The present study was supported by grants from Kidney Research UK (ST4/2011), the Cunningham Trust (CT11/14), the Mrs AE Hogg Charitable Trust for Kidney Research and the Renal Endowment Fund of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.

一般的なガイダンス：動物実験は、動物によって課せられたガイドラインおよび規則に従って（科学的処置）法1986このプロトコルと多くの上で実行することができます付属のビデオプロトコル標準UUOとR-UUO両方のためのもの、で行ったマウス系統。添付のビデオでは、両方の手順は、8週齢のオスのC57BL / 6マウスで実行されます。代表的な結果のセクションで提示されたデータは、オスのFVB / Nマウスから得た。 注：このプロトコルは、左尿管を利用して、標準的なUUO及びR-UUOを実行する方法ビデオの詳細を伴うが、しかし、同じ技術を容易に右尿管にも適用することができる。 1.動物の準備および開腹<ol><li>無菌（オートクレーブ処理）楽器や消耗品を持つすべての手順を実行します。 </li><li>麻酔腹腔内に塩酸ケタミン（70mgの/ kg）及びメデトミジン塩酸塩（1mgの/ kg）を注入マウス。注意：結果の麻酔薬平面の持続時間は4時間で、全く補足麻酔は必要ありません。 </li><li>反射神経例えば、つま先のピンチの損失によって麻酔の深さを確認してください。 </li><li>切開領域周辺の毛を削除し、希薄クロルヘキシジン溶液の適用を介して手術のために腹部の皮膚を準備します。 </li><li>仰臥位で加熱された外科パッドの上にマウスを置き、低粘着性接着テープを使用してパッドに手足を固定する。 </li><li>手順の間に、加熱された手術用パッドの結果として、熱傷の兆候がないマウスを監視します。可能であれば、非電気的熱源を使用しています。 </li><li>塩酸ブプレノルフィン（0.06mg / kg）を皮下注射によって鎮痛を投与し、角膜の乾燥を防ぐために、眼の潤滑剤を適用する。 </li><li>正中開腹と腹腔へのアクセスを得るために組織分離ハサミを使って無血管白線の切開を行います。 </li><li>マウスをドレープコリブリを挿入切開に開創。 </li></ol> 2.片側尿管閉塞<ol><li>滅菌綿棒を使用すると、腹腔の右側に向かって腸を移動させることによって、左尿管を露出し、湿らせたドレープでそれらをカバーしています。 </li><li>角度付き鉗子を使用すると、隔離し、左尿管を持ち上げます。 </li><li>尿管閉塞を作成するには、どこにでも膀胱と腎盂の間に6 / O黒編組絹縫合糸で二回、左尿管を結紮。長期実験のために、すべての腹部の手術のために吸収性縫合糸を使用しています。あるいは、結紮クリップは、尿管にも適用することができる。 </li><li>尿管から膀胱を単離するために、2本の縫合糸の間に尿管を分割。 </li><li>慎重に腹腔内に腸を交換してください。 </li><li>第4節に記載されている手順に従ってください - 術後の回復とケア切開を閉じ、麻酔を逆にする。 </li></ol> Reversibl 3.準備E片側尿管閉塞<ol><li>手術のためにマウスを準備し、上記の手順1.1から2.2で詳述するように、左尿管を隔離する。 </li><li>逆にすることができる尿管閉塞を作成するには、膀胱に近い6 / O黒編組絹縫合糸で二回、左尿管を結紮。これは尿管の周りの場所に柔らかい壁のプラスチックチューブを固定するために使用されるように、長いアッパー縫合糸の一端を残します。 </li><li>それは尿管に適用されるように開放スプレイすることができるように柔らかい肉プ​​ラスチック管5mmの長さの縦方向のスリットを作る。 1ミリメートルと2ミリメートルの外径の内径を有する任意の柔らかい壁シリコーンプラスチック管を使用することができる。 </li><li>尿管の周りに優しく柔らかい壁のプラスチックチューブを置きます。それは尿管の周りに閉鎖された後、長い縫合糸は、チューブのスリットの中心から出ていることを確認してください。 </li><li>尿管を囲む柔らかい肉の管の周りに6 / O黒編み絹縫合糸の長さを置き、ネクタイ一回。今、縦方向にそれが以前に結ばれた縫合糸の上に位置するように、管全体に、チューブのスリットの中央から出てくる、縫合糸の長い方の端を置く。 </li><li>チューブおよび尿管の周りの場所で長い縫合糸端を固定する二回のチューブの周囲に位置する縫合糸を結ぶ。 注：尿管およびソフト薄肉プラスチックチューブ上の癒着形成を防止するために、接着還元溶液は、チューブの周りの領域に適用することができる。 </li><li>慎重に腹腔内に腸を交換してください。 </li></ol> 4.術後の回復とケア<ol><li> 5 / O黒編み絹縫合糸を使用したブランケットステッチで腹膜を閉じて、金属製の皮膚クリップを使用して皮膚に近似している。 </li><li>術後感染のリスクを最小限にするために、そのような腹部の皮膚にヨウ素/アルコール溶液のような防腐剤を加える。 </li><li>部分的に皮下アチパメゾール塩酸塩（2mgの/ kg）で麻酔を逆転。 </lI&gt; <li> 1mlを皮下注射することにより、流体を投与は、生理食塩水を温めた。 </li><li>それが意識を回復するまでマウスを監視します。 </li><li>マウスは24時間29℃に保たれ、加熱ボックスに回復することを許可します。湿らせた食品は、流体および栄養摂取を促進するために提供することができる。 </li><li>通常は7日、障害物の所望のレベルを誘導するために回復するマウスのままにしておきます。 </li><li>長期的な回復実験のために、継続的な鎮痛を提供する。マウスよりも長い7日間回復される場合、皮膚クリップを手術後7日を削除します。 </li><li>閉塞の所望のレベルが誘発された後、いずれかの以下に説明するように、UUOを逆転、または頸椎脱臼によってマウスを安楽死させると組織病理学分析のために腎臓を収集する。 </li></ol> 5.リバーシブル片側尿管閉塞<ol><li> R-UUOを実行するには、手順で説明するように手術のために、R-UUOのための準備が行われたマウスを、準備10.1から1.7。 </li><li>存在する場合、皮膚クリップを削除して、腹腔へのアクセスを得るために腹膜に縫合糸を分割または削除。注：尿管は、長期実験皮膚クリップの妨げされている場合は、アプリケーション以下の7日間を除去されている必要があります。 </li><li>マウスを準備し、ステップ1.8から2.2で説明したように、左尿管を隔離する。 </li><li>角度付き鉗子を使用して、形成された可能性の肉芽腫組織から柔らかい壁のプラスチックチューブを解放する。 </li><li>メスで閉塞尿管の周りにプラスチックチューブを保持している縫合糸を切り、チューブを外す。 </li><li>左の腎臓における水腎症の存在を評価することによって成功したUUOを確認し、腎臓にも淡い表示されます。 </li><li>縫合糸の間に尿管を分割します。 </li><li>滅菌ガーゼの小片に、腎臓に付着し、尿管の残りの長さを置きます。これは尿管aから排出されます尿沈渣と死細胞を収集するために使用されますND腎盂縫合糸が除去されると。 </li><li>上記の尿管を分割したが、近くに、縫合糸と腎臓は、ガーゼの上に排出させる。膀胱に最も近い、そのまま、下縫合のままにしておきます。これは、尿が膀胱から腹腔に漏れないことを確実にすることである。 </li><li>尿管と腎盂が排出されると、尿管の残りの長さの最後に長い6 / O黒編組絹縫合糸を適用する。これは、後の膀胱尿管吻合部を補助するために使用される。 </li><li>膀胱に尿管の残りの長さを吻合するには、以下の手順に従ってください。 <ol><li>それは元の位置の前方に位置し、腎臓の上に位置するように尿管を回します。 </li><li>それは膀胱の方向に出てくるような尿管の端から縫合糸2ミリメートルをタッキングシングル9 / Oポリアミドモノフィラメントを置きます。縫合糸が筋層に残り、尿管の内腔に入らないように注意してください。タッキング縫合糸ウィルlは、膀胱内の尿管を固定するために使用すること。 </li><li>膀胱を通してチャネルを作成するには、それが膀胱の正面（腹側）壁の方に出るように、膀胱を通して斜めに21G針を渡す。 </li><li> 21G針のベベルで目の針を休ま。膀胱を通して目の針を導くために21G針を使用してください。目の針は、膀胱を通って尿管を取るために使用される。 </li><li> 9 / Oタッキング縫合糸を渡し、膀胱内と外のエントリポイントに隣接した膀胱壁を介して第切開部を介して、ステップ5.11.2で尿管に適用される。尿管、膀胱を通過したらこれは、膀胱に尿管を固定するために結ばれます。 </li><li>目の針を介してステップ5.10で尿管の一端に印加長い6 / O黒編組絹縫合糸を配置します。 </li><li>慎重に尿管が膀胱を通って引っ張られることを確実にしながら、膀胱の外に目を針を撤回。 </li><li>尿管が目から出たらEの膀胱は、目の針を削除し、バック膀胱へ後退を防止するために、尿管の終わりに長い縫合糸にクランプを適用する。 </li><li>膀胱内に場所内の尿管を固定するには、手順5.11.5で適用9 / Oポリアミドモノフィラメントタック縫合糸を、ネクタイ。 </li><li>しっかりと膀胱内の尿管を固定するエントリポイントの周りの2箇所に段階5.11.2と5.11.5で説明したように、追加のシングル9 / Oポリアミドモノフィラメントタイ縫合糸を適用します。 </li><li>開いたハサミの裏を使用して、緊急尿管のより多くを露出するために戻って少し膀胱壁を押してください。 </li><li>尿管の端部に位置する長い縫合上記の尿管を分割します。尿管、膀胱の体内に後退する必要があります。これは、尿管の開放管腔を確認し、膀胱内の開口部から流れ出る尿を観察することが通常である。 </li><li> 9 / Oポリアミドモノフィラメント縫合糸で膀胱の出口傷を閉じます。 </li></ol></li><li>慎重に腸を交換腹腔。 </li><li>ステップ4.1から4.8に詳述術後ケアを提供。 </li><li>腎臓は通常、7日、圧縮解除されるまで、マウスが回復することを許可します。 </li><li>実験の終了時点で、頸椎脱臼によりマウスを安楽死させると組織病理学的分析のために腎臓を収集します。 </li></ol>

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著者らは、開示する、競合または競合する利害を有していない。

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. The R-UUO model is of relevance to human disease as patients often present with obstruction of the renal tract secondary to prostatic hypertrophy, posterior urethral valves etc. that requires decompression with patients commonly left with significant residual kidney impairment that has no current treatment options and may eventually lead to end stage kidney disease.8,9 The models detailed here enable ...

The overall aim of the experimental model described here is to induce obstructive nephropathy by unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), which can either be irreversible (UUO) or reversible (R-UUO). A simple irreversible model of UUO is presented in which the left ureter is permanently obstructed by ligation with a suture or by the application of a ligating clip. This results in marked dilatation of the ureter together with reduced renal blood flow and glomerular filtration. Renal histology demonstrates tubular dilatation and increasingly severe interstitial renal inflammation and fibrosis. Irreversible UUO is a useful model and has been adopted by many researchers in the study of both renal inflammation and fibrosis.1-4 Although the irreversible model of UUO requires some surgical expertise it is relatively straightforward and is often used to seek insights into the pathogenesis of interstitial renal injury and the ensuing fibrosis. Also presented is a less frequently used R-UUO model using a modification of the method originally described by Tapmeier et al.5 The R-UUO model has much future potential for the study of inflammatory and immune processes, cellular and tissue regeneration as well as the subsequent tissue remodeling following the removal of an injurious stimulus. 
The more challenging R-UUO model has been used by a limited number of investigators with some groups employing a significantly different surgical technique to that described here6,7 though with interesting results. In the R-UUO model presented, the ureter is ligated to induce complete ureteric obstruction for a period of time sufficient to induce the level of injury and fibrosis desired: 7 days of UUO was chosen in the method described here. The ureteric obstruction is reversed and the kidney is allowed to decompress for a period of time determined by the investigator before the mice are culled and the kidney removed for analysis: 7 days of decompression was chosen in the method described here though a longer period would be chosen if the resolution of inflammation and fibrosis was being studied. Although the method described here requires significant surgical expertise, it offers several advantages over other R-UUO models. The application of soft walled plastic tubing to the obstructed ureter prevents excessive ureteric dilation and this facilitates the subsequent manipulation and anastomosis of the ureter. Furthermore, in the described R-UUO model the ureter is divided thereby allowing the removal of any residual urinary sediment and debris. This confirms that the remaining ureter lumen is de-obstructed and patent prior to anastomosis to the bladder. 
Experiments incorporating both the irreversible and reversible UUO models can provide researchers with a powerful insight into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of both injury and subsequent resolution and regeneration. Thus, the model of R-UUO described here would be highly relevant to researchers interested in post-inflammatory tissue remodeling and how this can be modulated.

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			<td>Blunt Dissecting Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>14072-10</td>
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			<td>Spring Scissors &#8211; straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15000-10</td>
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			<td>Toothed forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11021-12</td>
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			<td>Angled forceps x 2</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>00649-11</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Straight forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>00632-11</td>
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			<td>Colibri 3cm wire retractor</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
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			<td>Castroviejo needle holder with lock</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
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			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12031-07</td>
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			<td>7mm wound clips</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12032-07</td>
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			<td>Castroviejo micro needle holder with lock</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>12060-01</td>
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			<td>OPMI pico microscope</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>S100</td>
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			<td>Cozee Comfort</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
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			<td>6/O silk braided suture</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>72-3287</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>9/O Dafilon (polyamide) suture</td>
			<td>B-Braun</td>
			<td>G1111434</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>5/O braided silk suture</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>51-7680</td>
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			<td>Regular bevel needle, 1 inch, 21G</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>305175</td>
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			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
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			<td>(Vetalar V) Ketamine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Pfizer Animal Health</td>
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			<td>(Domitor) Medetomidine hydrochloride</td>
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			<td>Baxter</td>
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			<td>NaCl 0.9%</td>
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			<td>FKE1323</td>
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a murine model of irreversible and reversible unilateral ureteric obstruction

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive nephropathy induced by unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO), which can either be irreversible (UUO) or reversible (R-UUO). In the irreversible UUO model, the ureter may be obstructed for variable periods of time in order to induce increasingly severe renal inflammation and interstitial fibrotic scarring. In the reversible R-UUO model the ureter is obstructed to induce hydronephrosis, tubular dilation and inflammation. After a suitable period of time the ureteric obstruction is then surgically reversed by anastomosis of the severed previously obstructed ureter to the bladder in order to allow complete decompression of the kidney and restoration of urinary flow to the bladder. The irreversible UUO model has been used to investigate various aspects of renal inflammation and scarring including the pathogenesis of disease and the testing of potential anti-inflammatory or anti-fibrotic therapies. The more challenging model of R-UUO has been used by some investigators and does offer significant research potential as it allows the study of inflammatory and immune processes and tissue remodeling in an injured and scarred kidney following the removal of the injurious stimulus. As a result, the R-UUO model offers investigators the opportunity to explore the resolution of kidney inflammation together with key aspects of tissue repair. These experimental models are of relevance to human disease as patients often present with obstruction of the renal tract that requires decompression and are commonly left with significant residual kidney impairment that has no current treatment options and may lead to eventual end stage kidney failure.

腎臓の変化の外観が著しく尿管閉塞に続く、それはより薄いと時間との触診に緊張した（ 図1）となる。障害物に尿管の近位および腎盂の増加拡張があります。腎臓は腎皮質と髄質の著しい間伐結果として長期の閉塞閉塞性腎症の増加期間としてますます萎縮になる。尿管閉塞の逆転後、腎臓の色が血流が増加し、組織浮腫が解消するように暗くなる。彼らは長期の膨満の期間（...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction at JoVE.com

A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

The murine model of irreversible unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is presented together with the model of reversible UUO in which the ureteric obstruction is relieved by anastomosis of the severed ureter into the bladder. These models enable the study of renal inflammation and scarring as well as tissue remodeling.

不可逆とリバーシブル片側尿管閉塞のマウスモデル

Obstruction of the kidney may affect native or transplanted kidneys and results in kidney injury and scarring. Presented here is a model of obstructive ...

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30.0K ビュー.  University of Edinburgh. The murine model of irreversible unilateral ureteric obstruction (UUO) is presented together with the model of reversible UUO in which the ureteric obstruction is relieved by anastomosis of the severed ureter into the bladder. These models enable the study of renal inflammation and scarring as well as tissue remodeling.

ビデオ: A Murine Model of Irreversible and Reversible Unilateral Ureteric Obstruction

Creation of Reversible Cholestatic Rat Model

Cholestasis is a clinical condition commonly encountered by both surgeons and gastroenterologists. Cholestasis can cause various physiological changes and affect the nutritional status and surgical outcomes. Study of the pathophysiological changes occurring in the liver and other organs is of importance. Various studies have been done in cholestatic rat models.
We used a reversible cholestatic rat model in our recent study looking at the role of methylprednisolone in the ischemia reperfusion injury. Various techniques for creation of a reversible cholestatic model have been described. Creation of a reversible cholestatic rat model can be challenging in view of the smaller size and unique hepatopancreatobiliary anatomy in rats. This video article demonstrates the creation of a reversible cholestatic model.
This model can be used in various studies, such as looking at the changes in nutritional, physiological, pathological, histological and immunological changes in the gastrointestinal tract. This model can also be used to see the effects of cholestasis and various therapeutic interventions on major hepatic surgeries.

Cholestasis is a clinical condition commonly encountered by both surgeons and gastroenterologists. Creation of a reversible cholestatic rat model can be challenging in view of the smaller size and unique hepatopancreatobiliary anatomy in rats. This video article demonstrates the creation of a reversible cholestatic model.

リバーシブル胆汁うっ滞ラットモデルの作成

Cholestasis is a clinical condition commonly encountered by both surgeons and gastroenterologists. Cholestasis can cause various physiological changes and ...

医学

A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) in which the thoracic spinal cord is injured. Additionally, because most human cord injuries occur as the result of blunt, non-penetrating trauma (e.g. motor vehicle accident, sporting injury) where the spinal cord is violently struck by displaced bone or soft tissues, the majority of SCI researchers are of the opinion that the most clinically relevant injury models are those in which the spinal cord is rapidly contused.1 Therefore, an important step in the preclinical evaluation of novel treatments on their way to human translation is an assessment of their efficacy in a model of contusion SCI within the cervical spinal cord. Here, we describe the technical aspects and resultant anatomical and behavioral outcomes of an unilateral contusive model of cervical SCI that employs the Infinite Horizon spinal cord injury impactor.
Sprague Dawley rats underwent a left-sided unilateral laminectomy at C5. To optimize the reproducibility of the biomechanical, functional, and histological outcomes of the injury model, we contused the spinal cords using an impact force of 150 kdyn, an impact trajectory of 22.5&deg; (animals rotated at 22.5&deg;), and an impact location off of midline of 1.4 mm. Functional recovery was assessed using the cylinder rearing test, horizontal ladder test, grooming test and modified Montoya's staircase test for up to 6 weeks, after which the spinal cords were evaluated histologically for white and grey matter sparing.
The injury model presented here imparts consistent and reproducible biomechanical forces to the spinal cord, an important feature of any experimental SCI model. This results in discrete histological damage to the lateral half of the spinal cord which is largely contained to the ipsilateral side of injury. The injury is well tolerated by the animals, but does result in functional deficits of the forelimb that are significant and sustained in the weeks following injury. The cervical unilateral injury model presented here may be a resource to researchers who wish to evaluate potentially promising therapies prior to human translation.

A reliable and repeatable way to produce a cervical unilateral spinal cord injury using the Infinite Horizon impactor is described. The method takes advantage of a custom designed frame and clamp to stabilize the spine. The standardized procedure and biomechanical injury parameters result in sufficient and sustained injuries.

無限の地平線インパクターを用いた片側頚髄損傷の打撲のモデル

While the majority of human spinal cord injuries occur in the cervical spinal cord, the vast majority of laboratory research employs animal models of ...

A Murine Closed-chest Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ischemia and reperfusion. Immune response includes cytokine expression and release or secretion of endogenous ligands of innate immune receptors. Activation of innate immunity can potentially modulate infarct size. We have modified an existing murine closed-chest model using hanging weights which could be useful for studying myocardial pre- and postconditioning and the role of innate immunity in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. This model allows animals to recover from surgical trauma before onset of myocardial ischemia.
Volatile anesthetics have been intensely studied and their preconditioning effect for the ischemic heart is well known. However, this protective effect precludes its use in open chest models of coronary artery ligation. Thus, another advantage could be the use of the well controllable volatile anesthetics for instrumentation in a chronic closed-chest model, since their preconditioning effect lasts up to 72 hours. Chronic heart diseases with intermittent ischemia and multiple hit models are other possible applications of this model.
For the chronic closed-chest model, intubated and ventilated mice undergo a lateral blunt thoracotomy via the 4th intercostal space. Following identification of the left anterior descending a ligature is passed underneath the vessel and both suture ends are threaded through an occluder. Then, both suture ends are passed through the chest wall, knotted to form a loop and left in the subcutaneous tissue. After chest closure and recovery for 5 days, mice are anesthetized again, chest skin is reopened and hanging weights are hooked up to the loop under ECG control.
At the end of the ischemia/reperfusion protocol, hearts can be stained with TTC for infarct size assessment or undergo perfusion fixation to allow morphometric studies in addition to histology and immunohistochemistry.

Surgical trauma induces an inflammatory response. Cytokines and endogenous ligands are known to modulate myocardial infarct size following ischemia and reperfusion. We present a modified closed-chest model of murine ischemia and reperfusion using hanging weights to minimize effects of thoracotomy.

心筋虚血再灌流障害のマウスクローズド胸モデル

Surgical trauma by thoracotomy in open-chest models of coronary ligation induces an immune response which modifies different mechanisms involved in ...

Murine Model of Wound Healing

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. Impaired wound healing, which occurs in diabetic patients for example, can lead to severe unfavorable outcomes such as amputation. There is, therefore, an increasing impetus to develop novel agents that promote wound repair. The testing of these has been limited to large animal models such as swine, which are often impractical. Mice represent the ideal preclinical model, as they are economical and amenable to genetic manipulation, which allows for mechanistic investigation. However, wound healing in a mouse is fundamentally different to that of humans as it primarily occurs via contraction. Our murine model overcomes this by incorporating a splint around the wound. By splinting the wound, the repair process is then dependent on epithelialization, cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, which closely mirror the biological processes of human wound healing. Whilst requiring consistency and care, this murine model does not involve complicated surgical techniques and allows for the robust testing of promising agents that may, for example, promote angiogenesis or inhibit inflammation. Furthermore, each mouse acts as its own control as two wounds are prepared, enabling the application of both the test compound and the vehicle control on the same animal. In conclusion, we demonstrate a practical, easy-to-learn, and robust model of wound healing, which is comparable to that of humans.

A murine model of cutaneous wound healing that can be used to assess therapeutic compounds in physiological and pathophysiological settings.

創傷治癒のマウスモデル

Wound healing and repair are the most complex biological processes that occur in human life. After injury, multiple biological pathways become activated. ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

くも膜下出血のマウスモデル

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

A Preclinical Murine Model of Hepatic Metastases

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, murine pancreatic tumor model of hepatic metastases via a hemispleen injection of syngeneic murine pancreatic tumor cells is described. This model mimics many of the clinical conditions in patients with metastatic disease to the liver. Mice consistently develop metastases in the liver allowing for investigation of the metastatic process, experimental therapy testing, and tumor immunology research.

A preclinical, murine model of hepatic metastases performed via a hemispleen injection technique.

肝転移の前臨床マウスモデル

Numerous murine models have been developed to study human cancers and advance the understanding of cancer treatment and development. Here, a preclinical, ...

Pre-clinical Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer

To study the multifaceted biology of prostate cancer, pre-clinical in vivo models offer a range of options to uncover critical biological information about this disease. The human orthotopic prostate cancer xenograft mouse model provides a useful alternative approach for understanding the specific interactions between genetically and molecularly altered tumor cells, their organ microenvironment, and for evaluation of efficacy of therapeutic regimens. This is a well characterized model designed to study the molecular events of primary tumor development and it recapitulates the early events in the metastatic cascade prior to embolism and entry of tumor cells into the circulation. Thus it allows elucidation of molecular mechanisms underlying the initial phase of metastatic disease. In addition, this model can annotate drug targets of clinical relevance and is a valuable tool to study prostate cancer progression. In this manuscript we describe a detailed procedure to establish a human orthotopic prostate cancer xenograft mouse model.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. An orthotopic cancer model provides a useful approach to understand the biology of prostate cancer and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. This protocol describes detailed steps necessary to establish an orthotopic prostate cancer mouse model.

ヒト前立腺癌の前臨床同所性マウスモデル

To study the multifaceted biology of prostate cancer, pre-clinical in vivo models offer a range of options to uncover critical biological information ...

Generating a Murine Orthotopic Metastatic Breast Cancer Model and Performing Murine Radical Mastectomy

In vivo mouse models to assess breast cancer progression are essential for cancer research, including preclinical drug developments. However, the majority of the practical and technical details are commonly omitted in published manuscripts which, therefore, makes it challenging to reproduce the models, particularly when it involves surgical techniques. Bioluminescence technology allows for the evaluation of small amounts of cancer cells even when a tumor is not palpable. Utilizing luciferase-expressing cancer cells, we establish a breast cancer orthotopic inoculation technique with a high tumorigenesis rate. Lung metastasis is assessed utilizing an ex vivo technique. We, then, establish a mastectomy model with a low local recurrence rate to assess the metastatic tumor burden. Herein, we describe, in detail, the surgical techniques of orthotopic implantation and mastectomy for breast cancer with a high tumorigenesis rate and low local recurrence rates, respectively, to improve breast cancer model efficiency.

We introduce a murine orthotopic breast cancer model and radical mastectomy model with bioluminescence technology to quantify the tumor burden to mimic human breast cancer progression.

マウス実験転移性乳癌癌モデルを生成、およびマウス乳癌根治術を実行

In vivo mouse models to assess breast cancer progression are essential for cancer research, including preclinical drug developments. However, the majority ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

ワイヤー図法を使用してマウスの腸間膜動脈の等尺性収縮力測定

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

A Reversible Silicon Oil-Induced Ocular Hypertension Model in Mice

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a well-documented risk factor for glaucoma. Here we describe a novel, effective method for consistently inducing stable IOP elevation in mice that mimics the post-operative complication of using silicone oil (SO) as a tamponade agent in human vitreoretinal surgery. In this protocol, SO is injected into the anterior chamber of the mouse eye to block the pupil and prevent inflow of aqueous humor. The posterior chamber accumulates aqueous humor and this in turn increases the IOP of the posterior segment. A single SO injection produces reliable, sufficient, and stable IOP elevation, which induces significant glaucomatous neurodegeneration. This model is a true replicate of secondary glaucoma in the eye clinic. To further mimic the clinical setting, SO can be removed from the anterior chamber to reopen the drainage pathway and allow inflow of aqueous humor, which is drained through the trabecular meshwork (TM) at the angle of the anterior chamber. Because IOP quickly returns to normal, the model can be used to test the effect of lowering IOP on glaucomatous retinal ganglion cells. This method is straightforward, does not require special equipment or repeat procedures, closely simulates clinical situations, and may be applicable to diverse animal species. However, minor modifications may be required.

Here, we present a protocol to induce ocular hypertension and glaucomatous neurodegeneration in mouse eyes by intracameral injection of silicone oil and the procedure for silicone oil removal from the anterior chamber to return elevated intraocular pressure to normal.

マウスにおける可逆シリコンオイル誘発眼圧モデル

Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a well-documented risk factor for glaucoma. Here we describe a novel, effective method for consistently inducing ...