Funding from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and K-State Arthropod Genomics Center to KYZ supported the original development of chitosan/dsRNA-mediated gene silencing in A. gambiae19.The A. gambiae work described here was supported in part by R01-AI095842 from NIH/NIAID to KM. Development of chitosan/siRNA-mediated gene silencing in A. aegypti20,21 was supported by NIH/NIAID Award R01-AI081795 to MDS. The contents of this study are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

1.蚊種と飼育<ol><li> A.を維持ハマダラカ G3 とA.ネッタイシマカリバプールIB12株（下の代表的研究に使用される）または関心のある他の株の標準実験室の練習にまたは以前に23,24説明したように従った。 </li></ol> 2. dsRNAおよびsiRNAの設計と製造<ol><li>設計プライマーは、関心対象の遺伝子に特異的な長いdsRNAテンプレートを構築した。 E-のRNAiツール25を使用してください。として選択または方法に従ってのdsRNA産生は、以前に19を記載した。 <ol><li>陰性対照のために、緑色蛍光タンパク質（GFP）、β-ガラクトシダーゼ（β-gal）、または蚊では発現されないいくつかの他の遺伝子の配列に対応するdsRNAが19を合成する。所望であれば、以下に要約する代表的な結果を生成するために利用dsRNAは19を陽性対照として使用することができる。ストアdsRNAは、-80℃で無RNAse水に溶解; C必要になるまで。 </li></ol></li><li>あるいは、設計遺伝子特異的siRNA標準ラボ慣行または以前に記載10のようによれ。すべての蚊の遺伝子に対応していないネガティブコントロールsiRNAを設計するためにノックダウンsiRNAの配列をスクランブル。評判の良いベンダーの数を介して使用できますカスタムsiRNAを、購入してください。 <ol><li>所望であれば、以下に要約する代表的な結果を得るために用いたsiRNA 20,21は、陽性対照として使用することができる。必要になるまでストアsiRNAは、-80℃でRNaseフリー水に溶解した。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3. R​​NAナノ粒子干渉/キトサンの準備<ol><li>既製のRT 100mMの硫酸ナトリウムを集める（脱イオンH 2 O中の100mMのNa 2 SO 4）、0.1 M酢酸ナトリウム（脱イオンH 2 O中の0.1 M NAC 2 H 3 O 2 -0.1 M酢酸、pH4.5）中バッファ。 </li><li>キトサンを溶解する（≥75％脱アセチル化された）は、0.1 M酢酸ナトリウム緩衝液（w / v）の希釈標準溶液、0.02％を作るために、使用前にRTで溶液を維持する。 </li><li> H 2 Oの脱イオン50μl中のdsRNAまたはsiRNAを溶解し、50 mMの硫酸ナトリウム100μlのあたりのdsRNA / siRNAの32μgの100μlの溶液を作製するために100 mMの硫酸ナトリウムバッファーに追加します。 </li><li>のdsRNA / siRNA溶液にキトサン溶液100μlを加え、その後、1分間55℃の水浴中で混合物を加熱する。キトサン溶液の100μlに50 mMの硫酸ナトリウム100μlを加えることで制御を設定し、同じ手順に従います。 </li><li>ナノ粒子の形成を容易にするために、室温で、高速ボルテックスで30秒間、直ちに溶液を混合する。 </li><li>遠心分離し、ペレットを表示するか、その時間後室温で10分間、13,000×gで混合。新しい1.5 mlチューブに上清を移し。蚊の食品を調製するために使用する前に室温で≈10分間、ペレットを空気乾燥。 </li><li> M上清に残ったのdsRNA / siRNAの総量を計算するために、ブランクとしてコントロール（3.5を参照）からの上清を使用して上清中のdsRNA / siRNAの濃度をeasure。のdsRNA / siRNAの出発量の差を使用して、ナノ粒子中に封入さのdsRNA / siRNAの割合を計算するために、上清中に残存する量。この充填効率は、通常90％以上である。 </li><li>以上のナノ粒子が必要な場合は、同じ手順を繰り返します。すぐに乾燥したナノ粒子を使用してください。使用前に粒子の低温貯蔵の影響が評価されていない。 </li></ol> 4.モスキート食品は、RNAナノ粒子干渉/キトサンを含む準備<ol><li> （w / v）の脱イオン水に、アガロースを溶融し、2％アガロース溶液1mlを調製し、使用前に55℃の水浴中で融解したアガロース溶液を保つ。 </li><li>魚の餌フレークを混ぜ（47％粗タンパク質、分。粗脂肪10％、最大粗繊維3％）で、乾燥酵母2：1の比（w / w）である。 （第50号米国標準試験ふるいを通過できる）を乳鉢と乳棒で小さな粒子に混合物を挽く。どちらかすぐに、色が茶色がかったあるべき地上の食べ物を、使用するか、または数週間4℃で密封容器に保管してください。 </li><li> 1.5ミリリットルチューブでは、つまようじで3.7節からの乾燥ナノ粒子で地面食品の6 mgのミックス。 </li><li>食品·ナノ粒子混合物に2％のプレ溶融したアガロースゲル溶液の30μlのを追加します。つまようじまたはピペットチップを使用してすぐに、徹底的にかき混ぜる。 </li><li>すぐに蚊の幼虫を養うために食品やナノ粒子を含むゲルを使用してください。ゲルが完全に室温で固化されると代替的に、4℃でゲルを格納し、使用する次の日に、または後で使用するために-80℃で。 </li></ol>食べ物は、RNAナノ粒子干渉/キトサンを含有する蚊の幼虫を餌5. <ol><li>給餌A.ハマダラカ蚊の幼虫： <ol><li> Siのを削除爪楊枝を使用して1.5ミリリットルチューブからngleゲルペレットときれいなカミソリの刃や歯のピックを使用して6等しいスライスにカット。 </li><li>脱イオン水100mlを含む500mlペトリ皿に20三齢幼虫を転送します。 </li><li> 4日間、一日一回ペトリ皿当たりゲルペレット（細かく小さな断片に切り刻ま）の1スライスを追加することによって蚊の幼虫フィード。大幅にサイズが縮小または翌日までに完全に存在する必要があり、ペレット、上の幼虫の摂食を必ず守ってください。時間が経過すると、蚊が遅れて4齢幼虫に発展する。 </li><li>実験中の目に見える表現型の変化を記録します。 4日間の期間の終了時にセクション6で説明したように転写レベルおよび他の表現型の変化を調べます。 </li></ol></li><li>給餌A.ネッタイシマカの蚊の幼虫： <ol><li>清潔なカミソリの刃や爪楊枝を使って6等しいスライスにゲルペレットをカット。 </li><li>卵孵化Fiの後に50歳の同期24時間を置きます≈40mlの脱イオン水中のシャーレに1の幼虫。 </li><li>その日の残りの1グラウンド魚の餌フレークとドライイースト：その後2の正規の幼虫の食事に戻って幼虫を転送する、4時間/日のペトリ皿当たりの幼虫1スライスを養う。 4幼虫齢を通して毎日の手順を繰り返します。 </li><li>希望発達の時点でセクション6で説明したように転写レベルおよび他の表現型の変化を調べます。 </li></ol></li></ol>遺伝子ノックダウンの6.確認<ol><li> Aの定量RT-PCRによる相対転写産物の定量化ネッタイシマカとA.ハマダラカの幼虫。 <ol><li>少なくとも10の3つの生物学的複製とを実行し、分析のqRT-PCRアッセイは11,19,20が記載されている実験の幼虫対コントロールをプールし、または標準的な実験手順に従って。代表的な結果を以下に含まれています。 </li><li>特定の組織タイプ/本体部分（ すなわち 、脳またはアンテナ）の分析のために、perfo目的の組織を回復する解剖以下6.1.1に記載のように定量RT-PCRのrm（例えば、マイソールら 21を参照されたい）。 </li></ol></li><li> in situハイブリダイゼーションによるノックダウンの確認<ol><li>ジゴキシゲニン標識アンチを合成し、標準的な実験室の練習にまたは26に記載のように応じて制御リボプローブを感知。 </li><li> 11,20以前に説明し、以下の代表的な結果のセクションで説明したようにノックダウンの確認のためハウゲンら 27プロトコルごとin situハイブリダイゼーションを実行します。 </li></ol></li><li>免疫組織化学によるノックダウンの確認<ol><li>標的遺伝子のタンパク質産物に対する抗体が利用可能である場合、以前representatiに例示されるように表現型分析20のためのノックダウンの最大レベルを有する個体の同定を容易に28を 、説明したように、免疫組織化学を行う下記の結果セクションVEの。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Knipling, E. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+control+of+insects+of+public+health+importance.">Genetic control of insects of public health importance.</a> Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 38 (3), 421-438 (1968).</li><li>Fu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Female-specific+flightless+phenotype+for+mosquito+control.">Female-specific flightless phenotype for mosquito control.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (10), 4550-4554 (2010).</li><li>Wise de Valdez, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+elimination+of+dengue+vector+mosquitoes.">Genetic elimination of dengue vector mosquitoes.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (12), 4772-4775 (2011).</li><li>Harris, A. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Successful+suppression+of+a+field+mosquito+population+by+sustained+release+of+engineered+male+mosquitoes.">Successful suppression of a field mosquito population by sustained release of engineered male mosquitoes.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 30 (9), 828-830 (2012).</li><li>Fire, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potent+and+specific+genetic+interference+by+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Nature. 391 (6669), 806-811 (1998).</li><li>Yu, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delivery+of+dsRNA+for+RNAi+in+insects:+an+overview+and+future+directions.">Delivery of dsRNA for RNAi in insects: an overview and future directions.</a> Insect science. 20 (1), 4-14 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, H., Li, H. C., Feasibility Miao, X. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=limitation+and+possible+solutions+of+RNAi-based+technology+for+insect+pest+control.">limitation and possible solutions of RNAi-based technology for insect pest control.</a> Insect science. 20 (1), 15-30 (2013).</li><li>Clemons, A., Haugen, M., Severson, D. W., Duman-Scheel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+analysis+of+genes+in+Aedes+aegypti+embryos.">Functional analysis of genes in Aedes aegypti embryos.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2010 (10), (2010).</li><li>Clemons, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=siRNA-mediated+gene+targeting+in+Aedes+aegypti+embryos+reveals+that+frazzled+regulates+vector+mosquito+CNS+development.">siRNA-mediated gene targeting in Aedes aegypti embryos reveals that frazzled regulates vector mosquito CNS development.</a> PLoS One. 6 (1), e16730 (2011).</li><li>Haugen, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Semaphorin-1a+is+required+for+Aedes+aegypti+embryonic+nerve+cord+development.">Semaphorin-1a is required for Aedes aegypti embryonic nerve cord development.</a> PLoS One. 6 (6), e21694 (2011).</li><li>Nguyen, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+genetic+characterization+of+salivary+gland+development+in+Aedes+aegypti.">Functional genetic characterization of salivary gland development in Aedes aegypti.</a> EvoDevo. 4 (1), 9 (2013).</li><li>Sarro, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Requirement+for+commissureless2+function+during+dipteran+insect+nerve+cord+development.">Requirement for commissureless2 function during dipteran insect nerve cord development.</a> Developmental dynamics: an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists. 242 (12), 1466-1477 (2013).</li><li>Singh, A. D., Wong, S., Ryan, C. P., Whyard, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+delivery+of+double-stranded+RNA+in+larvae+of+the+yellow+fever+mosquito,+Aedes+aegypti:+implications+for+pest+mosquito+control.">Oral delivery of double-stranded RNA in larvae of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti: implications for pest mosquito control.</a> J Insect Sci. 13, 69 (2013).</li><li>Lopez-Martinez, G., Meuti, M., Denlinger, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rehydration+driven+RNAi:+a+novel+approach+for+effectively+delivering+dsRNA+to+mosquito+larvae.">Rehydration driven RNAi: a novel approach for effectively delivering dsRNA to mosquito larvae.</a> Journal of medical entomology. 49 (1), 215-218 (2012).</li><li>Scott, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+the+elements+of+successful+insect+RNAi.">Towards the elements of successful insect RNAi.</a> Journal of insect physiology. 59 (12), 1212-1221 (2013).</li><li>Coy, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+silencing+in+adult+Aedes+aegypti+mosquitoes+through+oral+delivery+of+double-stranded+RNA.">Gene silencing in adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes through oral delivery of double-stranded RNA.</a> J Appl Entomol. 136 (10), 741-748 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Zhu, K. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chitosan/double-stranded+RNA+nanoparticle-mediated+RNA+interference+to+silence+chitin+synthase+genes+through+larval+feeding+in+the+African+malaria+mosquito+(Anopheles+gambiae).">Chitosan/double-stranded RNA nanoparticle-mediated RNA interference to silence chitin synthase genes through larval feeding in the African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae).</a> Insect molecular biology. 19 (5), 683-693 (2010).</li><li>Mysore, K., Flannery, E. M., Tomchaney, M., Severson, D. W., Duman-Scheel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+Aedes+aegypti+olfactory+system+development+through+chitosan/siRNA+nanoparticle+targeting+of+semaphorin-1a.">Disruption of Aedes aegypti olfactory system development through chitosan/siRNA nanoparticle targeting of semaphorin-1a.</a> PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 7 (5), e2215 (2013).</li><li>Mysore, K., Andrews, E., Li, P., Duman-Scheel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chitosan/siRNA+nanoparticle+targeting+demonstrates+a+requirement+for+single-minded+during+larval+and+pupal+olfactory+system+development+of+the+vector+mosquito+Aedes+aegypti.">Chitosan/siRNA nanoparticle targeting demonstrates a requirement for single-minded during larval and pupal olfactory system development of the vector mosquito Aedes aegypti.</a> BMC developmental biology. 14 (1), 9 (2014).</li><li>Dass, C. R., Choong, P. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chitosan-mediated+orally+delivered+nucleic+acids:+a+gutful+of+gene+therapy.">Chitosan-mediated orally delivered nucleic acids: a gutful of gene therapy.</a> Journal of drug targeting. 16 (4), 257-261 (2008).</li><li>An, C., Budd, A., Kanost, M. R., Michel, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+regulatory+unit+that+controls+melanization+and+affects+longevity+of+mosquitoes.">Characterization of a regulatory unit that controls melanization and affects longevity of mosquitoes.</a> Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS. 68 (11), 1929-1939 (2011).</li><li>Clemons, A., Mori, A., Haugen, M., Severson, D. W., Duman-Scheel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culturing+and+egg+collection+of+Aedes+aegypti.">Culturing and egg collection of Aedes aegypti.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2010 (10), (2010).</li><li>Horn, T., Boutros, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=E-RNAi:+a+web+application+for+the+multi-species+design+of+RNAi+reagents--2010+update.">E-RNAi: a web application for the multi-species design of RNAi reagents--2010 update.</a> Nucleic acids research. 38, W332-W339 (2010).</li><li>Patel, N. H., PA, K. r. i. e. g. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ch.+19.+In+situ+hybridization+to+whole+mount+Drosophila+embryos.">Ch. 19. In situ hybridization to whole mount Drosophila embryos.</a> A laboratory guide to RNA: Isolation, Analysis, and Synthesis. , (1996).</li><li>Haugen, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Whole-mount in situ hybridization for analysis of gene expression during Aedes aegypti development. 2010 (10), (2010).</li><li>Clemons, A., Flannery, E., Kast, K., Severson, D. W., Duman-Scheel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunohistochemical+analysis+of+protein+expression+during+Aedes+aegypti+development.">Immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression during Aedes aegypti development.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2010 (10), (1101).</li><li>Rund, S. S., Hou, T. Y., Ward, S. M., Collins, F. H., Duffield, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+profiling+of+diel+and+circadian+gene+expression+in+the+malaria+vector+Anopheles+gambiae.">Genome-wide profiling of diel and circadian gene expression in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (32), E421-E430 (2011).</li><li>Gaj, T., Gersbach, C. A., Barbas, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ZFN,+TALEN,+CRISPR/Cas-based+methods+for+genome+engineering.">ZFN, TALEN, CRISPR/Cas-based methods for genome engineering.</a> Trends in biotechnology. 31 (7), 397-405 (2013).</li><li>Aryan, A., Myles, K. M., Adelman, Z. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+genome+editing+in+Aedes+aegypti+using+TALENs.">Targeted genome editing in Aedes aegypti using TALENs.</a> Methods. 69 (1), 38-45 (2014).</li><li>Sarathi, M., Simon, M. C., Venkatesan, C., Hameed, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+administration+of+bacterially+expressed+VP28dsRNA+to+protect+Penaeus+monodon+from+white+spot+syndrome+virus.">Oral administration of bacterially expressed VP28dsRNA to protect Penaeus monodon from white spot syndrome virus.</a> Mar Biotechnol (NY). 10 (3), 242-249 (2008).</li><li>He, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+nanoparticle+delivered+dsRNA+toward+genetic+control+of+insect+pests).">Fluorescent nanoparticle delivered dsRNA toward genetic control of insect pests).</a> Adv Mater. 25 (33), 4580-4584 (2013).</li><li>Giljohann, D. A., Seferos, D. S., Prigodich, A. E., Patel, P. C., Mirkin, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+regulation+with+polyvalent+siRNA-nanoparticle+conjugates.">Gene regulation with polyvalent siRNA-nanoparticle conjugates.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (6), 2072-2073 (2009).</li><li>Davis, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+RNAi+in+humans+from+systemically+administered+siRNA+via+targeted+nanoparticles.">Evidence of RNAi in humans from systemically administered siRNA via targeted nanoparticles.</a> Nature. 464 (7921), 1067-1070 (2010).</li><li>Molinaro, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyethylenimine+and+chitosan+carriers+for+the+delivery+of+RNA+interference+effectors.">Polyethylenimine and chitosan carriers for the delivery of RNA interference effectors.</a> Expert opinion on drug delivery. 10 (12), 1653-1668 (2013).</li><li>Singha, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymers+in+small-interfering+RNA+delivery.">Polymers in small-interfering RNA delivery.</a> Nucleic acid therapeutics. 21 (3), 133-148 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

本明細書に記載のキトサン/干渉RNAナノ粒子法は、効果的にAの発育中の遺伝子を標的とするために使用されているハマダラカ （ 図2、図3）およびA.ネッタイシマカ （ 図4、図5、図6、表1、表2）。キトサンナノ粒子は、本明細書に記載の代表的な結果によって証明されるように蚊に成功裡に使用されている両方とも、長いdsRNAまたはsiRNAのいずれか?...

ハマダラカとAedine属の血液供給の媒介蚊は、人類の最悪の災いのいくつかの責任病気の原因となる物質を伝達する。推定34億の人々が毎年世界中でオーバーワン50万人の死亡の原因であるマラリアを、縮小するための危険にさらされている。 マラリア原虫属による感染からマラリアの結果。主要なアフリカのベクトルハマダラカ （含むハマダラカ属の感染した蚊の刺さを通じて人々に送信され、寄生虫、 <a href="http://www.who.int/topics/malaria/en/">http://www.who.int/topics/malaria/en/</a> 、2014）1。 ネッタイシマカは、デング熱、世界で最も広範かつ重要なアルボウイルス疾患である非特異的な熱性疾患の原因となるデング熱ウイルス、の主要な蚊ベクトルである。デング熱ウイルスは毎年incidenで、現在熱帯&gt; 25億人への脅威である毎年〜24000人が死亡（結果として約5000万例のCE <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/">http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/</a> 、2014）2。人の健康に蚊が媒介する病気の壊滅的な世界的な影響にもかかわらず、これらの疾患の予防及び治療の効果的な手段が不足している。モスキートコントロールは、現在、病気の予防の最善の方法です。 ベクトル昆虫の遺伝子操作によって節足動物媒介疾患を制御するための可能性は40年以上3認識されてきた。 A.のトランスジェニック系統抑制性女性特有飛べ表現型を有するように操作ネッタイシマカは、最近、トランスジェニックベクターコントロール戦略現実4-6を使用するための可能性を作った。これらの進歩は、ベクター対照と媒介蚊で遺伝子機能を操作するさらなる手段のための新規の遺伝子標的を同定するために研究者が挑戦してきた。遺伝子発現dの変質を雌飛べ蚊4でそうであったようにuring開発は、新規ベクトル制御戦略の解明を促進することができる。しかし、主として技術的な課題に、非常に少数の遺伝子の機能は、Aの開発中に特徴付けられているハマダラカ、ネッタイシマカ、または他の蚊の種。 C.年の発見以来エレガンス 7、動物、植物および微生物において保存されているRNA干渉（RNAi）は、広範囲の昆虫8,9を含む多種多様な生物において機能的な遺伝学的研究のために使用されてきた。 RNAi経路は、配列特異的干渉RNAとして機能する短い20-25ヌクレオチド長のsiRNAに切断する長いdsRNAダイサーによって開始される。転写産物のターンオーバー、切断、および翻訳9の破壊を促進することにより、配列が相補的であるsiRNAは沈黙遺伝子。 particulaをターゲットに長いdsRNA分子（通常は300〜600塩基対）、またはカスタムのsiRNArの配列は、目的の任意の遺伝子をサイレンシングするために研究室で使用することができる。干渉RNAが送達されたときに管理することにより、研究者は、遺伝子がサイレンシングを開始する時間を制御することができる。それは遺伝変異を有する株の生産やメンテナンス、すべての昆虫種ではまだ使用できません高価で労働集約的なプロセスを妨げることができるように、発達致死や無菌性などの課題を克服するために使用することができようにこの利点に便利です。 RNAiによる遺伝子サイレンシングの程度は、動物への遺伝子、組織、組織、および動物に遺伝子変化し得るが、RNAiは広く蚊や他の昆虫8,9における遺伝子の機能解析のために使用される。 三つの干渉RNA送達戦略は、蚊に使用されてきた：微量注入、浸漬/局所適用、経口摂取を。詳細な歴史と昆虫におけるこれらの3つの技術の利用の比較のために、ゆうら 8を参照してください。 Weは成功してAの発生遺伝子をターゲットとするsiRNAを送達する手段としてマイクロインジェクション10を使用していたネッタイシマカの胚、幼虫、蛹11-14。しかし、この労働集約的な配信戦略は、マイクロインジェクションのセットアップと熟練した手の両方を必要とします。また、マイクロインジェクションは、行動の表現型が評価される場合は特に、生物、交絡因子にストレスが多い。最後に、マイクロインジェクション送達は、ベクトル制御のためのフィールドを拡張することができない。それは便利であり、ほとんどの機器や労力を必要とする別の方法として、RNA溶液を干渉する生物を浸すことはまた、遺伝子サイレンシングを誘導する人気の手段となっている。浸漬は、主に昆虫細胞株に適用された8を研究が、最近の研究では、ノックダウンA.で達成されたネッタイシマカの幼虫は、動物が摂取するように思われたdsRNA 15の溶液に浸漬した。ただし、複数のエクスペリの分析を含む研究のためのL基または表現型は、浸漬はかなり高価である。ロペス·マルティネスら 16は、RNAi、干渉RNAを含む水の一滴と食塩水と水分補給で脱水を伴うRNAの配信を妨害するための新規のアプローチを駆動水分補給を説明した。このアプローチは、動物全体の浸漬に関連するコストを削減するが、マイクロインジェクションよりも高価であり、高い浸透圧に耐えることができる化学種への適用に限定されてもよいしない。また、浸漬、脱水/再水和の浸漬方法は、フィールド内のベクトル制御に適合させることができるか想像することは困難である。これらの理由から、後胚の研究のために、摂取した食物との干渉RNAの送達は実行可能な代替戦略です。 摂取ベースの戦略は、すべての昆虫種では動作しませんが、おそらく最も顕著キイロショウジョウバエ 、食品と混合したRNA干渉の経口送達は、遺伝子のSiを推進してきましたA.含む昆虫8,17、さまざまなlencing ネッタイシマカ大人18。私たちは、Aにキトサンナノ粒子媒介RNAiを説明したハマダラカ幼虫 19に成功A.における遺伝子発現の低減のためのこのアプローチを適用しているネッタイシマカの幼虫20,21。ここで、高分子キトサンによるRNA干渉の包括を伴うこのRNAiの手順、方法論は、詳細です。キトサン/干渉RNAナノ粒子は、キトサン中のアミノ基の正電荷とRNA 19干渉の主鎖にリン酸基により担持された負電荷間の静電力を介して干渉RNAとポリカチオンの自己集合により形成される。記載された手順は、長いdsRNA分子（以下のdsRNAとも呼ばれる）または二本鎖siRNA（以下のsiRNAと呼ばれる）の両方と互換性がある。以下の合成、キトサン/ RNAナノ粒子が幼虫食品と混合に配信される干渉経口摂取を通じて幼虫。この方法は、比較的安価であり、少ない設備および労力19を必要とし、行動20,21の解析を含む複数の表現型のハイスループット分析を容易にする。他の疾患ベクターおよび昆虫農業害虫を含む他の昆虫の遺伝子サイレンシング研究のために適合させることができるこの方法は、潜在的に他の種々の動物種における遺伝子サイレンシングのために使用することができる。また、キトサン、安価な、非毒性および生分解性ポリマー22は 、潜在的に種特異的な蚊の駆除のための分野において利用することができる。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1429">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:347px;">Name of Reagent/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:243px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:663px;">Comments/Descriptions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.02 ml pipetteman</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>PR20</td>
			<td>for resuspension of interfering RNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.2 ml pipetteman</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>PR200</td>
			<td>for resuspension of interfering RNA and preparation of interfering RNA/nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.5 ml graduated tube&#160;</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>05-408-120</td>
			<td>for aliquoting resuspended interfering RNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1 ml pipetteman</td>
			<td>Rainin</td>
			<td>PR1000</td>
			<td>for resuspension of interfering RNA and preparation of interfering RNA/nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1.5 ml graduated tube&#160;</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>05-408-046</td>
			<td>for preparation of interfering RNA/nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1M Sodium Acetate, pH 4.5</td>
			<td>TEKnova</td>
			<td>S0299</td>
			<td>to prepare sodium acetate buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Acetic Acid, AIRSTAR. ACS, USP, FCC Grade</td>
			<td>BDH</td>
			<td>VWR BDH3092-500MLP</td>
			<td>to prepare sodium acetate buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agarose Genetic Technology Grade</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals LLC.</td>
			<td>800668</td>
			<td>to coat prepared interfering RNA/nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG</td>
			<td>5415D</td>
			<td>to pellet interfering RNA/nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Chitosan, from shrimp shells</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C3646-25G</td>
			<td>to combine with interfering RNA for prepararation of interfering RNA/nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dry Yeast</td>
			<td>Universal Food Corp</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>to prepare mosquito larval food with interfering RNA/nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">E-RNAi tool</td>
			<td>German Cancer Research Center</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>for design of dsRNA; http://www.dkfz.de/signaling/e-rnai3//</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">goldfish food</td>
			<td>Wardley</td>
			<td>Goldfish FLAKE FOOD</td>
			<td>to prepare mosquito larval food with interfering RNA/nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Heated water bath</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>51221048</td>
			<td>to heat the interfering RNA/nanoparticles at 55oC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ice</td>
			<td>not applicable</td>
			<td>not applicable</td>
			<td>for thawing interfering RNA and preparation of interfering RNA/nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ice bucket</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-591-44</td>
			<td>for storage of ice used during the procedure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">liver powder</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals LLC.</td>
			<td>900396</td>
			<td>to feed mosquito larvae post interfering RNA/nanoparticle treatment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Microwave oven</td>
			<td>A variety of vendors</td>
			<td>not applicable</td>
			<td>to prepare 2% agarose solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">petridish (100X15 mm)</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>875713</td>
			<td>interfering RNA/nanoparticle feeding chamber for larvae</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">pH meter</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td>S220</td>
			<td>for preparation of buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Razor blade</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>12-640</td>
			<td>to divide the interfering RNA/nanoparticle pellet for feedings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">siRNA</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific/Dharmacon</td>
			<td>custom</td>
			<td>for preparation of siRNA/nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;">Sodium Sulfate, Anhydrous (Na2SO4)</td>
			<td>BDH/distributed by VWR</td>
			<td>VWR BDH0302-500G</td>
			<td>to prepare 50mM sodium sulfate solution in which the interfering RNA will be resuspended</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Thermometer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>61066-046</td>
			<td>to measure the water bath temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tooth picks</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>470146-908</td>
			<td>for stirring during interfering RNA/nanoparticle food preparation and cutting gel pellets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Ultralow freezer</td>
			<td>A variety of vendors</td>
			<td>not applicable</td>
			<td>for storage of interfering RNA aliquots and interfering RNA/nanoparticles at -80oC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Vortex mixer</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>02-216-108</td>
			<td>for preparation of chitosan/interfering RNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Weight paper</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9798735</td>
			<td>to divide the interfering RNA/nanoparticle pellet for feedings</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

chitosan/interfering rna nanoparticle mediated gene silencing in disease vector mosquito larvae

媒介蚊は、他の生物よりも多くの人的被害を与える-と百万人以上の人毎年殺す。蚊のゲノムプロジェクトは、プライマリアフリカのマラリアベクトルハマダラカとデング熱や黄熱病ベクトルネッタイシマカにおける機能遺伝子研究を含め、蚊の生物学の新しいファセットの研究を促進した。電波妨害RNA（RNAiを）媒介遺伝子サイレンシングは、これらの疾患の媒介蚊の種の両方において、目的の遺伝子を標的とするために使用されてきた。ここでは、食物と一緒にし、幼虫により摂取されたキトサン/干渉RNAナノ粒子の調製のための手順を記載している。長い二本鎖RNA（dsRNA）または低分子干渉RNA（siRNA）分子と互換性があり、この技術的に簡単で、高スループット、比較的安価な方法は、Aの異なるいくつかの遺伝子のノックダウンの成功のために使用されているハマダラカとA.ネッタイシマカ幼虫。定量RT-PCRを介して、またはin situハイブリダイゼーションで確認された幼虫授乳、ノックダウン、続いて、少なくとも後半蛹を通 ​​じて持続することができます。この方法は、農業害虫、並びに他の非モデル生物を含む蚊および他の昆虫種の多種多様に適用可能である。研究室でのその有用性に加えて、将来、キトサン、安価な、非毒性および生分解性ポリマー中に、潜在的な分野で利用することができる。

<html> A.ハマダラカ： キトサン/ dsRNAはナノ粒子によるキトサンのアミノ基とdsRNAのリン酸基との間の静電相互作用によって形成されている。溶液からのdsRNAの枯渇によって測定されるように、ナノ粒子中へのdsRNAの取り込みの効率は、通常90％以上である。原子間力顕微鏡画像は、100〜200nmの（ 図1）の範囲の直径がそのキトサンのdsRNA粒径平?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Chitosan/Interfering RNA Nanoparticle Mediated Gene Silencing in Disease Vector Mosquito Larvae at JoVE.com

Chitosan/Interfering RNA Nanoparticle Mediated Gene Silencing in Disease Vector Mosquito Larvae

ここでは、幼虫により摂取されたキトサン/干渉RNAナノ粒子の使用を通じて疾病媒介蚊で遺伝子機能を阻害するための手順を記述している。

病気のベクトル蚊幼虫におけるキトサン/干渉RNAナノ粒子媒介遺伝子サイレンシング

Vector mosquitoes inflict more human suffering than any other organism&#8212;and kill more than one million people each year. The mosquito genome projects ...

chitosaninterfering-rna-nanoparticle-mediated-gene-silencing-disease

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.2K ビュー.  Kansas State University. ここでは、幼虫により摂取されたキトサン/干渉RNAナノ粒子の使用を通じて疾病媒介蚊で遺伝子機能を阻害するための手順を記述している。 

ビデオ: Chitosan/Interfering RNA Nanoparticle Mediated Gene Silencing in Disease Vector Mosquito Larvae

Virus-induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA regulators: microRNAs, which are produced from non-protein coding genes and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Plants use RNAi to control transposons and to exert tight control over developmental processes such as flower organ formation and leaf development2,3,4. Plants also use RNAi to defend themselves against infection by viruses. Consequently, many viruses have evolved suppressors of gene silencing to allow their successful colonization of their host5.
Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a method that takes advantage of the plant RNAi-mediated antiviral defense mechanism. In plants infected with unmodified viruses the mechanism is specifically targeted against the viral genome. However, with virus vectors carrying sequences derived from host genes, the process can be additionally targeted against the corresponding host mRNAs. VIGS has been adapted for high-throughput functional genomics in plants by using the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver, via its Ti plasmid, a recombinant virus carrying the entire or part of the gene sequence targeted for silencing. Systemic virus spread and the endogenous plant RNAi machinery take care of the rest. dsRNAs corresponding to the target gene are produced and then cleaved by the ribonuclease Dicer into siRNAs of 21 to 24 nucleotides in length. These siRNAs ultimately guide the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to degrade the target transcript2.
Different vectors have been employed in VIGS and one of the most frequently used is based on tobacco rattle virus (TRV). TRV is a bipartite virus and, as such, two different A. tumefaciens strains are used for VIGS. One carries pTRV1, which encodes the replication and movement viral functions while the other, pTRV2, harbors the coat protein and the sequence used for VIGS6,7. Inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato seedlings with a mixture of both strains results in gene silencing. Silencing of the endogenous phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene, which causes photobleaching, is used as a control for VIGS efficiency. It should be noted, however, that silencing in tomato is usually less efficient than in N. benthamiana. RNA transcript abundance of the gene of interest should always be measured to ensure that the target gene has efficiently been down-regulated. Nevertheless, heterologous gene sequences from N. benthamiana can be used to silence their respective orthologs in tomato and vice versa8.

Virus-induced Gene Silencing VIGS in Nicotiana benthamiana and Tomato

Description of a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) method for knock-down of gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato.

ウイルス誘導ジーンサイレンシング（VIGS）でタバコbenthamianaとトマト

RNA interference (RNAi) is a highly specific gene-silencing phenomenon triggered by dsRNA1. This silencing mechanism uses two major classes of RNA ...

生物学

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex in the ER membrane provides an aqueous path for newly-synthesized polypeptides into the lumen of the ER. Recent work from various laboratories suggested that this heterotrimeric complex may also form transient Ca2+ leak channels2-8. The key observation for this notion was that release of nascent polypeptides from the ribosome and Sec61 complex by puromycin leads to transient release of Ca2+ from the ER. Furthermore, it had been observed in vitro that the ER luminal protein BiP is involved in preventing ion permeability at the level of the Sec61 complex9,10. We have established an experimental system that allows us to directly address the role of the Sec61 complex as potential Ca2+ leak channel and to characterize its putative regulatory mechanisms11-13. This system combines siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging13. Cells are treated with siRNAs that are directed against the coding and untranslated region (UTR), respectively, of the SEC61A1 gene or a negative control siRNA. In complementation analysis, the cells are co-transfected with an IRES-GFP vector that allows the siRNA-resistant expression of the wildtype SEC61A1 gene. Then the cells are loaded with the ratiometric Ca2+-indicator FURA-2 to monitor simultaneously changes in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in a number of cells via a fluorescence microscope. The continuous measurement of cytosolic Ca2+ also allows the evaluation of the impact of various agents, such as puromycin, small molecule inhibitors, and thapsigargin on Ca2+ leakage. This experimental system gives us the unique opportunities to i) evaluate the contribution of different ER membrane proteins to passive Ca2+ efflux from the ER in various cell types, ii) characterize the proteins and mechanisms that limit this passive Ca2+ efflux, and iii) study the effects of disease linked mutations in the relevant components.

Live Cell Calcium Imaging Combined with siRNA Mediated Gene Silencing Identifies Ca2+ Leak Channels in the ER Membrane and their Regulatory Mechanisms

The endoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in protein biogenesis and in calcium homeostasis. We have established an experimental system that allows us to address the role of Ca2+ leak channels and to characterize their putative regulatory mechanisms. This system involves siRNA mediated gene silencing and live cell Ca2+ imaging.

siRNAを介した遺伝子サイレンシングと組み合わせることで生細胞のカルシウムイメージングでは、CAを識別 2 + ER膜のリークチャネルとその調節機序

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 ...

Agrobacterium-Mediated Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Assay In Cotton

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties. The large-scale gene functional analysis in cotton has been lagged behind most of the modern plant species, likely due to its large size of genome, gene duplication and polyploidy, long growth cycle and recalcitrance to genetic transformation1. To facilitate high throughput functional genetic/genomic study in cotton, we attempt to develop rapid and efficient transient assays to assess cotton gene functions.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) is a powerful technique that was developed based on the host Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) to repress viral proliferation2,3. Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS has been successfully applied in a wide range of dicots species such as Solanaceae, Arabidopsis and legume species, and monocots species including barley, wheat and maize, for various functional genomic studies3,4. As this rapid and efficient approach avoids plant transformation and overcomes functional redundancy, it is particularly attractive and suitable for functional genomic study in crop species like cotton not amenable for transformation.
In this study, we report the detailed protocol of Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS system in cotton. Among the several viral VIGS vectors, the tobacco rattle virus (TRV) invades a wide range of hosts and is able to spread vigorously throughout the entire plant yet produce mild symptoms on the hosts5. To monitor the silencing efficiency, GrCLA1, a homolog gene of Arabidopsis Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene (AtCLA1) in cotton, has been cloned and inserted into the VIGS binary vector pYL156. CLA1 gene is involved in chloroplast development6, and previous studies have shown that loss-of-function of AtCLA1 resulted in an albino phenotype on true leaves7, providing an excellent visual marker for silencing efficiency. At approximately two weeks post Agrobacterium infiltration, the albino phenotype started to appear on the true leaves, with 100% silencing efficiency in all replicated experiments. The silencing of endogenous gene expression was also confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Significantly, silencing could potently occur in all the cultivars we tested, including various commercially grown varieties in Texas. This rapid and efficient Agrobacterium-mediated VIGS assay provides a very powerful tool for rapid large-scale analysis of gene functions at genome-wide level in cotton.

We present the detailed protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) assay in cotton. The tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-derived VIGS vectors were deployed to induce RNA silencing of cotton GrCLA1, Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene. The albino phenotype caused by silencing GrCLA1 was observed at the seedling stage within 2 weeks after inoculation.

コットンでアグロバクテリウムを介したウイルス誘発遺伝子サイレンシングアッセイ

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Considerable efforts have been made on molecular breeding of new varieties.  The ...

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

The rate of translational elongation is non-uniform. mRNA secondary structure, codon usage and mRNA associated proteins may alter ribosome movement on the messagefor review see 1. However, it's now widely accepted that synonymous codon usage is the primary cause of non-uniform translational elongation rates1. Synonymous codons are not used with identical frequency. A bias exists in the use of synonymous codons with some codons used more frequently than others2. Codon bias is organism as well as tissue specific2,3. Moreover, frequency of codon usage is directly proportional to the concentrations of cognate tRNAs4. Thus, a frequently used codon will have higher multitude of corresponding tRNAs, which further implies that a frequent codon will be translated faster than an infrequent one. Thus, regions on mRNA enriched in rare codons (potential pause sites) will as a rule slow down ribosome movement on the message and cause accumulation of nascent peptides of the respective sizes5-8. These pause sites can have functional impact on the protein expression, mRNA stability and protein foldingfor review see 9. Indeed, it was shown that alleviation of such pause sites can alter ribosome movement on mRNA and subsequently may affect the efficiency of co-translational (in vivo) protein folding1,7,10,11. To understand the process of protein folding in vivo, in the cell, that is ultimately coupled to the process of protein synthesis it is essential to gain comprehensive insights into the impact of codon usage/tRNA content on the movement of ribosomes along mRNA during translational elongation.
Here we describe a simple technique that can be used to locate major translation pause sites for a given mRNA translated in various cell-free systems6-8. This procedure is based on isolation of nascent polypeptides accumulating on ribosomes during in vitro translation of a target mRNA. The rationale is that at low-frequency codons, the increase in the residence time of the ribosomes results in increased amounts of nascent peptides of the corresponding sizes. In vitro transcribed mRNA is used for in vitro translational reactions in the presence of radioactively labeled amino acids to allow the detection of the nascent chains. In order to isolate ribosome bound nascent polypeptide complexes the translation reaction is layered on top of 30% glycerol solution followed by centrifugation. Nascent polypeptides in polysomal pellet are further treated with ribonuclease A and resolved by SDS PAGE. This technique can be potentially used for any protein and allows analysis of ribosome movement along mRNA and the detection of the major pause sites. Additionally, this protocol can be adapted to study factors and conditions that can alter ribosome movement and thus potentially can also alter the function/conformation of the protein.

Isolation of Ribosome Bound Nascent Polypeptides in vitro to Identify Translational Pause Sites Along mRNA

A technique to identify translational pause sites on mRNA is described. This procedure is based on isolation of nascent polypeptides accumulating on ribosomes during in vitro translation of a target mRNA, followed by the size analysis of the nascent chains using a denaturing gel electrophoresis.

リボソーム結合した新生ポリペプチドの分離<em&gt; in vitroで</em&gt; mRNAに沿って並進一時サイトを識別するために

The rate of translational elongation is non-uniform. mRNA secondary structure, codon usage and mRNA associated proteins may alter ribosome movement on the ...

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway that polypeptide chain follows during co-translational folding to achieve its functional form is still an enigma. In order to understand this process and to determine the exact conformation of the co-translational folding intermediates, it is essential to develop techniques that allow the isolation of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes to allow their further structural analysis.
SecM (secretion monitor) is a 170 amino acid E. coli protein that regulates expression of the downstream SecA (secretion driving) ATPase in the secM-secA operon6. Nakatogawa and Ito originally found that a 17 amino acid long sequence (150-FSTPVWISQAQGIRAGP-166) in the C-terminal region of the SecM protein is sufficient and necessary to cause stalling of SecM elongation at Gly165, thereby producing peptidyl-glycyl-tRNA stably bound to the ribosomal P-site7-9. More importantly, it was found that this 17 amino acid long sequence can be fused to the C-terminus of virtually any full-length and/or truncated protein thus allowing the production of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes7. Thus, when fused or inserted into the target protein, SecM stalling sequence produces arrest of the polypeptide chain elongation and generates stable RNCs both in vivo in E. coli cells and in vitro in a cell-free system. Sucrose gradient centrifugation is further utilized to isolate RNCs.
The isolated RNCs can be used to analyze structural and functional features of the co-translational folding intermediates. Recently, this technique has been successfully used to gain insights into the structure of several ribosome bound nascent chains10,11. Here we describe the isolation of bovine Gamma-B Crystallin RNCs fused to SecM and generated in an in vitro translation system.

We describe here a technique that is now routinely used to isolate stably bound ribosome nascent chain complexes (RNCs). This technique takes advantage of the discovery that a 17 amino acid long SecM "arrest sequence" can halt translation elongation in a prokaryotic (E. coli) system, when inserted into (or fused to the C-terminus) of virtually any protein.

リボソーム結合したポリペプチドを単離するためのツールと​​してSECM逮捕シーケンスを使用して、

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway ...

Depletion of Ribosomal RNA for Mosquito Gut Metagenomic RNA-seq

The mosquito gut accommodates dynamic microbial communities across different stages of the insect's life cycle. Characterization of the genetic capacity and functionality of the gut community will provide insight into the effects of gut microbiota on mosquito life traits. Metagenomic RNA-Seq has become an important tool to analyze transcriptomes from various microbes present in a microbial community. Messenger RNA usually comprises only 1-3% of total RNA, while rRNA constitutes approximately 90%. It is challenging to enrich messenger RNA from a metagenomic microbial RNA sample because most prokaryotic mRNA species lack stable poly(A) tails. This prevents oligo d(T) mediated mRNA isolation. Here, we describe a protocol that employs sample derived rRNA capture probes to remove rRNA from a metagenomic total RNA sample. To begin, both mosquito and microbial small and large subunit rRNA fragments are amplified from a metagenomic community DNA sample. Then, the community specific biotinylated antisense ribosomal RNA probes are synthesized in vitro using T7 RNA polymerase. The biotinylated rRNA probes are hybridized to the total RNA. The hybrids are captured by streptavidin-coated beads and removed from the total RNA. This subtraction-based protocol efficiently removes both mosquito and microbial rRNA from the total RNA sample. The mRNA enriched sample is further processed for RNA amplification and RNA-Seq.

A ribosomal RNA (rRNA) depletion protocol was developed to enrich messenger RNA (mRNA) for RNA-seq of the mosquito gut metatranscriptome. Sample specific rRNA probes, which were used to remove rRNA via subtraction, were created from the mosquito and its gut microbes. Performance of the protocol can result in the removal of approximately 90-99% of rRNA.

モスキートガットメタゲノムRNA-seqのためのリボソームRNAの枯渇

The mosquito gut accommodates dynamic microbial communities across different stages of the insect's life cycle. Characterization of the genetic capacity ...

Metabolic Labeling of Leucine Rich Repeat Kinases 1 and 2 with Radioactive Phosphate

Leucine rich repeat kinases 1 and 2 (LRRK1 and LRRK2) are paralogs which share a similar domain organization, including a serine-threonine kinase domain, a Ras of complex proteins domain (ROC), a C-terminal of ROC domain (COR), and leucine-rich and ankyrin-like repeats at the N-terminus. The precise cellular roles of LRRK1 and LRRK2 have yet to be elucidated, however LRRK1 has been implicated in tyrosine kinase receptor signaling1,2, while LRRK2 is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease3,4. In this report, we present a protocol to label the LRRK1 and LRRK2 proteins in cells with 32P orthophosphate, thereby providing a means to measure the overall phosphorylation levels of these 2 proteins in cells. In brief, affinity tagged LRRK proteins are expressed in HEK293T cells which are exposed to medium containing 32P-orthophosphate. The 32P-orthophosphate is assimilated by the cells after only a few hours of incubation and all molecules in the cell containing phosphates are thereby radioactively labeled. Via the affinity tag (3xflag) the LRRK proteins are isolated from other cellular components by immunoprecipitation. Immunoprecipitates are then separated via SDS-PAGE, blotted to PVDF membranes and analysis of the incorporated phosphates is performed by autoradiography (32P signal) and western detection (protein signal) of the proteins on the blots. The protocol can readily be adapted to monitor phosphorylation of any other protein that can be expressed in cells and isolated by immunoprecipitation.

Leucine rich repeat kinases 1 and 2 (LRRK1 and LRRK2) are multidomain proteins which encode both GTPase and kinase domains and which are phosphorylated in cells. Here, we present a protocol to label LRRK1 and LRRK2 in cells with 32P orthophosphate, thereby providing a means to measure their overall cellular phophorylation levels.

ロイシンリッチの代謝標識は、放射性リン酸キナーゼ1および2を繰り返します

Leucine rich repeat kinases 1 and 2 (LRRK1 and LRRK2) are paralogs which share a similar domain organization, including a serine-threonine kinase domain, ...

Analysis of Global RNA Synthesis at the Single Cell Level following Hypoxia

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a particular transcriptional program in order to mount an appropriate and coordinated cellular response. The cell possesses several oxygen sensor enzymes that require molecular oxygen as cofactor for their activity. These range from prolyl-hydroxylases to histone demethylases. The majority of studies analyzing cellular responses to hypoxia are based on cellular populations and average studies, and as such single cell analysis of hypoxic cells are seldom performed. Here we describe a method of analysis of global RNA synthesis at the single cell level in hypoxia by using Click-iT RNA imaging kits in an oxygen controlled workstation, followed by microscopy analysis and quantification.&nbsp; Using cancer cells exposed to hypoxia for different lengths of time, RNA is labeled and measured in each cell. This analysis allows the visualization of temporal and cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis following hypoxic stress.

We describe a technique for analysis of global RNA synthesis in hypoxia using imaging. Click-chemistry labeling of RNA has not previously been performed under hypoxia and allows visualization of global RNA changes at the single cell level. This approach complements the existing averaged RNA techniques, allowing direct visualization of cell-to-cell changes in global RNA synthesis.

低酸素症後単一細胞レベルでのグローバルのRNA合成の分析

Hypoxia or lowering of the oxygen availability is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. At the molecular level, cells initiate a ...

Meiotic Spindle Assessment in Mouse Oocytes by siRNA-mediated Silencing

Errors in chromosome segregation during meiotic division in gametes can lead to aneuploidy that is subsequently transmitted to the embryo upon fertilization. The resulting aneuploidy in developing embryos is recognized as a major cause of pregnancy loss and congenital birth defects such as Down&#8217;s syndrome. Accurate chromosome segregation is critically dependent on the formation of the microtubule spindle apparatus, yet this process remains poorly understood in mammalian oocytes. Intriguingly, meiotic spindle assembly differs from mitosis and is regulated, at least in part, by unique microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Assessment of MTOC-associated proteins can provide valuable insight into the regulatory mechanisms that govern meiotic spindle formation and organization. Here, we describe methods to isolate mouse oocytes and deplete MTOC-associated proteins using a siRNA-mediated approach to test function. In addition, we describe oocyte fixation and immunofluorescence analysis conditions to evaluate meiotic spindle formation and organization.

Here, we present a protocol for specific siRNA-mediated mRNA depletion followed by immunofluorescence analysis to evaluate meiotic spindle assembly and organization in mouse oocytes. This protocol is suitable for in vitro depletion of transcripts and functional assessment of different spindle and/or MTOC-associated factors in oocytes.

siRNA媒介サイレンシングによるマウス卵母細胞における減数分裂紡錘体の評価

Errors in chromosome segregation during meiotic division in gametes can lead to aneuploidy that is subsequently transmitted to the embryo upon ...

Dissection and Lipid Droplet Staining of Oenocytes in Drosophila Larvae

Lipids are essential for animal development and physiological homeostasis. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism results in various developmental defects and diseases, such as obesity and fatty liver. Usually, lipids are stored in lipid droplets, which are the multifunctional lipid storage organelles in cells. Lipid droplets vary in size and number in different tissues and under different conditions. It has been reported that lipid droplets are tightly controlled through regulation of its biogenesis and degradation. In Drosophila melanogaster, the oenocyte is an important tissue for lipid metabolism and has been recently identified as a human liver analogue regarding lipid mobilization in response to stress. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of lipid droplet metabolism in oenocytes remain elusive. To solve this problem, it is of utmost importance to develop a reliable and sensitive method to directly visualize lipid droplet dynamic changes in oenocytes during development and under stressful conditions. Taking advantage of the lipophilic BODIPY 493/503, a lipid droplet-specific fluorescent dye, described here is a detailed protocol for the dissection and subsequent lipid droplet staining in the oenocytes of Drosophila larvae in response to starvation. This allows for qualitative analysis of lipid droplet dynamics under various conditions by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, this rapid and highly reproducible method can also be used in genetic screens for indentifying novel genetic factors involving lipid droplet metabolism in oenocytes and other tissues.

Dissection and Lipid Droplet Staining of Oenocytes in Drosophila Larvae

Presented here are detailed methods for the dissection and lipid droplet staining of oenocytes in Drosophila larvae using BODIPY 493/503, a lipid droplet-specific fluorescent dye.

ショウジョウバエ幼虫における大鼻細胞の解剖と脂質液滴染色

Lipids are essential for animal development and physiological homeostasis. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism results in various developmental defects and ...