Authors thank Jeffrey Sellers to assist orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse modeling. This work was supported by Research Initiative Pilot Awards from the Department of Radiology at UAB and NIH grants 2P30CA013148 and P50CA101955.

すべての手順は、アラバマ大学バーミンガム校での制度的動物実験委員会によって承認された。 1.同所膵臓腫瘍マウスモデル<ol><li>ダルベッコ改変イーグル培地（DMEM）で培養し、標準的なヒト膵臓癌細胞株は10％ウシ胎児血清を補充した。 5％のCO 2を含む加湿雰囲気中、37℃ですべての文化を維持します。 </li><li> 8-10週齢の雌重症複合免疫不全マウスを使用してください。 12時間の明とRTで12時間の暗闇のサイクル（21±2℃）および60％の湿度で、動物のケージを置きます。 </li><li>手術を通じて酸素（2L /分）と混合イソフルラン2％の換気を使用して、すべての動物を麻酔。つま先ピンチ反射によって麻酔の深さを確認してください。体温を維持するために、加熱パッド（37℃）上に置いた動物。麻酔下ながら乾燥を防ぐために、目に獣医眼軟膏を適用します。 ＆＃160; </li><li>各マウスの腹部の左上腹部に毛を削除して、領域に鎮痛薬（carpofen、体重皮下の5 mg / kgを）を得た。露出した皮膚にベータダインソリューションを適用します。オートクレーブ手術器具を準備します。 </li><li>アイリスのストレートはさみを使って皮膚や腹膜における1cmの切開を行います。静かに外科ピンセットを使って腹部から膵臓を削除します。 </li><li>膵臓の尾に0.5ミリリットルのインスリン注射器の28 G針を挿入し、その後ゆっくりとDMEMの30μlの250万ヒト膵臓癌細胞の溶液を注入する。小胞が溶液による膵臓の頭の中に作成されていることを確認します。 </li><li>そっと背中外科ピンセットを用いて腹部に膵臓を置く。 2と1層で腹膜、皮膚を閉じて5-0プロレン縫合糸を中断し、その後、麻酔を終了します。完全に回復するまで、他の動物の会社に手術を受けた動物を返さないでください。60; 7〜10日後に手術で縫合糸を外します。 </li><li>手術後24時間で鎮痛薬（carpofen、体重皮下の5mg / kgの）のさらなる用量を与える。 </li><li> 2本の指を使って手術面積を触診によって腫瘍の大きさを確認してください。腫瘍は一般的に、周囲の組織や臓器よりも高密度とbumpierに感じる。腫瘍を感じ始めるために2週間 - 通常は約1かかります。 </li><li>病気の徴候について毎日動物を監視します。動物が病気（不足通常のグルーミングと回避行動を）現れるとき、私たちは麻酔下ながら頸椎脱臼を使用してそれらを終了しました。 </li></ol> 2.磁気共鳴イメージング<ol><li>細胞移植後、通常2〜4週間で直径7mm - 腫瘍サイズが約5である場合にMRIを適用する。小動物イメージングや小動物イメージングのための専門のコイルを搭載した臨床MRスキャナ専用のMRスキャナを使用してください。 注：我々は、1 Hボリューム共振器の組み合わせで9.4T小動物MRスキャナを使用/送信機及び表面コイル受信機（直径30mm）（ブルカー·バイオスピン社、ビレリカ、MA）。表面コイルは、より良好な信号対雑音比（SNR）14を提供する。 </li><li> 0.2mlのPBS（リン酸緩衝生理食塩水） - 〜0.1に各動物に0.2ミリモル/ kgを - 〜0.1を注入するためにガドリニウムベースのMRI造影剤を準備します。 注：我々はガドテリドールを使用し、15秒（0.1ミリリットル/秒）の期間にわたって0.15ミリリットルのPBSに0.2ミリモル/ kgを注入した。 </li><li>マイクロポリエチレン（polyethelene）チューブ（：7.62ミリメートル、内径：0.28ミリメートル、外径：0.64ミリメートル、長さ）を準備します。他方の端部にチューブの一端、および30 G鈍先端針（9.5ミリメートルの長さ）に30 G針（長さ12.7mm）を挿入。鈍い先端の針にMR造影剤を含む1mlのシリンジを接続し、ゆっくりとMR造影剤でチューブ全体を埋めるために、注射器を押す。 </li><li>準備及びイメージング全体（2L /分）、酸素とイソフルランの混合の2％ - 約1で換気を使用して動物を麻酔。アネスト岩田の深さを確認してくださいつま先ピンチ反射によってhesia。麻酔下ながら乾燥を防ぐために、目に獣医眼軟膏を適用します。針挿入の前に加熱ランプを使用して尾静脈を拡張する。ケリー鉗子を用いて30 G針の真ん中をつかみ、そして尾静脈に挿入します。プラスチックまたは段ボール紙（幅10mm×100mmの長さ）の一片上にテープの両方の尾筒は、尾をまっすぐに保つ。 </li><li>撮像中に体温を調節するために暖かい水（または暖かい空気）を循環させる装備した動物のベッドで仰臥位で動物を置きます。 37℃にベッドの上で温度を設定します。撮像中に体温を監視するために直腸温度プローブを挿入する。 </li><li>腹部領域に直角に曲がったプラスチック板を適用します。腫瘍がボードでキャッチされていることを確認するために（2ミリメートル〜）腫瘍がボードの上端の後ろに位置し、その後少しボードをプルダウンしていることを確認します。しっかりと動物のベッドにボードをテープで固定します。 </li><li>テープ呼吸パッド形質撮像中に動物の呼吸を監視するための胸の部分にR（SAインストゥルメント社、ストーニーブルック、ニューヨーク州）。腫瘍領域の上に表面コイルを配置し、しっかりと動物のベッドにそれをテープで固定します。 （：72ミリメートル内径）ボリュームコイルの中心に腫瘍領域を配置するMRスキャナに動物のベッドを押してください。 </li><li>受信機と送信機の両方にマッチングし、チューニングを行って、シミングが続く。 </li><li>腫瘍を見つけるために、解剖学的MRシーケンスで始まる。以下の取得パラメータと軸方向に画像を得るためにT2強調（T2W）ターボスピンエコーシーケンスを使用してください。繰り返し時間（TR）/エコー時間（TE）= 3000/34ミリ秒、128×128マトリックス、30×30 mmの視野、平均回数= 1、エコートレイン長= 4、および20個の連続した​​1mm厚のスライスで全体腫瘍領域（：1.6分総スキャン時間）をカバーするために、インターレースモード。 NOTE：同所性膵臓腫瘍を皮下ものよりも位置することがより困難であるので、従来のlocali解像度の低いZERイメージが有効でない場合があります。 </li><li> T1マップを取得するために、様々なフリップ角のT1強調（T1W）画像を取得する。繰り返し時間（TR）/エコー時間（TE）= 3分の115ミリ秒、128×128マトリックス、ビューの30×30ミリメートルフィールド、平均の数：このためには、次のパラメータを使用してmultiflip角度のアプローチエコー勾配を使用= 4〜5 - 腫瘍領域をカバーするインターレースモードで7連続した1mm厚のスライス、及び10、20、30、40、50、60、及び70七フリップ角（フリップ角当たりの総走査時間：1分）。 注：ただし、multiflip角度アプローチはB1の磁場均一性が高い場合にのみ効率的である。そうでない場合、T1マップの代わりに、複数のTR方式15を得ることができる。 </li><li>ガドリニウムベースのMR造影剤注入前後のT1W画像を取得。 espを、k空間の中心が取得されたときに、定常状態を確保するために、T1マッピングのための同じ取得パラメータおよびジオメトリを使用するが、30の利用線形符号化の固定されたフリップ角短いTRと低度のフリップ角が使用されているeciallyとき。造影剤注入前に5ベースライン画像を取得する。 （45分間の総走査時間）、その後、造影剤注入後の40の画像を取得する。一定速度（0.01ミリリットル/秒）で造影剤を注入するためにシリンジポンプを使用する。 </li><li>継続的に動物の呼吸を監視し、50に呼吸速度を維持するためにイソフルラン濃度を調整 - 毎分100回の呼吸。イメージングを通じて、動物の体温を監視します。 </li><li> DCE-MRIを完了した後、針と他のプローブを脱いで、そしてペーパータオルでベッドの空のケージに動物を置く。そっと下腹部領域をマッサージします。ケージは、それが回復する動物は、熱勾配の内外に移動できるようにヒートランプの下半分に配置されるべきである。それは胸骨横臥位を維持するのに十分な意識を取り戻したまでは無人の動物を放置しないでください。 </li></ol> 3.画像処理と解析<ol><li>セグメント腫瘍レジ<html> T2W画像中の上。 T2W画像において、腫瘍領域における信号強度は、周囲の組織よりも明るいので、腫瘍の境界を手動で描写することができる。 注：そのようなグローバルしきい値またはアクティブ輪郭として半自動セグメント化技術は16,17を用いることができるが、表面コイルを用いた場合に不均一なバックグラウンド強度を特に補正する必要がある。 </li><li> T1およびプロトン密度マップを作成します。グラジエントエコーシーケンスを用いて取得T1W画像において、エコー時間（TE）は、T2 *値よりもはるかに小さいと仮定して、画素値によって決定される <img alt="式1" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52641/52641eq1.jpg" /> S 0は、プロトン密度であり、T 1は、TRは繰り返し時間であり、T 1緩和時間定数であり、θは、フリップ角である。式（1）に書き換えることができる 641eq2.jpg &quot;/&gt; S（θ）/sinθとがYで置換され、S（θ）とき/tanθではXで置換されている。式（2）は線形方程式であり、その傾き及び切片は、それぞれT1およびS 0の値を取得するために使用することができる。 </li><li> DCE-MR画像におけるMR造影濃度を計算します。ガドリニウムベースのMR造影剤が注入されると、T 1緩和時間定数は、時間とともに変化する。そこで、式（1）に書き換えることができる。 <img alt="式3" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52641/52641eq3.jpg" /> 次のようにT 1（t）は 、MR造影濃度C（t）を用いて関連している <img alt="式4" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52641/52641eq4.jpg" /> ここで、r 1は、MR造影剤の縦緩和である。そのように、組み合わせることにより、式（3）及び（4）、MR造影濃度によって決定される <img aLT = &quot;式5「FO：コンテンツ幅=&quot; 3インチ &quot;SRC =&quot; /ファイル/ ftp_upload / 52641 / 52641eq5.jpg &quot;/&gt; </li><li>造影剤注入の開始後の時間tにおける血漿中のMR造影剤濃度を示すMR造影剤。Cでp（t）の薬物動態学的パラメータを定量する。Cでp（t）は 、動脈入力関数（AIF）と呼ばれている。 AIFが使用可能な場合、MR造影剤の薬物動態パラメーターは次式で計算することができる <img alt="式6" fo:content-width="4in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52641/52641eq6.jpg" /> C tを （t）は 、標的組織におけるMR造影濃度、νpは分数血漿容積である場合、νeは小数血管外細胞外体積であり、K transは 、ボリューム移動定数である。フラックス速度定数、k個のepが 、K トランに等しいます。v eで割った秒。 AIFが使用できない場合、基準領域モデルではなく18,19を使用することができる。基準領域モデルは、流量が制限されたケティモデル20に基づいて、次のようにAIFの必要性を除去するための参照領域内の造影剤濃度を使用している <img alt="式7" fo:content-width="5in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52641/52641eq7.jpg" /> ここで、C tは、ROI（t）は、K トランスは、ROI、およびv eは、ROIは 、関心領域（ROI）におけるそれぞれ造影剤濃度、容積移送定数、分数血管外細胞外体積であり、C tは 、一方、RR （t）は、K トランス、RR、およびv e は、RRは、基準領域のものである。脊椎傍筋はしばしば基準領域、およびv e は、マウスパにおけるRRとして選択するravertebral筋肉は0.08 21で一定であると仮定される。我々は、基準領域モデルを用いた。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+pharmacokinetic+analysis+of+DCE-MRI+data+without+an+arterial+input+function:+a+reference+region+model.">Quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis of DCE-MRI data without an arterial input function: a reference region model.</a> Magn Reson Imaging. 23 (4), 519-529 (2005).</li><li>Cardenas-Rodriguez, J., Howison, C. M., Pagel, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+linear+algorithm+of+the+reference+region+model+for+DCE-MRI+is+robust+and+relaxes+requirements+for+temporal+resolution.">A linear algorithm of the reference region model for DCE-MRI is robust and relaxes requirements for temporal resolution.</a> Magn Reson Imaging. 31 (4), 497-507 (2013).</li><li>Tofts, P. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+kinetic+parameters+from+dynamic+contrast-enhanced+T(1)-weighted+MRI+of+a+diffusable+tracer:+standardized+quantities+and+symbols.">Estimating kinetic parameters from dynamic contrast-enhanced T(1)-weighted MRI of a diffusable tracer: standardized quantities and symbols.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 10 (3), 223-232 (1999).</li><li>Yankeelov, T. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+a+reference+region+model+with+direct+measurement+of+an+AIF+in+the+analysis+of+DCE-MRI+data.">Comparison of a reference region model with direct measurement of an AIF in the analysis of DCE-MRI data.</a> Magn Reson Med. 57 (2), 353-361 (2007).</li><li>Cao, R. Y., Amand, T., Ford, M. D., Piomelli, U., Funk, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Murine+Angiotensin+II-Induced+Abdominal+Aortic+Aneurysm+Model:+Rupture+Risk+and+Inflammatory+Progression+Patterns.">The Murine Angiotensin II-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model: Rupture Risk and Inflammatory Progression Patterns.</a> Front Pharmacol. 1 (9), (2010).</li><li>Parker, G. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimentally-derived+functional+form+for+a+population-averaged+high-temporal-resolution+arterial+input+function+for+dynamic+contrast-enhanced+MRI.">Experimentally-derived functional form for a population-averaged high-temporal-resolution arterial input function for dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI.</a> Magn Reson Med. 56 (5), 993-1000 (2006).</li><li>Tseng, W., Leong, X., Engleman, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthotopic+mouse+model+of+colorectal+cancer.">Orthotopic mouse model of colorectal cancer.</a> J Vis Exp. (10), 484 (2007).</li><li>Bhullar, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+true+orthotopic+gastric+cancer+murine+model+using+electrocoagulation.">A true orthotopic gastric cancer murine model using electrocoagulation.</a> J Am Coll Surg. 217 (1), 64-70 (2013).</li></ol>

Authors do not have any conflicts of interest to declare.

我々は、マウスにおいて、免疫不全マウスを用いて、腹部腫瘍のDCE-MRIを同所性膵臓腫瘍モデルの詳細な方法を導入し、その動力学的パラメータを定量化している。膵臓の尾に針を挿入するときに同所膵臓腫瘍モデリングでは、注意が必要です。成功した場合、細胞は小胞を作る膵臓の頭部に転送されます。直角に曲がったプラスチック基板を適用する場合、それは腫瘍が板の上端の下方に位...

この方法の全体的な目的は、マウスにおける同所性膵臓腫瘍異種移植片のためのダイナミック造影磁気共鳴画像（DCE-MRI）を適用することである。 DCE-MRIは、注射後の一定期間にMRコントラストの変化を監視することにより、標的組織内の微小血管系を評価するための非侵襲的方法である。 DCE-MRIは、悪性腫瘍を診断し、種々の治療1-4腫瘍応答を評価するために利用されている。定量的DCE-MRIは、高い再現性5を提示した。標的組織におけるMR造影剤の薬物動態学的パラメータを定量するために、造影剤注入前の異なる時点およびT1マップで取得されたすべてのDCE-MR画像は、6を合わせが行われなければならない。しかし、腹部領域における呼吸器および蠕動運動に、定量的なDCE-MRIは、胃腸腫瘍の限定されたアプリケーションを持っています。 同所性膵臓腫瘍モデルを評価するために利用されている生物学的療法と化学療法7,8-以下の膵臓腫瘍応答。元の腫瘍部位での微小環境を反映し、それによって治療に対するヒト腫瘍の応答をより正確に予測することができるので、同所性腫瘍モデルは、従来の皮下モデルよりも優れて考えられている。しかし、マウスの膵臓は腹部の左上象限に位置しているので、マウスにおける同所性膵臓腫瘍異種移植片の定量的なDCE-MRIは、容易に実施されていない。 我々は、胸部9から運動伝達を防止するために直角に曲げられたプラスチック基板を使用して腫瘍を固定することにより、マウスにおける腹部腫瘍のDCE-MRIのプロトコールを確立した。このボードによって適用される圧力は腹部領域に局在していた、と呼吸困難をもたらしていない。自動画像coregistration技術は、自由呼吸モードの腹部臓器のDCE-MRIのために検証されているが、それはeffectivelを行い、yが唯一の標的領域は、ゆっくりと定期的に10移動したとき。動物の呼吸速度は、画像形成時に可変であるため、腹部領域における身体拘束は、同所性膵臓腫瘍のマウスモデルにおける信頼性の高い薬物動態パラメータを取得するために必要であろう。我々は、正常にDCE-MRI 11-13に直角に折り曲げられたプラスチック基板を用いた同所性膵臓腫瘍異種移植片におけるMR造影剤の薬物動態学的パラメータを定量化している。ここでは、同所性膵臓腫瘍モデルマウスにおける腫瘍異種移植片のDCE-MRI、および薬物動態学的パラメータの定量化の詳細な手順を提示する。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1275">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:245px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:712px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11965-118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Harlan Laboratories</td>
			<td>BT-9501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Betadine</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Purdue products</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">67618-153-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">5-0 Prolene sutures</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">8720H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">9.4T MR scanner</td>
			<td>Bruker Biospin Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BioSpec 94/20 USR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Gadoteridol</td>
			<td>Bracco Diagnostics Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NDC 0270-1111-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro-polyethelene tube</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Strategic Applications, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#PE-10-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">30G blunt tip needle</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">Strategic Applications, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89134-194</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Monitoring and gating system</td>
			<td style="width:199px;">SA instruments, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model 1030</td>
			<td>This is an MR compatiable system to measure resiratory rating and body temperature of small animals at the same time.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringe pump</td>
			<td>New Era Pump Systems, Inc.</td>
			<td>NE-1600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of an orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

ヒト膵臓腫瘍細胞は、固形腫瘍を生成するマウスの膵臓で正常に成長する。 図1（A）の写真で腫瘍細胞溶液が注入される正常な膵臓を示し、（B）同所性膵臓腫瘍異種移植片（MIAのPaCa-2を有する代表的なマウス）。腫瘍は次の脾臓に、腹部の左上腹部に位置しています。細胞移植後に直径7mm - 腫瘍が5まで成長するの4週間 - それは、通常2かかる。 モーション?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model at JoVE.com

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.

同所膵臓癌マウスモデルのダイナミックコントラスト強化磁気共鳴画像

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe ...

dynamic-contrast-enhanced-magnetic-resonance-imaging-an-orthotopic

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.0K ビュー.  University of Alabama at Birmingham. The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy. 

ビデオ: Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Contrast Enhanced Vessel Imaging using MicroCT

Microscopic computed tomography (microCT) offers high-resolution volumetric imaging of the anatomy of living small animals. However, the contrast between different soft tissues and body fluids is inherently poor in micro-CT images 1. Under these circumstances, visualization of blood vessels becomes a nearly impossible task. To overcome this and to improve the visualization of blood vessels exogenous contrast agents can be used. Herein, we present a methodology for visualizing the vascular network in a rodent model. By using a long-acting aqueous colloidal polydisperse iodinated blood-pool contrast agent, eXIA 160XL, we optimized image acquisition parameters and volume-rendering techniques for finding blood vessels in live animals. Our findings suggest that, to achieve a superior contrast between bone and soft tissue from vessel, multiple-frames (at least 5-8/ frames per view), and 360-720 views (for a full 360&deg; rotation) acquisitions were mandatory. We have also demonstrated the use of a two-dimensional transfer function (where voxel color and opacity was assigned in proportion to CT value and gradient magnitude), in visualizing the anatomy and highlighting the structure of interest, the blood vessel network. This promising work lays a foundation for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of anti-angiogenesis preclinical studies using transgenic or xenograft tumor-bearing mice.

Contrast enhanced small animal vessel imaging by microCT is a rapid, cost-effective and high-throughput technique for serial in situ examination for tumor development, for analyzing the network of blood vessels that nourish them, and for following the response of tumors to preclinical therapeutic intervention(s).

MicroCTを使用して造影血管イメージング

Microscopic computed tomography (microCT) offers high-resolution volumetric imaging of the anatomy of living small animals. However, the contrast between ...

医学

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent cell adhesion. After their bladders are transurethrally catheterized and drained, animals are again catheterized to permit insertion of a platinum wire into bladders without damaging the urethra or bladder. The catheters are made of Teflon to serve as an insulator for the wire, which will conduct electrical current into the bladder to create a burn injury. An electrocautery unit is used to deliver 2.5W to the exposed end of the wire, burning away extracellular layers and providing attachment sites for carcinoma cells that are delivered in suspension to the bladder through a subsequent catheterization. Cells remain in the bladder for 90 minutes, after which the catheters are removed and the bladders allowed to drain naturally. The development of tumor is monitored via ultrasound. Specific attention is paid to the catheterization technique in the accompanying video.

Bladder tumors are established in female mice in a minimally invasive fashion through catheterization, local cauterization, and subsequent adhesion of carcinoma cells to the burn sites.

マウス膀胱癌の同所性モデル

In this straightforward procedure, bladder tumors are established in female C57 mice through the use of catheterization, local cauterization, and ...

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

口腔扁平上皮癌の同所性マウスモデルにおける腫瘍細胞の浸潤の多光子イメージング

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the understanding of the mechanics of tumor invasion, and direct intracerebral inoculation of tumor provides the opportunity of observing the invasive process in a physiologically appropriate environment2. As far as human brain tumors are concerned, the orthotopic models currently available are established either by stereotaxic injection of cell suspensions or implantation of a solid piece of tumor through a complicated craniotomy procedure3. In our technique we harvest cells from tissue culture to create a cell suspension used to implant directly into the brain. The duration of the surgery is approximately 30 minutes, and as the mouse needs to be in a constant surgical plane, an injectable anesthetic is used. The mouse is placed in a stereotaxic jig made by Stoetling (figure 1). After the surgical area is cleaned and prepared, an incision is made; and the bregma is located to determine the location of the craniotomy. The location of the craniotomy is 2 mm to the right and 1 mm rostral to the bregma. The depth is 3 mm from the surface of the skull, and cells are injected at a rate of 2 &mu;l every 2 minutes. The skin is sutured with 5-0 PDS, and the mouse is allowed to wake up on a heating pad. From our experience, depending on the cell line, treatment can take place from 7-10 days after surgery. Drug delivery is dependent on the drug composition. For radiation treatment the mice are anesthetized, and put into a custom made jig. Lead covers the mouse's body and exposes only the brain of the mouse. The study of tumorigenesis and the evaluation of new therapies for GBM require accurate and reproducible brain tumor animal models. Thus we use this orthotopic brain model to study the interaction of the microenvironment of the brain and the tumor, to test the effectiveness of different therapeutic agents with and without radiation.

The purpose of this article is to describe the use of an orthotopic glioblastoma model for chemoradiation studies. This article will go though cell processing, implanting, and radiotherapy of the mouse using an intracranial model.

同所性マウス脳腫瘍モデルのコンビネーション放射線治療

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the ...

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

磁気共鳴イメージング、体積CT画像と超音波を用いた乳がんの骨転移のヌードラットモデルにおける血管新生のマルチモーダルイメージング

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer cells into immunodeficient mice. Subcutaneous xenograft models have been valuable for preclinical screening and evaluation of new therapeutic treatments. There are a number of advantages to using a subcutaneous model; 1) rapid, 2) reproducible, and 3) tumor establishment, growth, and response to therapeutic agents may be monitored by visual inspection. However, substantial evidence has shed light on the short-comings of subcutaneous xenograft models1-3. For instance, medicinal treatments demonstrating curative properties in subcutaneous xenograft models often have no notable impact on the human disease. The microenvironment of the site of xenographic transplantation or injection lies at the heart of this dissimilarity.
Orthotopic tumor xenograft models provide a more biologically relevant context in which to study the disease. The advantages of implanting diseased cells or tissue into their anatomical origin equivalent within a host animal includes a suitable site for tumor-host interactions, development of disease-related metastases and the ability to examine site-specific influence on investigational therapeutic remedies. Therefore, orthotopic xenograft models harbor far more clinical value because they closely reproduce human disease. For these reasons, a number of groups have taken advantage of an orthotopic thyroid cancer model as a research tool4-7.
Here, we describe an approach that establishes an orthotopic model for the study of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), which is highly invasive, resists treatment, and is virtually fatal in all diagnosed patients. Cultured ATC cells are prepared as a dissociated cellular suspension in a solution containing a basement membrane matrix. A small volume is slowly injected into the right thyroid gland. Overall appearance and health of the mice are monitored to ensure minimal post-operative complications and to gauge pathological penetrance of the cancer. Mice are sacrificed at 4 weeks, and tissue is collected for histological analysis. Animals may be taken at later time-points to examine more advance progression of the disease. Production of this orthotopic mouse model establishes a platform that accomplishes two objectives: 1) further our understanding of ATC pathology, and 2) screen current and future therapeutic agents for efficacy in combating ATC.

Generation of an orthotopic mouse model of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is described here. This technique employs surgical placement of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells into the thyroid of immunodeficient mice, thus creating a more clinically relevant setting to study disease progression as well as screen innovative therapeutic interventions.

甲状腺未分化癌の同所性マウスモデル

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer ...

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are needed. The tumor microenvironment can significantly influence tumor development and therapy response. It is therefore often desirable to grow tumor cells in the organ from which they originated. This protocol describes an orthotopic model of bladder cancer, in which MB49 murine bladder carcinoma cells are instilled into the bladder via catheterization. Successful tumor cell implantation in this model requires disruption of the protective glycosaminoglycan layer, which can be accomplished by physical or chemical means. In our protocol the bladder is treated with trypsin prior to cell instillation. Catheterization of the bladder can also be used to deliver therapeutics once the tumors are established. This protocol describes the delivery of an adenoviral construct that expresses a luciferase reporter gene. While our protocol has been optimized for short-term studies and focuses on gene delivery, the methodology of mouse bladder catheterization has broad applications.

Implantation of cancer cells into the organ of origin can serve as a useful preclinical model to evaluate novel therapies. MB49 bladder carcinoma cells can be grown within the bladder following intravesical instillation. This protocol demonstrates catheterization of the mouse bladder for the purpose of tumor implantation and adenoviral delivery.

遺伝子送達研究のための同所膀胱癌モデル

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are ...

Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%. New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved understanding of pancreatic cancer biology. To better understand the interaction of cancer cells with the pancreatic microenvironment, we demonstrate an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that permits non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression. Luciferase-tagged pancreatic cancer cells are resuspended in Matrigel and delivered into the pancreatic tail during laparotomy. Matrigel solidifies at body temperature to prevent leakage of cancer cells during injection. Primary tumor growth and metastasis to distant organs are monitored following injection of the luciferase substrate luciferin, using in vivo imaging of bioluminescence emission from the cancer cells. In vivo imaging also may be used to track primary tumor recurrence after resection. This orthotopic model is suited to both syngeneic and xenograft models and may be used in pre-clinical trials to investigate the impact of novel anti-cancer therapeutics on the growth of the primary pancreatic tumor and metastasis.

Improved understanding of pancreatic cancer biology is critically needed to enable the development of better therapeutic options to treat pancreatic cancer. To address this need, we demonstrate an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that permits non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression using in vivo bioluminescence imaging.

膵臓癌の進行の生物発光同所性モデル

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%.  New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

ヒト前立腺癌転移の同所マウスモデル

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

Simultaneous PET/MRI Imaging During Mouse Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics disturbance in affected cells. Diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identifies regions that are damaged, potentially irreversibly, by hypoxia-ischemia. Alterations in glucose utilization in the affected tissue may be detectable by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 2-deoxy-2-(18F)fluoro-&#7429;-glucose ([18F]FDG) uptake. Due to the rapid and variable nature of injury in this animal model, acquisition of both modes of data must be performed simultaneously in order to meaningfully correlate PET and MRI data. In addition, inter-animal variability in the hypoxic-ischemic injury due to vascular differences limits the ability to analyze multi-modal data and observe changes to a group-wise approach if data is not acquired simultaneously in individual subjects. The method presented here allows one to acquire both diffusion-weighted MRI and [18F]FDG uptake data in the same animal before, during, and after the hypoxic challenge in order to interrogate immediate physiological changes.

The method presented here uses simultaneous positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In the cerebral hypoxia-ischemia model, dynamic changes in diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after injury. The evolving and irreproducible damage in this model necessitates simultaneous acquisition if meaningful multi-modal imaging data are to be acquired.

マウス脳低酸素性虚血の間に同時PET / MRIイメージング

Dynamic changes in tissue water diffusion and glucose metabolism occur during and after hypoxia in cerebral hypoxia-ischemia reflecting a bioenergetics ...