で10°と90°の間の2θ範囲内の強度を収集します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Liguras, D. K., Kondarides, D. I., Verykios, X. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+hydrogen+for+fuel+cells+by+steam+reforming+of+ethanol+over+supported+noble+metal+catalysts.">Production of hydrogen for fuel cells by steam reforming of ethanol over supported noble metal catalysts.</a> Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 43 (4), 345-354 (2003).</li><li>Gelin, P., Primet, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+oxidation+of+methane+at+low+temperature+over+noble+metal+based+catalysts:+a+review.">Complete oxidation of methane at low temperature over noble metal based catalysts: a review.</a> Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 39 (1), 1-37 (2002).</li><li>Lu, S. F., Pan, J., Huang, A. B., Zhuang, L., Lu, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alkaline+polymer+electrolyte+fuel+cells+completely+free+from+noble+metal+catalysts.">Alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells completely free from noble metal catalysts.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 (52), 20611-20614 (2008).</li><li>Ma, C. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalytic+oxidation+of+benzyl+alcohol+on+Au+or+Au&#8211;Pd+nanoparticles+confined+in+mesoporous+silica.">Catalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol on Au or Au&#8211;Pd nanoparticles confined in mesoporous silica.</a> Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 92 (1-2), 202-208 (2009).</li><li>Bamwenda, G. R., Tsubota, S., Nakamura, T., Haruta, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+the+preparation+methods+on+the+catalytic+activity+of+platinum+and+gold+supported+on+TiO2+for+CO+oxidation.">The influence of the preparation methods on the catalytic activity of platinum and gold supported on TiO2 for CO oxidation.</a> Catalysis Letters. 44 (1-2), 83-87 (1997).</li><li>Brown, K. R., Walter, D. G., Natan, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seeding+of+colloidal+Au+nanoparticle+solutions.+2.">Seeding of colloidal Au nanoparticle solutions. 2.</a> Improved control of particle size. 12 (2), 306-313 (2000).</li><li>Niesz, K., Grass, M., Somorjai, G. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precise+control+of+the+Pt+nanoparticle+size+by+seeded+growth+using+EO13PO30EO13+triblock+copolymers+as+protective+agents.">Precise control of the Pt nanoparticle size by seeded growth using EO13PO30EO13 triblock copolymers as protective agents.</a> Nano Lett. 5 (11), 2238-2240 (2005).</li><li>Yuranov, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pd/SiO2+catalysts:+synthesis+of+Pd+nanoparticles+with+the+controlled+size+in+mesoporous+silicas.">Pd/SiO2 catalysts: synthesis of Pd nanoparticles with the controlled size in mesoporous silicas.</a> J. Mol. Catal. A-Chem. 192, 1-2 (2003).</li><li>Brinas, R. P., Hu, M. H., Qian, L. P., Lymar, E. S., Hainfeld, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gold+nanoparticle+size+controlled+by+polymeric+Au(I)+thiolate+precursor+size.">Gold nanoparticle size controlled by polymeric Au(I) thiolate precursor size.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130 (3), 975-982 (2008).</li><li>Zhu, H. G., Liang, C. D., Yan, W. F., Overbury, S. H., Dai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+highly+active+silica-supported+Au+catalysts+for+CO+oxidation+by+a+solution-based+technique.">Preparation of highly active silica-supported Au catalysts for CO oxidation by a solution-based technique.</a> J. Phys. Chem. B. 110 (22), 10842-10848 (2006).</li><li>Gabaldon, J. P., Bore, M., Datye, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesoporous+silica+supports+for+improved+thermal+stability+in+supported+Au+catalysts.">Mesoporous silica supports for improved thermal stability in supported Au catalysts.</a> Top. Catal. 44 (1-2), 253-262 (2007).</li><li>Li, F. B., Li, X. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+enhancement+of+photodegradation+efficiency+using+Pt-TiO2+catalyst.">The enhancement of photodegradation efficiency using Pt-TiO2 catalyst.</a> Chemosphere. 48 (10), 1103-1111 (2002).</li><li>Sakthivel, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancement+of+photocatalytic+activity+by+metal+deposition:+characterisation+and+photonic+efficiency+of+Pt,+Au+and+Pd+deposited+on+TiO2+catalyst.">Enhancement of photocatalytic activity by metal deposition: characterisation and photonic efficiency of Pt, Au and Pd deposited on TiO2 catalyst.</a> Water Res. 38 (13), 3001-3008 (2004).</li><li>Jia, C. G., Wang, Y. P., Feng, H. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+and+Catalytic+Properties+Of+Polymer-Supported+Fe-Co-Cu+And+Fe-Co-Au+Pentametallic+Clusters.">Preparation and Catalytic Properties Of Polymer-Supported Fe-Co-Cu And Fe-Co-Au Pentametallic Clusters.</a> React. Polym. 18 (3), 203-211 (1992).</li><li>Yu, X. Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduced+graphene+oxide+supported+Au+nanoparticles+as+an+efficient+catalyst+for+aerobic+oxidation+of+benzyl+alcohol.">Reduced graphene oxide supported Au nanoparticles as an efficient catalyst for aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol.</a> Appl. Surf. Sci. 280, 450-455 (2013).</li><li>Xu, Y. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Au@Pt+core-shell+nanoparticles+supported+on+multiwalled+carbon+nanotubes+for+methanol+oxidation.">Au@Pt core-shell nanoparticles supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes for methanol oxidation.</a> Catal. Commun. 13 (1), 54-58 (2011).</li><li>Baker, C. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Size+Control+of+Gold+Nanoparticles+Grown+on+Polyaniline+Nanofibers+for+Bistable+Memory+Devices.">Size Control of Gold Nanoparticles Grown on Polyaniline Nanofibers for Bistable Memory Devices.</a> ACS Nano. 5 (5), 3469-3474 (2011).</li><li>Wei, G. -. T., Yang, Z., Lee, C. Y., Yang, H. Y., Wang, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aqueous&#8722;Organic+Phase+Transfer+of+Gold+Nanoparticles+and+Gold+Nanorods+Using+an+Ionic+Liquid.">Aqueous&#8722;Organic Phase Transfer of Gold Nanoparticles and Gold Nanorods Using an Ionic Liquid.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (16), 5036-5037 (2004).</li><li>Gadenne, B., Hesemann, P., Moreau, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supported+ionic+liquids:+ordered+mesoporous+silicas+containing+covalently+linked+ionic+species.">Supported ionic liquids: ordered mesoporous silicas containing covalently linked ionic species.</a> Chemical Communications. 15, 1768-1769 (2004).</li><li>Yang, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+preparation+variables+in+the+synthesis+of+Au/Al2O3+using+EXAFS+and+electron+microscopy.">Understanding preparation variables in the synthesis of Au/Al2O3 using EXAFS and electron microscopy.</a> Applied Catalysis A: General. 291 (1-2), 73-84 (2005).</li><li>Chen, L. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intercalation+of+aggregation-free+and+well-dispersed+gold+nanoparticles+into+the+walls+of+mesoporous+silica+as+a+robust+&#8216;green&#8217;+catalyst+for+n-alkane+oxidation.">Intercalation of aggregation-free and well-dispersed gold nanoparticles into the walls of mesoporous silica as a robust &#8216;green&#8217; catalyst for n-alkane oxidation.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131, 914-915 (2009).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoscale+gold+intercalated+into+mesoporous+silica+as+a+highly+active+and+robust+catalyst.">Nanoscale gold intercalated into mesoporous silica as a highly active and robust catalyst.</a> Nanotechnology. 23, 294010-294018 (2012).</li><li>Chen, L. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlled+synthesis+of+nanoscale+icosahedral+gold+particles+at+room+temperature.">Controlled synthesis of nanoscale icosahedral gold particles at room temperature.</a> Chemcatchem. 4, 1662-1667 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

合成プロトコル内では、界面活性剤濃度、溶液のpH、反応温度への配慮は、GMSの成功形成に重要です。重要なステップは、1.2、1.3、1.4および1.6です。上記のパラメータは、界面活性剤から形成されたミセルの臨界充填パラメータと位相を制御します。ミセルの位相および形態は、GMSのためのフレームワークとして機能するシリカマトリックスの最終状態が決定されます。また、形成プロセス?...

触媒用途において大きな可能性を秘めている新興技術として、ナノスケール材料は、過去数十年間で集中的な研究の関心を受けています。報告されたナノスケールの触媒の中で、例えば、Au、Ag、PdおよびPtのような貴金属触媒は、ワールドワイド1-3注目を集めています。触媒反応を選択したPtとPdを触媒上のAu、ヘック反応、および水分解の一酸化炭素の研究者の酸化が含まれます。有望な触媒の可能性にもかかわらず、ナノスケール金が原因で中毒、コーキング、熱分解、焼結から不活性化への適用に限定されています。それは金、貴金属のための代表として、高い選択性を有することが報告と金属浸出、過酸化、および自己中毒4にくいされています。しかし、金の触媒性能が強く、粒子サイズに依存します。春田らは、触媒性能との関係を報告して行きましたLDクラスター径、粒径2.7nmで5〜に金触媒の最高活性を示します。 貴金属の粒子径は、製造方法6-9により制御することができます。しかし、幅広いアプリケーションへの大きな障害は、凝集および活性の喪失のまま。焼結の問題を解決するために、一般的な方法は、支持体材料上にナノ粒子を固定化することです。様々な担体材料は、ポリマー14、金属酸化物を12〜13を半導体、多孔質シリカ10〜11を含むグラフェン15カーボンナノチューブ16が適用されています。それは、熱的および化学的に安定した比較的不活性な、唯一の弱酸性であり、非常に明確に定義されたメソ/ミクロ多孔度を用いて調製することができるので、使用される材料の中でも、多孔質シリカが支持体として魅力的な材料です。多孔質構造は、金属粒子のための優れたサポートを提供していますが、またのサイズ選択的基質へのアクセスを付与します金属触媒。この選択は、これらの多孔質材料に関連同調性の特に有望です。多くの場合、金粒子は、このように、それが困難なシリカ19に金ナノ粒子を調製すること、シリカの表面17-18上で非常に移動可能であり、容易に高温に曝されたときに、非常に大きな（50+ nm）の非反応性粒子を形成することが見出されています。ムカジーらは、3-アミノプロピルトリメトキシシラン及び3-メルカプトプロピル-トリエトキシシランによりメソポーラスシリカMCM-41上に単分散金ナノ粒子の固定化を報告し、担持された金ナノ粒子を水素化反応に高活性であることが見出され、金のない浸出が認められませんでした反応20で。 メソポーラスシリカの表面改質の報告に続いて、我々は、金を調製するための方法メソポーラスシリカ（GMS）の壁にインターカレートを報告しました。また、メソポーラスシリカ担持アプローチは、スケーラブルなAPを提供しています潜在的に独立して触媒と多孔質環境を変更するローチ。触媒プロセスは、重要な経済的に重要であるので、メリットは広範囲に及ぶ可能性があります。 「グリーン」触媒を開発する能力は、環境に多大なプラスの影響を与える、重要な工業プロセスの経済性とリソース効率を向上させることになります。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>435465-250ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tetraethoxysilane</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>201-083-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bis[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl]-tetrasulfide</td>
			<td>GELEST</td>
			<td>SIB1825.0-100GM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chloroauric acid</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>520918-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>benzyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>305197-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>nitrogen physisorption</td>
			<td>Micromeritics</td>
			<td>Tristar II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>X-ray diffraction</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>X&#39;Pert Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>transmission electron microscopy</td>
			<td>Philips</td>
			<td>CM200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gas chromatography</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>GC-2010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis and catalytic performance of gold intercalated in the walls of mesoporous silica

有望な触媒活性ナノリアクターとしては、メソポーラスシリカ（GMS）中に挿入金ナノ粒子を首尾よく合成し、材料の特性を調べました。私たちは、メソポーラスシリカの壁に金ナノ粒子をインターカレートするために、1つのポット、ゾル - ゲル法を使用していました。合成を開始するために、P123は、ミセルを形成するための鋳型として使用しました。その後TESPTS金ナノ粒子をインターカレートする表面改質剤として使用しました。この工程に続いて、TEOSは酸性環境で重合プロセスを行ったシリカ源として添加しました。熱水処理、焼成後、最終生成物を得ました。いくつかの技術が金インターカレーメソポーラスシリカの多孔度、形態および構造を特徴づけるために使用されました。結果は、金のインターカレーション後のメソポーラスシリカの安定した構造を示しました。ベンチマーク反応としてベンジルアルコールを酸化して、GMSの材料は、高いセレクを示しtivityやリサイクル。

この方法は、癌（HCC4017）肺細胞対（HBEC30KT）正常でヘム合成のレベルを比較した。 図2は 、正常肺細胞（HBEC30KT）よりも癌細胞（HCC4017）においてヘム合成のより高いレベルを示しています。ヘム合成のレベルはまた、ミトコンドリアの脱共役カルボニルシアニド3-クロロフェニル（CCCP）の存在下で、正常細胞と癌細胞で測定しました。細胞は、ヘム合成のレベルを測定する前に24...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica at JoVE.com

Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

Here, we present a protocol with a sol-gel process to synthesize gold intercalated in the walls of mesoporous materials (GMS), which is confirmed to possess a mesoporous matrix with gold intercalated in the walls imparting great stability and recyclability.

合成とメソポーラスシリカの壁に金インターカレーの触媒性能

As a promising catalytically active nano reactor, gold nanoparticles intercalated in mesoporous silica (GMS) were successfully synthesized and properties ...

synthesis-catalytic-performance-gold-intercalated-walls-mesoporous

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

9.9K ビュー.  Colorado School of Mines. Here, we present a protocol with a sol-gel process to synthesize gold intercalated in the walls of mesoporous materials (GMS), which is confirmed to possess a mesoporous matrix with gold intercalated in the walls imparting great stability and recyclability.

ビデオ: Synthesis and Catalytic Performance of Gold Intercalated in the Walls of Mesoporous Silica

Isolation and Preparation of Bacterial Cell Walls for Compositional Analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography

The bacterial cell wall is critical for the determination of cell shape during growth and division, and maintains the mechanical integrity of cells in the face of turgor pressures several atmospheres in magnitude. Across the diverse shapes and sizes of the bacterial kingdom, the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan, a macromolecular network of sugar strands crosslinked by short peptides. Peptidoglycan&#8217;s central importance to bacterial physiology underlies its use as an antibiotic target and has motivated genetic, structural, and cell biological studies of how it is robustly assembled during growth and division. Nonetheless, extensive investigations are still required to fully characterize the key enzymatic activities in peptidoglycan synthesis and the chemical composition of bacterial cell walls. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a powerful analytical method for quantifying differences in the chemical composition of the walls of bacteria grown under a variety of environmental and genetic conditions, but its throughput is often limited. Here, we present a straightforward procedure for the isolation and preparation of bacterial cell walls for biological analyses of peptidoglycan via HPLC and Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC), an extension of HPLC that utilizes pumps to deliver ultra-high pressures of up to 15,000 psi, compared with 6,000 psi for HPLC. In combination with the preparation of bacterial cell walls presented here, the low-volume sample injectors, detectors with high sampling rates, smaller sample volumes, and shorter run times of UPLC will enable high resolution and throughput for novel discoveries of peptidoglycan composition and fundamental bacterial cell biology in most biological laboratories with access to an ultracentrifuge and UPLC.

The bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan, a macromolecular network of sugar strands crosslinked by peptides. Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography provides high resolution and throughput for novel discoveries of peptidoglycan composition. We present a procedure for the isolation of cell walls (sacculi) and their subsequent preparation for analysis via UPLC.

超高性能液体クロマトグラフィーによる組成解析のための細菌細胞壁の分離と調製

The bacterial cell wall is critical for the determination of cell shape during growth and division, and maintains the mechanical integrity of cells in the ...

化学

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of heteroxylans. De-starched wheat endosperm cell walls were isolated as an alcohol-insoluble residue (AIR)1 and sequentially extracted with water (W-sol Fr) and 1 M KOH containing 1% NaBH4 (KOH-sol Fr) as described by Ratnayake et al. (2014)2. Two different approaches (see summary in Figure 1) are adopted. In the first, intact W-sol AXs are treated with 2AB to tag the original RE backbone chain sugar residue and then treated with an endoxylanase to generate a mixture of 2AB-labelled RE and internal region reducing oligosaccharides, respectively. In a second approach, the KOH-sol Fr is hydrolyzed with endoxylanase to first generate a mixture of oligosaccharides which are subsequently labelled with 2AB. The enzymically released ((un)tagged) oligosaccharides from both W- and KOH-sol Frs are then methylated and the detailed structural analysis of both the native and methylated oligosaccharides is performed using a combination of MALDI-TOF-MS, RP-HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and ESI-MSn. Endoxylanase digested KOH-sol AXs are also characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) that also provides information on the anomeric configuration. These techniques can be applied to other classes of polysaccharides using the appropriate endo-hydrolases.

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the structural characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of heteroxylans by tagging the RE with 2 aminobenzamide prior to enzymatic (endoxylanase) hydrolysis and then analysis of the resultant oligosaccharides using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

酵素的、化学（メチル化）と物理（質量分析、核磁気共鳴）技術を用いた植物の壁ヘテロキシランのシーケンシング

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanomedicine, fluorescent microscopy and systems chemistry. For many of these applications, specificity of the bioconjugation method used is of prime concern. The Michael addition of maleimides with cysteine(s) on the target proteins is highly selective and proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, making it one of the most popular methods for protein bioconjugation.
We demonstrate here the modification of the only surface-accessible cysteine residue on yeast cytochrome c with a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine maleimide. The protein bioconjugation is verified by gel electrophoresis and purified by aqueous-based fast protein liquid chromatography in 27% yield of isolated protein material. Structural characterization with MALDI-TOF MS and UV-Vis is then used to verify that the bioconjugation is successful. The protocol shown here is easily applicable to other cysteine - maleimide coupling of proteins to other proteins, dyes, drugs or polymers.

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

This protocol details the important steps required for the bioconjugation of a cysteine containing protein to a maleimide, including reagent purification, reaction conditions, bioconjugate purification and bioconjugate characterization.

タンパク質のバイオコンジュゲートの合成<em&gt;経由で</em&gt;システイン - マレイミドケミストリー

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Hydroquinone Based Synthesis of Gold Nanorods

Gold nanorods are an important kind of nanoparticles characterized by peculiar plasmonic properties. Despite their widespread use in nanotechnology, the synthetic methods for the preparation of gold nanorods are still not fully optimized. In this paper we describe a new, highly efficient, two-step protocol based on the use of hydroquinone as a mild reducing agent. Our approach allows the preparation of nanorods with a good control of size and aspect ratio (AR) simply by varying the amount of hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and silver ions (Ag+) present in the "growth solution". By using this method, it is possible to markedly reduce the amount of CTAB, an expensive and cytotoxic reagent, necessary to obtain the elongated shape. Gold nanorods with an aspect ratio of about 3 can be obtained in the presence of just 50 mM of CTAB (versus 100 mM used in the standard protocol based on the use of ascorbic acid), while shorter gold nanorods are obtained using a concentration as low as 10 mM.

This paper describes a protocol for the synthesis of gold nanorods, based on the use of hydroquinone as reducing agent, plus the different mechanisms for controlling their size and aspect ratio.

金ナノロッドのヒドロキノンベースの合成

Gold nanorods are an important kind of nanoparticles characterized by peculiar plasmonic properties. Despite their widespread use in nanotechnology, the ...

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from benzimidazolium salts. Detailed and generalized protocols are also presented for testing the catalytic activity of such complexes in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Representative results are shown for the catalytic activity of the four complexes in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura type reactions. For each of the reactions investigated, at least one of the four complexes successfully catalyzed the reaction, qualifying them as promising candidates for catalysis of many carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions. The protocols presented are general enough to be adapted for the synthesis, purification and catalytic activity testing of new palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes.

Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from benzimidazolium salts. The complexes were tested for catalytic activity in arylation and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions. For each reaction investigated, at least one of the four complexes successfully catalyzed the reaction.

パラジウム<em&gt; N</em&gt; - 複素環カルベン錯体：ベンズイミダゾリウム塩からの合成と炭素 - 炭素結合形成反応における触媒活性

Detailed and generalized protocols are presented for the synthesis and subsequent purification of four palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes from ...

Synthesis of Platinum-nickel Nanowires and Optimization for Oxygen Reduction Performance

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction. Spontaneous galvanic displacement was used to deposit Pt layers onto Ni nanowire substrates. The synthesis approach produced catalysts with high specific activities and high Pt surface areas. Hydrogen annealing improved Pt and Ni mixing and specific activity. Acid leaching was used to preferentially remove Ni near the nanowire surface, and oxygen annealing was used to stabilize near-surface Ni, improving durability and minimizing Ni dissolution. These protocols detail the optimization of each post-synthesis processing step, including hydrogen annealing to 250 &#176;C, exposure to 0.1 M nitric acid, and oxygen annealing to 175 &#176;C. Through these steps, Pt-Ni nanowires produced increased activities more than an order of magnitude than Pt nanoparticles, while offering significant durability improvements. The presented protocols are based on Pt-Ni systems in the development of fuel cell catalysts. These techniques have also been used for a variety of metal combinations, and can be applied to develop catalysts for a number of electrochemical processes.

&#160; The protocol describes the synthesis and electrochemical testing of platinum-nickel nanowires. Nanowires were synthesized by the galvanic displacement of a nickel nanowire template. Post-synthesis processing, including hydrogen annealing, acid leaching, and oxygen annealing were used to optimize nanowire performance and durability in the oxygen reduction reaction.

ナノワイヤーの合成プラチナ ニッケルと酸素還元性能の最適化

Platinum-nickel (Pt-Ni) nanowires were developed as fuel cell electrocatalysts, and were optimized for the performance and durability in the oxygen ...

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of NixNb1-xO nanoparticles with different atomic compositions (x = 0.03, 0.08, 0.15, and 0.20) have been prepared by chemical precipitation. These NixNb1-xO catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The study revealed the sponge-like and fold-like appearance of Ni0.97Nb0.03O and Ni0.92Nb0.08O on the NiO surface, and the larger surface area of these NixNb1-xO catalysts, compared with the bulk NiO. Maximum surface area of 173 m2/g can be obtained for Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts. In addition, the catalytic hydroconversion of lignin-derived compounds using the synthesized Ni0.92Nb0.08O catalysts have been investigated.

Chemical Precipitation Method for the Synthesis of Nb2O5 Modified Bulk Nickel Catalysts with High Specific Surface Area

A protocol for the synthesis of sponge-like and fold-like Ni1-xNbxO nanoparticles by chemical precipitation is presented.

Nb2O5の合成化学沈殿法変更高表面積一括ニッケル触媒

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of NixNb1-xO catalysts with sponge-like and fold-like nanostructures. By varying the Nb:Ni ratio, a series of ...

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity and convenient colorimetric readout. However, high densities of nanoparticles are typically needed for detection. The available synthesis-based enhancement protocols are either limited to gold and silver nanoparticles or rely on precise enzymatic control and optimization. Here, we present a protocol to enhance the colorimetric readout of gold, silver, silica, and iron oxide nanoprobes. It was observed that the colorimetric signal can be improved by up to a 10000-fold factor. The basis for such signal enhancement strategies is the chemical reduction of Au3+ to Au0. There are several chemical reactions that enable the reduction of Au3+ to Au0. In the protocol, Good&#39;s buffers and H2O2 are used and it is possible to favor the deposition of Au0 onto the surface of existing nanoprobes, in detriment of the formation of new gold nanoparticles. The protocol consists of the incubation of the microarray with a solution consisting of chloroauric acid and H2O2 in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid pH 6 buffer following the nanoprobe-based detection assay. The enhancement solution can be applied to paper and glass-based sensors. Moreover, it can be used in commercially available immunoassays as demonstrated by the application of the method to a commercial allergen microarray. The signal development requires less than 5 min of incubation with the enhancement solution and the readout can be assessed by naked eye or low-end image acquisition devices such as a table-top scanner or a digital camera.

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

In this work, a protocol for signal enhancement of nanoprobe-based biosensing is presented. The protocol is based on the reduction of chloroauric acid onto the surface of existing nanoprobes that consist of gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles.

原金ナノ粒子合成による急速なナノプローブ信号強調

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity ...

Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of their interactions with cell membranes, lipid bilayers, and viruses. The hydrophilic ligands make these particles colloidally stable in aqueous solutions and the combination with hydrophobic ligands creates an amphiphilic particle that can be loaded with hydrophobic drugs, fuse with the lipid membranes, and resist nonspecific protein adsorption. Many of these properties depend on nanoparticle size and the composition of the ligand shell. It is, therefore, crucial to have a reproducible synthetic method and reliable characterization techniques that allow the determination of nanoparticle properties and the ligand shell composition. Here, a one-phase chemical reduction, followed by a thorough purification to synthesize these nanoparticles with diameters below 5 nm, is presented. The ratio between the two ligands on the surface of the nanoparticle can be tuned through their stoichiometric ratio used during synthesis. We demonstrate how various routine techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry, are combined to comprehensively characterize the physicochemical parameters of the nanoparticles.

Amphiphilic gold nanoparticles can be used in many biological applications. A protocol to synthesize gold nanoparticles coated by a binary mixture of ligands and a detailed characterization of these particles is presented.

親和性金ナノ粒子の合成と特性化

Gold nanoparticles covered with a mixture of 1-octanethiol (OT) and 11-mercapto-1-undecane sulfonic acid (MUS) have been extensively studied because of ...

Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Gold nanoparticles (Au nanoparticles) that are ~12 nm in diameter were synthesized by rapidly injecting a solution of 150 mg (0.15 mmol) of tetrachloroauric acid in 3.0 g (3.7 mmol, 3.6 mL) of oleylamine (technical grade) and 3.0 mL of toluene into a boiling solution of 5.1 g (6.4 mmol, 8.7 mL) of oleylamine in 147 mL of toluene. While boiling and mixing the reaction solution for 2 hours, the color of the reaction mixture changed from clear, to light yellow, to light pink, and then slowly to dark red. The heat was then turned off, and the solution was allowed to gradually cool down to room temperature for 1 hour. The gold nanoparticles were then collected and separated from the solution using a centrifuge and washed three times; by vortexing and dispersing the gold nanoparticles in 10 mL portions of toluene, and then precipitating the gold nanoparticles by adding 40 mL portions of methanol and spinning them in a centrifuge. The solution was then decanted to remove any remaining byproducts and unreacted starting materials. Drying the gold nanoparticles in a vacuum environment produced a solid black pellet; which could be stored for long periods of time (up to one year) for later use, and then redissolved in organic solvents such as toluene.

A protocol for synthesizing ~12 nm diameter gold nanoparticles (Au nanoparticles) in an organic solvent is presented. The gold nanoparticles are capped with oleylamine ligands to prevent agglomeration. The gold nanoparticles are soluble in organic solvents such as toluene.